304 Mr. E. Doubleday on some new Diurnal Lepidoptera. 
Fig. 13. Systematic arrangement of the nervous system : a, cephalic gan- 
glion ; b, ventral ganglion ; c, anterior branch of nerves or pha- 
ryngeal commissure ; d, posterior branch ; e, anterior cephalic 
nerves, with their ganglionic protuberances ; /, g, posterior cepha- 
lic nerves describing a loop ; h, optic nerves with their ganglions k. 
Fig, 14. The eye, optic nerve and its ganglion, magnified ninety-five dia- 
meters : a, optic nerve ; b, ganglion ; c, eye ; d, cornea or crystalline 
lens, forming a rounded prominence; e, fibrils visible toward the 
circumference of the eye ; /, excavation in the skin of the head, in 
the interior of which the eye and the ganglion are inclosed. 
XXXII. — Descriptions of new or imperfectly described Diurnal 
Lepidoptera. By Edward Doubleday, Esq., Assistant in the 
Zoological Department of the British Museum, F.L.S. &c. 
[Continued from p. 23G.] 
Fam. PAPILIONID^. 
Genus Papilio. 
The description of P. Evan given in the last Number had scarcely 
passed through the press, when the Museum received a large and 
valuable collection of insects from Sylhet, amongst which were 
specimens of this species, up to that time unique in Mr. Harring- 
ton's cabinet. One of these fortunately is a female, and I am 
therefore able to point out the characters in which this sex differs 
from the other. In size it is much larger, the expansion of the 
wings being full an inch and a half greater ; the anterior wings 
are less falcate, their colour above much paler ; the base is not 
shaded with fuscous, the spot on the disco-cellular nervule is more 
distinct, there are two or three irregular dark spots in the cell, 
the dark border is narrower and not quite of so deep a colour, the 
light fulvous spots are more distinct ; the posterior wings are 
paler, the dark margin much narrower, the inner row of spots 
very distinct, the indentations and the tail pale fulvous, and the 
under surface is much paler. 
In addition to some species described by Mr. Westwood not 
previously in the cabinets of the Museum, this collection con- 
tained a new species remarkable for the form of its posterior 
wings, and connecting P. Protenor and Rhetenor with P. Ganesa, 
Bianor and the other species of that groujD which have some of 
the nervules covered with down towards the extremities. For 
this species I propose the name of P. Elephenor, under which it 
will be found described below^. 
Whilst on the subject of the Indian Papiliones, I may remark 
upon an error in regard to three Indian species into which Erich- 
son, in his Report on Entomology for 1843, has fallen. I have 
not troubled myself to do this so long as the report remained in 
Mr. E. Doubleday on some new Diurnal Lepidoptei'a. 305 
its original German, but now tliat it has been translated and widely 
circulated by the Ray Society, it becomes almost imperative on 
me to do so, and to put our English naturalists on their guard 
against this and numerous — I am sorry to say very numerous — 
similar errors, in this and other reports in the same volume. 1 am 
the more surprised at the error in the case of these species, as I 
))elieve the information relative to them was given to Erichson by 
an English entomologist who well knew their distinction. 
Erichson states that P. Ganesa is synonymous with P. Arc- 
turus, P. Pohjeuctes with P. Bootes, and P. Xenodes with P. Pol- 
lux. Had he ever read the descriptions, he could not have fallen 
into this error. 
P. Ganesa is in both sexes destitute of the splendid blue patch 
on the posterior mngs so conspicuous in P. Arcturus, and is far 
more nearly allied to P. Paris than to that species, but differs 
from it in many points besides the downy nervures of the anterior 
wings in the males. 
P. Pohjeuctes is much nearer to P. Philoxenus than to P. 
Bootes, and may possibly be only a variety of the former, though 
I think its characters are too clearly marked for this to be the 
case. Of the four species in this singular group, P. Pohjeuctes 
has the posterior wings by far the narrowest, P. Bootes by far the 
widest. P. Bootes has a large red patch at the base of the wings 
below, P. Pohjeuctes has not ; P. Bootes has the white spots on 
the disc of the posterior wings of a totally different form, and in 
a different position to P. Pohjeuctes. 
