1016 DE. G. HERBERT FOAVXER ON THE [DeC. 13. 
6. Coutributions to our Knowledge of the Plankton of the 
Faeroe Channel \ — No. VII. A. General Data of the 
Stations. B. The Protozoa. C. The Medusfe. By G. 
Herbert Fowler, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of 
Zoology, University College, London, 
[Eeceived December 6, 1898.] 
(Plate LXVI.) 
A.— GENERAL DATA OF THE STATIONS. 
In the table now exhibited (see p. 1019) will be found the chief 
details of the successive collecting stations of H.IM.S. ' Eesearch'in 
the Faeroe Channel, 1896 and 1897: Stations 11 ' to 18 being in 
the " Cold Area," between July 30 and Aug. G, 1896; Station 19 
in the " Warm Area," Aug. 7, 1896 ; Station 20 in the " Cold Area," 
July 7, 1897. 
The physical conditions of the Channel have been fully dealt 
with in the Reports of the various exploring expeditions ^ which 
have surveyed this classic district, of which it is not an exaggeration 
to say that the very beginnings ot modern oceanography were made 
in its somewhat troubled waters. 
Determination of the Horizons. 
The horizons through which the Mesoplankton net remained 
open in ly96 were thus determined. In the first place, experi- 
mental hauls were made near the surface, to determine the number 
of fathoms through which the net must be towed at an approxi- 
mately constant speed m order that the propeller (1) might 
open the net, (2) might shut it agaiu. Of these experimental 
hauls, the contents of which were mostly not kept, the last one 
retained was 12 d. 
1 Owing to the scanty leisure at my disposal, the series of papers under this 
title has been unavoidably disconnected. 
The first three numbers dealt with some conspicuous and interesting species ; 
the fourth, by Mr. I. C. Thompson, with the Copepoda ; the fifth, by Mr. E. 
W. L. Holt, with the flsh-larvre ; the sixth furnished a description of the 
special nets used for the Mesoplankton, and a short discussion of the general 
question of a niidwater fauna. This and the future papers wiU discuss the 
organisms captured, group by group, and show their horizons by tables when 
necessary. 
The references to previous pajjers of the series in the Societv's Proceedings 
are :— No. I., 1896, p. 991 ; ^o. II., 1897, p. 523 , ^'o. III.,' 1897, p. 803 ; 
No. IV., 1898, p. 540 ; No. V., 1898, p. 550 ; No. VI., 1898, p. 567. 
^ Stations 1-10 were collecting-grouud.s in the neighbourhood of Kirkwall 
and do not concern the 'Research' cruises. 
3 C. Wyville Thomson : ' Depths of the Sea.' London, 1873, 8vo (H.M.S. 
'Lightning' and 'Porcupine'). — T. H. Tizard and J.Murray: " Exploration of 
the Faeroe Channel in 1880." Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xi. p. 638 (H.M. hired 
ship ' Knight Errant '). — T. H. Tizard : " Soundings and Temperatures obtained 
in tlie Faeroe Channel during the Summer of 1882." Proc. Roj'. Soc. sxxr. 
p. 202 (H.M.S. ' Triton '). 
1898.] 
PXABrETO>' or THE FAEKOE CHANKEI,. 
1017 
The procedure was then as follows : — The not and machinerj', 
weighted up to 100 lbs., weie lowered overboard, and a number of 
fathoms run out, slightly greater than that of the sounding in the 
case of 'the lowest horizon ; the angle made by the line when taut 
was approximately measured, and a calculation made from Traverse 
Tables in the ordinary way as to the depth which the net had 
reached. As I have pointed out already \ this, the usual method, 
is most fallacious ; for the towing-line does not form the hypo- 
tenuse of a right-angled triangle (as presupposed by this method), 
but an unknown catenarj', which is practically uncalculable except 
ClIAUT OF TilE FaeEOE OiIANKEL, 
Showing the collecting-stations of H.M.S. ' Eesearch ' in 189fi and 1897. The 
contour-lines have been roughly plotted from the Admiralty Chart and 
from the soundings taken on these cruises : they are dotted whei-e the 
soundings are far apart. (Station 20 (1897) is N. of Station 13.) 
by tedious experiment in order to obtain the necessary data. The 
fallaciousness of this method was brought home to me by striking 
bottom at 398 fathoms (Station 16 a i) with 450 fathoms of warp 
out, though by quadrant and traverse tables the net should only have 
reached 300 fathoms. Fortunately all the details of the previous 
hauls had been kept ; and as there was sufficient evidence, from 
' Proc. Zool. Soe. 1898, p. .508. 
