Reference: Bid. Bull. 166: 44-53. (February, 1984) Lire HISTORY STUDIES ON THE RED SEA SOFT CORAL XENIA MACROSPICULATA GOHAR, 1940. II. PLANULAE SHEDDING AND POST LARVAL DEVELOPMENT Y. BENAYAHU AND Y. LOYA Department of Zoology, The George S. Wise Center for Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel ABSTRACT Sexual reproduction of the soft coral Xenia macrospiculata Gohar, 1940 was studied for a four year period at the Gulf of Eilat (Red Sea). Ripe eggs detach successively from the mesenteries into the polyp cavities, where fertilization probably occurs. Subsequently, they pass to special brooding pouches situated near the anthocodial bases. Embryogenesis takes place in these endodermal chambers and after maturation planulae are shed via temporary openings found among the polyps. The planulation period lasts for 4-5 months (May-September) every year. Larval expulsion occurs at night in bi-weekly cycles during interlunar phases: near the first and the last moon quarters. Colony fecundity depends on its size: large colonies are estimated to produce several hundred larvae per polyp each year. Although little information exists on other planulating octocorals, the study indicates that X. macrospiculata exhibits a remarkably high reproductive potential, which contributes to its dominance in the Red Sea coral reefs. Planulae of X. macrospiculata share common morphological features with other octocorals. The only movement exhibited by them is slow crawling over the substrate. They possess a very short planktonic phase and metamorphose into polyps immediately after settlement. These traits enable efficient colonization of available reef surfaces and hence, development of dense populations. INTRODUCTION Studies on the life history of Octocorallia indicate that a variety of reproductive patterns are adopted by different species (Suzuki, 1971; Goldberg and Hamilton, 1974; Grigg, 1977; Hartnoll, 1975, 1977; Weinberg and Weinberg, 1979; Yamazato and Sato, 1981; Benayahu and Loya, 1983). For a long period soft corals (order Alcyonacea) were considered to be oviparous (Hickson, 1901; Matthews, 1917). This generality was based on the study of very few species, and mainly on Alcyonium digitatum (Linnaeus, 1758). The early surveys concerning the xeniid soft corals did not present any information about their mode of sexual reproduction (Bourne, 1895; Ashworth, 1899, 1900; Hickson, 1931). The studies of Gohar (1940a, b) and Gohar and Roushdy (1961) pointed out for the first time that xeniids reproduce by planulae shedding. These publications concentrate on the natural history of Heteroxenia fus-cescens (Ehrenberg, 1834) and its reproduction. In addition, Gohar (1940a) stated that Xenia macrospiculata reproduces by planulation. So far, nothing more is known about the dynamics of the process or development of planulae into polyps. We have Received 1 September 1983; accepted 7 November 1983. 44
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