P. Xenodes being almost a white insect, P. Pollux almost en- 
tirely brown ; P. Pollux extending in extent of wing little less 
than double the expanse of P. Xenodes, cannot very easily be con- 
founded. The species nearest to P. Xenodes is P. Macareus ; but 
this is a darker insect, the dark markings extending over a wider 
space, the light colour not being nearly so white ; it also wants 
the orange spot at the anal angle of the posterior wings. 
I am convinced that Erichson cannot have seen the descriptions 
of these species, and has been misled by erroneous information 
from England. Other mistakes in his report I shall hereafter 
point out. 
P. Elej)henor. P. alls anticis elongatis, supra nigris, viridi irroratis, 
nervulis tribus pubescentibus, subtus pallidis nigro Hneatis, posticis 
ovatis elongatis, angustatis, dentatis, nigris viridi irroratis, antice 
caerulescenti nitentibus, lunula anali rufa, subtus nigro- ca^ruleis, 
lunulis marginalibus rufis, caeruleo irroratis ( (J). Exp, alar. 5 uiic. 
3Iin. vel 132millim. 
Hah. Sylhet. 
Anterior wings elongate, triangular, the outer margin about 
two-thirds the length of the anterior, the inner bearing the same 
Ann. i^ Mag. N. Hist. Fo/.xvi. Z 
306 Mr. E. Doubleday on some new Diurnal Lepidopte7'a. 
proportion to tlie outer margin ; black, irrorated with green at tlic 
base of the discoidal cell and on each side of the nervules ; the 
radial nervure, the fold between that and the first median nervule, 
the first and second median ncrvviles clothed with long hairs, as 
in P. Bianor, &e. Posterior wings elongate-ovate, the abdominal 
margin nearly straight, the outer quadridentate, black, irrorated 
with green, the anterior margin shaded with blue as in P. Bianor ; 
the anal angle marked with an ocellus incomplete towards the 
margin, the pupil jet-black, the iris purplish red, irrorated with 
light blue. Cilia of the inner margin and of the indentations 
pale. Below, the anterior wings are pale, more fuscous towards 
the apex, the nervures and nervules, four streaks in the cell, and a 
series of streaks between the nervules fuscous. Posterior wings 
fuscous black, with purjdish reflections, the anal angle with a large 
rufous patch pupilled with black, irrorated with blue, surmounted 
by an intense black cloud, and connected with a large lunule of 
the same rufous colour, and also irrorated with blue ; the outer 
angle has an imperfect black pupilled ocellus followed by three 
lunu.les, and in the interstice of the second and tiiird median ner- 
vule a cloud of scattered scales of the same colours ; the black 
ground-colour being more intense above all these markings. 
Head buff, vertex and antemiEe black. 
Thorax black. 
Abdomen pale, marked down the back with a black streak. 
In the collection of the British Museum. 
Fam. SATYRID^. 
Genus H^tera. 
H. Esmeralda. H. alis omnibus hyalinis, pube tenuissima brunnea 
vestitis, posticis fusco-liinbriatis ocello magno ad angulum exter- 
num, punctis diiobus marginalibus albis, plagaque lajte iaiithinain 
qua macula? duse chcrmesinaj. Exp. alar. 2 unc. 6 lin. vel 65 millim. 
Hab. Para. 
All the wings diaphanous, the nemu-es and nervules brown, 
the whole wing covered with delicate downy hairs of the same 
colour, longest on the dilated portion of the costal nervure and 
the anterior part of the cell of the anterior wings, which are im- 
maculate. Posterior wings with a slender brown margin exter- 
nally, the outer angle with a large pur})lish black spot, sur- 
rounded by a yellowish and a brownish iris, and pupilled by a 
pure white spot ])laced beyond the centre ; this ocellus followed 
by two pure white spots, beyond which, extending to the anal 
angle, is a large patch of the most beautiful ultramarine, in 
which are two slightly opalescent carmine spots. Below, the 
markings nearly as above, the ocellus with a few white scales be- 
Mr. E. Doubleclay on some nev) Diurnal Lepidojitera. 307 
fore the pupil, the spot at the anal angle bro^m, marked with 
pale rose-colour in the place of the carmine of the upper surface. 
Head dark brown, white posteriorly ; antennae pale brown ; 
palpi white. 
Thorax brown above, paler below ; anterior legs white, posterior 
pale brown. 
Abdomen brown, pale below. 
In the collection of the British Museum. Presented by Mrs. 