Peoc. Zooi. Soc— 1898, No. LXYII. 
6^ 
1018 DE. G. HERBERT FOWLER ON THE [DeC. 13, 
the condition of the paint and the small quantity of bottom-deposit 
in the collecting-tin, that the net had not more than touched 
bottom without dragging on it, I was able to get, from this 
accident, data for the correction of the other deep-water hauls. 
While, therefore, the horizons of the Mesoplankton hauls may 
perhaps be understated (if the net had rested long on the bottom 
in haul 16 « i), the depth is certainly not exaggerated. 
That the calculation of the depth reached in this manner was 
a very close approximation to the truth, can fortunately be shown 
in another way. During the 1896 cruise. Captain Moore and the 
other Officers were engaged in taking serial temperatures ' ; and a 
minimum thermometer was sent down on the locking-gear of my 
net with every haul after 12 e. A comparison of the temperatures 
thus recorded on the net, and of the temperatures independently 
observed or interpolated on a curve by the Officers, is given 
below, where column I. shows the station number and haul letter ; 
column II., the probable depth reached by the net (about 50 
fathoms below the point at which it opened) as calculated from the 
data furnished by Station 16 wi when the net struck bottom ; column 
III., the temperature recorded by the thermometer on thtmet, after 
correction ; column IV., the temperatures for the depth given in 
column II., as independently observed or interpolated in the curves 
in Captain Moore's Eeport. 
Considering the different times of day, and the slightly different 
positions owing to the ship's drift, at which the two sets of observa- 
tions were made, their approximation is very close. 
With the net of the 1897 pattern, which presented less resistant 
surface and less buoyancy than the other, no calculation of the 
depth was required : the line hanging vertically to the surface, the 
number of fathoms paid out indicated the depth sufficiently 
accurately. As to the rate of travel of the messengers, had time 
{i. e. weather) permitted, this Mould have been carefully worked into 
a curve : as it was, the impact could be felt at the less depths, and 
had to be guessed (good margin being allowed) for the greater 
depths. That the messengers travelled very rapidly was shown 
by the deep dints that they received on striking the locking-gear. 
' W.U.Moore: Reports of Proceedings in connection with Investigations 
into the Pbrsical Conditions of the Water of the Faeroe Cliannel.— Hvdm- 
graphic Department, Admiralty, 189(5, 4to. 
1898.] 
PLANKTON OF THE FAEKOE CHANNEL. 
1019 
TEMPBRAigEES. 
The temperatures given ia the table are compiled from the 
readings of the thermometer on my net, and from the observations 
and interpolations published by Captain Moore (op. cit. supra). 
1020 DE. G. heubekt towler on the [Dec. 13 
Classificatiok of the Hauls. 
In the first table (p. 1019) tbe hauls are arranged in succession 
of number and letter, in order to facilitate reference ; but 
in the subsequent tables of species they Mill be classified as Epi- 
plankton (0 to +100 fathoms); Mesoplankton ( + 100 fathoms 
from surface to +100 fathoms from bottom); aud "doubtful 
hauls," in which the net failed to shut at the expected horizon, or 
in which the contents of two hauls were accidentally mixed. On 
comparing these tables of species with that given in Mr. Thompson's 
paper on the Copepoda', it will be found that a few changes have 
been made. No. 12 a has been moved from among the " doubtful " 
to the INIesoplankton hauls, because it certainly closed somewhere 
]iear 100 fathoms, although perhaps not so low as 150; 32/ 
proves, by the character and condition of its contents, to have been 
made very near the surface, and has been put with the Epiplankton 
hatds ; 13 €, about which I entered a note of suspicion in the 
station-book when it arrived inboard, proves to contain several 
essentially epiplanktonic organisms which do not occur in any 
other Mesoplankton haul, and has therefore been relegated to the 
" doubtful " category : in all probability one of the chains hung on 
the trigger for some time after the net should have com^jletely 
closed ; the details of this haul will be given later. 
B.— THE PKOTOZOA. 
It was not to be expected that this group would yield much 
information with regard to the special object of the cruise, the 
Mesoplankton fauna. Eor the efficient study of the Protozoa, the 
nets must be exti-emely fine, so fine that they must be towed 
very slowly ; and if they are towed slowly, a large part of the 
other constituents of the catch will escape. Special hauls with 
special nets, or a special arrangement inside the large mesoplankton 
net (which I hope to try shortly), are requisite for successful 
captures. On the other hand, some of my hauls show that certain 
Phaeodaria live at great depths, although they do not show that any 
species are confined to the Mesoplankton. 
