4 WWvyvlrWryrXvW-WvWrW^^ I • •_ • ••^« _« ).•>.• •.*.« THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCIENC5;^ULLETIN LIBRARY Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 75-164 OCT 23 1990 Sept. 21,1990 HARVARD Classification of the Apidae^ (Hymenoptera) BY Charles D. Michener'^ Appendix: Trigona genalis Friese, a Hitherto Unplaced New Guinea Species BY Charles D. Michener and Shoichi F. Sakagami'^ CONTENTS Abstract 76 Introduction 76 Terminology and Materials 77 Analysis of Relationships among Apid Subfamilies 79 Key to the Subfamilies of Apidae 84 Subfamily Meliponinae 84 Description, 84; Larva, 85; Nest, 85; Social Behavior, 85; Distribution, 85 Relationships among Meliponine Genera 85 History, 85; Analysis, 86; Biogeography, 96; Behavior, 97; Labial palpi, 99; Wing venation, 99; Male genitalia, 102; Poison glands, 103; Chromosome numbers, 103; Convergence, 104; Classificatory questions, 104 Fossil Meliponinae 105 Meliponorytes, 106; Kelneriapis, 106; Proplebeia, 106 Taxonomic Account of Recent Genera of Meliponinae 107 Genus Melipona 110 Genus Plebeia 112 Subgenera Plebeia s. str. , 113; Schwarziana, 113; Nogueirapis, 114; Scaura, 114 Genus Partamona 115 Genus Paratrigona 115 Genus Nannotrigona 116 Genus Scaptotrigona 116 Genus Lestrimelitta 117 Genus Oxytrigona 118 Genus Cephalotrigona 118 Genus Trigona 119 Subgenera Lepidotrigona, 121; Papuatrigona, 122; Geotrigona, 122; Tetragonisca, 123; Tetragona, 123; Frieseomelitta, 125; Duckeola, 125; Homotngona, 125; Heterotrigona, 126; Trigona s. str., 127 'Contribution number 2031 from thk Department of ENTOMOLOcn. University of Kansas, Lawrence. ^Departments of Entomology and of Systematics & Ecology, and Snow Entomological Museum, University OF Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045. ^KiTA-Ku, AiNos.ATO 1-JO 6-cHOME, 2-2-610 Sapporo, 002 Japan.
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