J. P. F. Smith. 
This beautiful species is closely allied to H. Andromeda, but is 
readily distinguished by its immacidate anterior wings and the 
brilUant blue patch of the posterior. 
Genus Argyrophenga. 
IMaxillse rather long, slender. 
Labial j)alpi long, porrect, divergent, the basal joint short, the 
second joint very long, both densely clothed with long hairs ; third 
joint not quite so long as, and slenderer than, the second, densely 
clothed with hairs of moderate length. 
Anteunse short, gradually tapering to a compressed blunt club. 
Anterior '^^dngs rather elongate, subtriangular, anal angle 
rounded; the subcostal, median and radial nervules slightly di- 
lated at the base, the first median nervaile thrown off at the end 
of the cell. Posterior wings obovate. 
This genus is closely allied to Erehia, and from Mr. Earl's ac- 
count of its habits, they seem much to resemble those of the sub- 
alpine species of that genus. The elongate palpi and short an- 
tennae give it at first sight the appearance of Libythea, but there 
does not appear to be any real affinity between them. The sil- 
very markings below suffice alone to distinguish it from all the 
other SatyridcE, giving it a resemblance to the Argynnidcs. 
A. Antipodum. A. alis omnibus fusco-brunneis, plaga, magna pone 
medium rufa, in qua in alis anticis ocellus niger albo bipupillatus, 
in posticis tres vel quatuor unipupillati, posticis subtus ochraceo- 
brunneis, vittis novem longitudinalibus argenteis ( (J). Exp. alar. 
2 unc. vel 50 millim. 
Hub. Nova Zealandia. 
Anterior wings fuscous brown, the base and costa thickly 
sprinkled with paler scales and hairs, with a large fulvous patch 
beyond the cell, occupying the whole disc of the outer half of the 
wings, and in some specimens almost attaining the inner margin, 
in which, near the middle of its anterior margin, is a large black 
ocellus with two snow-white pupils. Posterior wings coloured 
as the anterior, the fulvous patch with a series near its outer mar- 
gin of three or four black ocelli pupilled with snow-white. Be- 
low, the anterior wings are much paler at the base and along the 
Z3 
308 Mr. J, llalfs on Spirulina and ColeocliEete. 
costa ; the outer margin is ocliraceous browTi, bordered internally 
with blacky externally with a bright silvery line, and marked to- 
wards the apex between the nervules with three or more silvery 
vittse. Posterior wings ochraceous brown, margined externally 
by a silvery line ; a vitta in the cell, commencing above it at the 
base of the subcostal nervure, a very slight one above the first 
subcostal ner\T.ile, a long slender one below it, followed by four 
very distinct ones in the interstices between the ner\ailes, a longer 
one extending to the base between the median and radial ner- 
vures, and a similar one between the latter and the abdominal 
margin bright silvery white, all except the two first-mentioned 
connected with the marginal line. Cilia of the anterior wings 
rufescent, darkest towards the anal angle ; of the posterior ochra- 
ceous brown. 
Head bro^^^l ; antennre brown above, white below ; palpi light 
bro^\ai. 
Thorax clothed wath long brown hair ; legs very pale bro'^vn. 
Abdomen black above, very pale brown below. 
The female is smaller, much ])aler in colour ; the outer margin 
of all the wings above, and of the anterior below, very pale brown ; 
the apex of the anterior marked above with two silvery vittaj, 
their discoidal cell on both sides and that of the posterior above 
with a fulvous vitta. 
In the collection of the British Museum, Mr. W. W. Saunders, 
&c. 
The only specimens of this insect which I have seen were ob- 
tained by P. Earl, Esq., who discovered them on a plain in the 
southern island of New Zealand. The specific name was sug- 
gested to me by Dr. Boisduval, who agreed with me in the opi- 
nion that it was one of the most, if not the most, interesting spe- 
cies of the family yet known. At present it is the only one from 
New Zealand. 
XXXIII. — On the Genera Spirulina aw^ Coleochsete. By John 
Ralfs, Esq., M.R.C.S., Penzance*. 
[With a Plate.] 
Spirulina, Turpin {Kutz.). 
Filaments collected into a mucous film-like stratum, simple, 
spiral, oscillating, "inarticulate.^^ — Kiitz. Phycoloyia Genei-alis, 
p. 182. 
Spirulina has its filaments interwoven into a thin stratum of 
* Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Dec. 12th, 1844, and 
Jan. 9th, 1845.