As regards the surface Protozoa, no special attempt was made 
to collect them, for they were not required for comparison with 
the Mesoplankton fauna ; and, further, my finest net, the only one 
suitable for Protozoa, was almost entirely devoted in 1896 to the 
capture by Dr. Stericker, E.N., of vegetable plankton for the 
Scottish Fishery Board. A few new and interesting forms of 
considerable size were, however, obtained. 
Two things are apparent on a glance at the table of Protozoa — 
the one, the epiplanktonic character of the three Peripylaria ; the 
other, the way in which se\ eral species are aggregated in the same 
haul, while other hauls show few or no Eadiolaria. They seem to 
' Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, pp. 542-3. 
1898.] 
PLAIS^KTON OF THE FAEROE CHANNEL. 
1021 
appear and disappear together in accordance with varying external 
conditions. 
Only those species appear iu the table, the horizons of which 
seem to be in any way significant ; the horizons of the rest will be 
simply recorded in the text. 
Eadiolakia Peripxlaeia. 
Thalassicolla sp. 
A. number of specimens of this genus, taken chiefly at the 
surface, could not be assigned with certainty to any species already 
described. As with Collozoum, observations on living material 
seem to be necessary in order to determine the specific position. 
The following characters are enumerated here in order to assist 
future recorders in identifying the form from this locality : — The 
striated calymma is very thick and colourless, the alveolar layer 
internal to this is also very thick and colourless, with large alveoli ; 
the extracapsular pigment is generally yellowish, occasionally 
dark in colour ; the central capsule is dark and considerably 
thicker than in T. nudeata ; in specimens of which sections were 
made, the membrane of the central capsule appeared to be divided 
up into numerous small polygonal arese, with a single large pore 
in the centre of nearly every area ; the nucleus is circular, with a 
thickish nuclear membrane and irregidar nucleijlus ; intracapsular 
inclusions ? 
The proportion of central capsule to nucleus, often utilized as 
a specific character, does not appear to be trustworthy for this 
purpose. The table below gives this proportion in a number of 
specimens, apparently all referable to the same species : column I. 
shows the total diameter in millimetres, arranged in order of size ; 
column II. shows the diameter of the central capsule expressed as 
a percentage of the total diameter. 
II. 
The proportions of striated calymma, alveolar layer, and central 
capsule showed similar variations. 
It seems highly probable from the table that this Thalassicolla is 
1022 
DR. G. HERBERT YOWLER ON TUE 
[Dec. 13, 
1898.J 
PLA.XKTOX OF THE f AEROE CHAUXEL. 
1023 
1024 DR. G. HEKBEET FOWLER ON TUB DeC. 13, 
an epi|>lanktoiiic form; it was plentiful at the surface, but in 13r/ 
and 20 d only single specimens were captured, which were probably 
dead or dying and sinking to the bottom. 
Tor the boi-izons of capture, see the table on p. 1022. 
COLLOZOUM spp. 
Of this genus there were apparently two separate species 
represented in ray collections, neither of which could be attributed 
to CoUozouni inerme from the warm Atlantic, or to C. elUpsoides, 
described by Haeckel from the Paeroe Channel. In the one type 
the largest spiierical zooids of the colony measured about "Oo to 
•07 mm. in diameter, in the sec(md type about -09 to '16 mm. ; 
both had about -2 to -28 mm. of calymuia and alveoli outside the 
zooids. In the first type there was a considerable thickness of 
alveolar calymma in the centre of the colony, as in the ordinary 
0. inerme-. but in the spherical or lentitadar colony of the second type 
the zooids were so closely aggregated in the centre of the colony 
as all but to touch one another, and were surrounded by a thick 
alveolar layer and a thick radiately striate calymma, exactly as a 
Thulas^icolla. 
Although I have no doubt that at least one uudescribed species 
of Collozoum occurs in these waters, I do not feel justified in 
naming and describing it without a detailed examination of living 
material. 
Both types were confined to the Epiplankton, except for a few 
specimens in haul 13 e, which appears to have remained open 
through higher horizons than was intended or at first believed, 
and is now included with the doubtful hauls. As the Collozoum. 
occurred in 307o of the Epiplankton hauls, and in no undoubted 
Mesoplankton haul, I think we are justified in regarding it as 
essentially epiplanktonic. 
Eor the horizons of capture, see the table on p. 1022. 
Lampoxanthium murratanttm, sp. n.' 
Definition of the Species. — Spicules of the skeleton numerous, 
geminate-radiate, with a short axial rod, from each of which 
spring three or four acute shanks, devoid of branches or forks 
(sometimes three shanks at one end, four at the other). Both rod 
and shanks smooth and straight ; shanks two to three times the 
length of the rod. Calymma full of large alveoli. Diameter of 
calymma 35 mm. ; diameter of central capsule 1 mm. 
This large and beautiful species is undoubtedly referable to 
Haeckel's genus Lampo.vanthium ; but I am unable to place it with 
certainty in any of his subgenera, and it agrees with none of his 
species. In addition to the geminate-radiate spicules there are 
' I have great pleasure in cledicaliiig this species to Sir John Murray, 
K.C.B., F.R.S., who is specially associated with the Facroe Channel by his part 
in the exploration ot the district in the ' Knight Errant' (1880) and ' Triton ' 
(1882). 
1898.] PLANJtTOiS^ OF THE PAEROE CHANNEL. 1025 
also a few which may be radiate, or may be only broken off from 
the end of a geminate-radiate spicule. 
The horizon of capture was doubtful ; one specimen was taken 
at 13 e, one at 13 ah. 
SiPHONOsPHiEEA (Holosiphonia) tizardi, sp. n.^ (Plate LXVI. 
fig. 1.) 
Definition of the Species. — Colony spherical (? always), up to 
about 2 mm. diameter. Zooids with a single spherical lattice-shell 
about -15 mm. in diameter, which is beset all over by short broad 
tubes. The tubes are very thin-walled and fragile, their walls 
slightly convergent, '010 to '018 mm. in diameter, and about 
•005 mm. high ; there are five to seven tubes on the half meridian, 
Endosarc with very numerous nuclei ; oil-globules ? ; zooxanthellae 
very numerous, both inside and outside the shell, and also scattered 
through the calymma between the zooids. 
In some hauls large numbers of the zooids had apparently 
broken away from the calymma, and appeared as solitary organisms 
referable to the family Liosphserida. As a warning to describers 
of Liosphserida, I may say that I had actually identified them as 
Ethmosjjhceni leptosiphonia, described by Haeckel from the Eaeroe 
Chanuel, before I fovmd them united in a colony. 
So far as the evidence goes, the species is purely epiplanktonic ; 
as it is a very conspicuous form, and it occurs with fair regularity 
at the surface (23 7o of epiplankton hauls), and never with 
certainty in mesoplankton hauls, I think we are justified in 
accepting the evidence as fairly conclusive. 
For the horizons of capture, see the table on p. 1022. 
Eadiolaria Acantharia. 
Acanthometron catervatum Haeckel {=A. brevispina Hkl.) was 
present in most hauls with the fine-meshed net in 1896, often 
in suflicient quantity to give a red tinge to the contents of the 
tow-net. In 1897 (Station 20) it was practically absent from the 
surface, like most things. A similar abundance and scarcity were 
recorded by the ' Knight Errant ' in 1880 in this district ^ 
Eadiolaria Ph^odaeia. 
This interesting group of Radiolaria was well represented in 
the ' Research ' collections, but not so well as in the 'Triton' 
collections made by Sir John Murray in 1882. 
The data afforded by my captures show the extreme danger of 
drawing conclusions as to the vertical distribution of a species 
from a few observations at a single " station." I have alreadv 
pointed out ^ that adequate data for this work can only be obtained 
'^ I have pleasure in associating with this species the name of Captain T. H. 
Tizard, E.IN., who explored the B^eroe Channel in command of the 'Knight 
Errant' (1880) and of H.M.S. 'Triton' (1882), to whom 1 am indebted fojr 
mnuh vii.Uiable help. 
^ T. JS^. Tizard and J, Murray, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, xi. p. 654. 
3 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, pp. 578-580. 
1026 DR. G. HKliJ5ERT i'OWLEll OX THE [DeC. 13, 
by numerous observations at all depths on successive days in a small 
area, and even these cannot he safely applied to a species unless 
it occurs constantly and in fair number in a large percentage of the 
hauls. The table of Phieodarian captures given on pp. 1022-3 
would seem at first sight to point to about 100 fathoms as the 
upper limit of all the species except Cceloplegma murrayanum ; but 
the weakness of such an inference would lie in the fact that none 
of them were captured with anything like regularity in the Meso- 
j)lanktou. That the argument would be false is shown by the 
fact that two of them were taken by Sir John Murray at the 
surface from H.M.JS. ' Triton ' in the same waters. 
All the conclusions that can be drawn for the Faeroe Channel, 
from so few observations as those in the table, are : — 
(1) That Cceloplegma murrayanum is both epiplanktonic and 
mesoplanktonic, extending to at least 350 fathoms (19 a) and 
a temperature of 33° Fahr. (13 _r/). The large number of specimens 
taken at 13^ and 19 «, and the small number taken at or near the 
surface, showed that the deep specimens were not merely dead 
and sinking to the bottom. 
(2) That Aulacantha Icevissima and Aulosphcera Jle.vuosa may 
occur at considerable depths in the Mesoplankton ; since the 
' Triton ' results showed them to exist at the surface also, they 
are, like Cceloplegma murrayanum, to be regarded as epiplanktonic 
and mesoplanktonic. Though not present in such numbers as the 
first species, they were plentiful enough to make it extremely 
improbable that the specimens were dead and sinking. 
(3) That A'uloyraphis moorensis and Auloceros trigeminus, var., 
occur in the Mesoplankton, but it does not appear whether they 
are confined to it or not. 
Attlacantha l^vissima Haeckel. (Plate LXVI. fig. 3.) 
The youngest specimens referable to this genus in the ' Research ' 
collections agreed entirely with Haeckel's description of A. la'vis- 
sima, except for the presence of a few extremely minute teeth on 
the larger spines. Larger specimens, ho«'ever, with a central 
capsule about "4 mm. in diameter, and spines at least -9 mm. in 
length and calymma about 2 mm. in total diameter, exhibited a 
distinct denticulation (Plate LXVI. fig. 3). As A. Utvissima has 
been described only from the Faeroe Channel, it is probable that 
my specimens belong to the same species as those of Haeckel. I 
have therefore retained the name for " the smoothest " species 
described up to the present. 
For the horizons of capture, see the table on p. 1022. 
AuLoaRAPHis (Aulographonium) moorensis *, sp. n. (Plate 
LXVI. figs. 2, 4.) 
Definition of the Species. — Eadial tubes rounded proximately, 
' With this new species 1 am glad to associate the name of Captain W. 
Usborne Moore, E.N., ol' H.M.S. ' Research,' to whose help I owe no small part 
of such success as my midwater experiments attained. 
1898.] PLANKTON^ OF THE PAEROE CHANNEL. 1027 
equally broad for most of their length, but then tapering slightly 
towards the distal end, at which the tube expands suddenly into a 
broad circular cushion. The margin of this cushion bears two 
verticils of radially divergent, slightly curved, terminal branches, 
about 10 to 16 in number ; these are about twice as long as the 
inflated end of the tube is broad. Each branch is armed with two 
lateral rows of numerous recurved denticles, and bears a terminal 
spathilla of 5 to 8 recurved teeth (Plate LXVI. fig. 4), 
One specimen : 480-350 fathoms, 46°-47° Pahr. (Station 19 a). 
AuiocEEOs (Aulocee^a) trigeminus Haeckel, Var. nov. 
A few shattered specimens, of what is probably only a variety 
of the species above named, exhibited a verticil formed by the 
twice-repeated dichotomous branching of the radial tubes, each 
verticil thus consisting of eight tynes. 
The type species is known only from the ' Challenger " Station 
353, between St. Vincent and the Azores, at a probable depth of 
2965 fathoms (open tow-nets). 
For the horizons of capture, see the table on p. 1022. 
AuLOCORYNE zETEsios \ gen. et sp. n. (Plate LXVI. figs. 5, 6). 
Aulocoryne (Family Aulacanthida) : — Radial tubes without 
lateral branches, terminating in a club-shaped ex])ansion which 
carries numerous fine radiating spines. 
Auloco7'i/»c zetesios : — The spines of the terminal club are thin, 
tubular, at first straight or slightly curved, then regularly zigzag, 
lastly straight ; they are finely denticulate, and terminate in a 
spathilla of about 8-10 recurved teeth (Plate LXVI. fig. 6). 
A single specimen only of this species was captured. Although 
so broken that not a single head was left on the radial tubes, 
many heads had been fairly well preserved with the calymma, and 
there could be no doubt as to its structure. The fine spines of 
the terminal club are of the same character as the tangential 
spines of Cannorhaphis spathillata and the radial spines of Coelo- 
drymus anchoratus : the same types of growth recur again and 
again in the various families of Ph^eodaria, first as scattered 
spicules, then as tubes radiating from the central capsule, then 
bound together in a coherent skeleton. 
Unfortunately, the exact record of the hoi'izon was lost ; it was 
captured in either 13 e or 13 g. 
CcELODENDRUM (Ccelodendridium) eamosissimum Haeckel. 
This species w^as fairly plentiful at Station 13 i. It has been 
described as cosmopolitan, from various stations and depths, but 
not, I think, from so far north as the Faeroe Channel. 
C(ELOPLEGMA MURRATANUM-TRITONIS Haeckel. 
These species of Haeckel are the extremes of a series of \ery 
' avXos, Kopvi'i), tubular club ; ^tv-j/o-ie, in honour of H.M.JS. ' Research.' 
1028 DE. G. HERBERT FOWLEE OX THE [DeC. 13, 
varying forms, all terms of which were represented in the 'Eesearch' 
collections. The range in depth is now extended to 480-350 
fathoms ; the lowest temperature to 3i°-33° F. It has not been 
recorded except from the I^aeroe Channel. 
Tor the horizons of capture, see the table on pp. 1022-3. 
rOEAMISirERA. 
Globigerlsa spp. 
1. A very small species, probably a dwarfed Gl. huUoides, was 
fairly plentiful whenever the finest net was used at the surface. 
The specimens were spinous when captured ^ 
2. On the occasion when the Mesopiankton net touched bottom, 
a very small quantity of bottom deposit was found in it, containing 
minute spineless Globigerinse, which seemed to be referable to the 
species G. bulloides and G.pachyderma. It is very noticeable in balsam 
mounts of this sample that most of the supposed G.jjachi/derma are 
quite filled with what looks like brownish protoplasm, as are most 
of the bottom-living Foraminifera, but that most of the thin-shelled 
G. hidloides are clear and empty. — The brownish material, while 
yellowing slightly with nitric acid, does not give the brilliant tint 
of the usual xanthoproteic reaction. It would seem to be of a clayey 
nature, and is possibly, as Sir John Murray suggests, a stage in the 
formation of glauconite. It is extremely soft and friable, and when 
stained is almost indistinguishable from the similarly stained proto- 
plasm of surface specimens. 
The dependence of the formation of glauconite upon the presence 
of protoplasm has been pointed out in detail by Sir John Murray 
and the Abbe Kenaud (Chall. Uep., Deep-Sea Deposits, pp. 385- 
390). If this material be of a glauconitic nature, its method of 
occurrence would seem to indicate that G, pachyderma on reaching 
the bottom contains more protoplasm than G. bidhides, and in that 
case probably lives nearer to the bottom. It is very desirable 
that voluminous samples of the bottom deposit should be taken in 
the Faeroe Channel in order to test this suggestion, and for the 
following reason. 
The whole discussion as to whether Glohigerina was a purely 
planktonic form, or could both float and creep at the bottom 
indifferently, would probably have been settled by the acceptance 
of the first alternative years ago, had it not been for an observation 
by Dr. Carpenter during the third cruise of the ' Porcupine ' - 
which was recorded in his general discussion of the Glohigerina 
question in 1875. This was to the effect that samples of water 
taken from immediately above the Glohigerina ooze at 500-750 
fathoms, in the Faeroe Channel, yielded on filtration " multitudes 
of young Globigerimf," plentiful and small enough to make the 
water appear turbid. 
The "cold area" of the Faeroe Channel is apparently the 
' Cf. Biady : Prcc. Eoy. Soc. Edinburgh, xi. p. 717. 
' W. B. Carpenter : Proc. Eoy. Soc. xxiii. p. '2'6b. 
1898.] PLANKTON OF THE FAEEOE CHANKEL. 1029 
southernmost limit ^ for the occurrence of G. jMcJiy derma in hottom 
deposits ; it is abundant in Arctic deposits, but has never been 
recorded alive fi-om the surface. G. buUoides, on the other hand, 
is ouly known to occur at the surface, although dead shells are 
plentiful in the deposits of the Taeroe Channel. 
I venture to suggest that Dr. Carpenter's observation as to 
the presence of very small living Glohigerince. just above the bottom 
may be harmonized with the generally accepted view that most, if 
not all, Glohigerince are essentially planktonic organisms, by the 
supposition that G. jjochyderma is a meso]iliinktomc form, at any 
rate in the Faeroe Channel. It is quite possible that it may occur 
at the surface farther north, but it would escape capture by any 
but the finest nets (diameter of the shell '3 mm., according to 
Brady ; my largest specimens were about -15 to '2 mm.). 
SiLICOPLAGELLATA. 
DiCIYOCHA Sp. 
A fair number of spicules referable to this genus of Ehrenberg 
occurred in one or two surface-hauls, notably 13 7i. They agreed 
on the whole with the spicules of D. stcqjedia and rhombus 
(Haeckel), but no sign of the protoplasmic body was traceable. 
Prof. Cleve ^ records D. fibula and D.speeidum (Ehrenberg) for the 
same cruise. 
DlNOFLAGELLATA. 
In reporting on the A'egetable Plankton of the cruise of the 
' Kesearch ' in 1896, Prof. Cleve ^ records the following species of 
Dinoflagellata : — 
Ceratium tripos Duj. 
Ceratium furca Duj. 
Ceratium tripos Ehrenb. ; var. haltica Schiitt ; var. macroceros 
Ehrenb. = var. scotica Schiitt; var. longipes Bail. = var. tergestina 
Schiitt ,• var. horrida Cleve. 
Peridinium divergens Ehrenb. 
Pyropliacus horologium Stein. 
With the exception of the last, with which I did not meet, all 
these occur in all hauls with the finest net, many of them in great 
abundance. 
ClXIATA OlIGOTRICHA. 
DiCTTOCTSTA ELEGANs Ehrenberg. 
A beautiful species of this genus was fairly plentiful in some 
hauls, notably 13 7i. According to Moebius "^ all the various forms 
of Dictyocysta are referable to Ehrenberg's species eJegans, an 
' H. B. Brady : Chall. Eep. Zool., is. Foraininifera, p. 600 (cf. pp xii-siv). 
^ ' Fifteenth Annual Eeport of Fishery Board for Scotland,' part iii. p. 302. 
^ P. T. Oleve : Fifteenth Annual Eeport of Fishery Board for Scotland, 
1896, part iii. p. 297. 
■* O. Moebius : Fiinfter Jahresbericbt d. Commission z. \\iss. Untersuch. d. 
deutschen Meere, 1887. 
1030 DK. G. UERIJERT FOWLEB OX THE [DeC. 13, 
opinion which, I think, is not likely to be accepted by the next 
monographer of the group. My own specimens agreed exactly 
with Moebius's figure 28, pi. viii., and showed no signs of variation 
in the direction of other species. As regards the structure of the 
shell, I can confirm von Daday ^ as against previous observers in 
the belief that the neck (Aufsatz) consists of a meshwork, but that 
the body of the shell ( Wohufach), although appearing at first sight 
to be also a meshwork, is really a closed chamber. My specimens 
seem to show that the inner membi'aue of the "' Wohnfach " is 
continuous everywhere except at the mouth, but that the outer 
membrane ceases at the so-called pores. 
C— THE MEDUS-E. 
My friend Mr. E. T. Browne has been kind enough to look 
over the few Medusce of my collections. Of all groups this seems 
to suffer most in capture at sea. Xear shore, or from an open 
boat, in fairly still water, the tow-net can be handled delicately ; 
but on board ship in open water the characteristic sense-organs 
and delicate tentacles are broken by pressure against the tow-net, 
whether in the rolling of the ship or in the hauling of a meso- 
plankton net by steam-power from considerable depths. 
In 1897 I tried to lessen the damage to surface forms, both by 
diminishing the net-mouth in proportion to the surface-area of 
the net, and by attaching the net-warp to a single-strap 
' accumulator ' of india-rubber ; these certainly diminished, but 
did not avoid, damage. Only in a few cases was Mr. Browne able 
tu assign a specific name ; his list is as follows : — 
1. Lizzia hlondina Forbes. 5. Solmaris (possibly) two spp. 
2. Phialidium sp. 6. Sol miuidelia sp. 
'.i. Sarsia sp. 7. Aijlantha roica Forbes. 
4. Sarsia yemmipara Forhes. 8. Affla>tf/ia dii/iialis lia.ecke\. 
y. TrachtjiieiMi sp. 
Of these the first fi\ e are probably purely epiplanktonic. Lizzia 
hlondina was often present in such numbers as to tinge the 
contents of the tow-net. 
Phialidium sp. (14) and Sarsia spp. (several hauls) presented no 
special features. 
Solmaris sp. is almost certainly confined to the Epiplankton. 
A single specimen occurred in 20 c (400-300 fathoms) ; but as it 
occurred in 53 % of Epiplankton hauls, often in great profusion, 
and only a single specimen in one Mesoplankton haul, the 
presumption is that the latter specimen was dead and sinking 
to the bottom ^. 
As to Solmundella, my captures do not afi:"ord an}' evidence of 
its vertical distribution. 
' E. Ton Dadav : Mittheil. zool. Station iu Neapel, vii. p. 486. 
^ Compare Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898. p. .579. 
1898.] PLANCTOy OF THE FAEROE CHANNEL. 1031 
AVhat appeared to be brokeu specimens of Aglantha rosea of 
Forbes occurred in small numbers in tbree surface hauls. 
The eighth species, 
Aglain'tha digitalis (O. r. Miiller, Haeckel pars), 
represents such of Haeckel's A. digitalis as remains after the 
restoration of Forbes's A. rosea, and the removal of A. digitalis var. 
occidentalis Maas ^ In his great monograph Haeckel ^ put JForbes's 
A. rosea with eight marginal vesicles, and the old A. digitalis of O. F. 
Miiller and Fabricius with four marginal vesicles, under the single 
species A. digitalis. Since then both species have been confused, 
until again separated by Browne \ It is consequently at present 
impossible to detail accurately the distribution of these two species, 
but it seems to be certain that A. digitalis occurs off Greenland and 
Northern Norway, and that A. rosea occurs as a neritic form round 
the British coasts (Yalentia, Shetland, Heligoland). The one is 
certainly an Arctic form, the other a southern, even though they 
may overlap to a greater extent than we at present know. 
This being so, it is not without significance that Mr. Browne, 
when going over my specimens without knowing the horizons, 
separated the Aglanthce into two groups, A. rosea and A. digitalis, of 
which, on comparison with the station list, all iheA.rosea were found 
to come from surface hauls, all the A. digitalis from deep hauls'*. 
As A. digitalis was captured in 66 7„ of Mesoplankton hauls, and 
never at the surface, the presumption is that it has, like other 
Arctic surface forms, sunk to deeper strata on reaching lower 
latitudes (warmer surface water). 
Unforcunately the results of the ' National ' do not throw any 
further light on the distribution of these two species, horizontally 
and vertically, for Maas (op. cit. supra) accepted Haeckel's 
fusion. 
Teach YNEMA sp. 
A few specimens of a large medusa were apparently referable 
to this genus. Hemispherical in shape (15 mm. diam., 12 mm. 
high), its eight radii showed the heavy transverse musculature of 
Trachymedusce. The eight tentacles were stumpy and thick, one 
at the end of each radial canal. The sense-organs had disappeared. 
The manubrium was about 5 mm. long, devoid of a " Magenstiel," 
and provided with four very small oral lappets. What seemed 
to be rudiments of generative organs were placed on the upper 
third of the radial canals. 
1 O. Maas: Ergebnisse d. Planktou-Expedition. Die craspedote Medusen, 
p. 24. 
- E. Haeckel : System der Medusen, i. p. 272. 
3 E. T. Browne : Proc. Zool. Soo. 1897, p. 833. 
■* One small specimen oi' Aglantha, too much damaged for reference to either 
species, was taken at 166. In the table it has been placed as a query under 
A. rosea. 
1032 ON THE PLANKTON OF THE FAEBOE CHANNEL. [DeC. 13. 
It is the only Trachynema which approaches T. funerariitm Hid. 
in size ; but its proportions, and the position of the generative 
organs, are against its being a young form of this species. In 
most recognizable points it lies between T. ocfonarium Hkl. and 
T. eurygaster Hkl. ; but it agrees exactly with neither. The eight 
radial canals and manubrium were of a strong brick-red. 
It occurred in deep or doubtful hauls only. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVI. 
Fig. 1. S'iphonospJicpra tizarcli, sp. n., p. 1025. A single individual is repre- 
sented by balf the sheil and by half a section of the central capsule : 
outside the latter are zoosauthellae. Cam. luc. 
Fig. 2. Aiilographis nworcnsis, sp. n., p. 1026. Termiuation of a radial tube. 
Cam. lue. 
Fig. 3. Aidacantha IcBviasima Haeckel, p. 1026. Termination of a radial tube 
in optical section, showing the denticulations. Cam. luc. 
Fig. 4. Aulographis moorcnsis, sp. n., p. 1026. A single terminal branch of a 
radial tube, showing the denticulations and spathilla. Cam. luc. 
Fig. 5. Aulocoryne cetesios^ gen. et sp. n., js. 1027. Termination of a radial tube, 
showing the club covered with zigzag spines. This beautiful drawing 
is due to the skill of Miss Mabel Green. 
Fig. G. Aulocoryne zeiesios, geu. et sp. n., p. 1027. A single zigzag spine. 
Cam. luc.