Mr. S. V. Wood's Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 527 
Vicinity to large towns has a visible influence over vegeta- 
tion. Around London it possesses a good deal of luxuriance. 
A cause for this maybe sought in the state of the atmosphere 
liable to exist among such a crowd of habitations and human 
beings. Pure air^ after being once respired by man, contains 
about 3*6 per cent, carbonic acid ; but the extreme dilution this 
must undergo in mixing with the bulk of the atmosphere, ren- 
ders it unlikely that it will have any visible effect. It is more 
probable that the immense quantity of carbon, in an extremely 
fine, light, and divided state, which escapes in smoke after 
combustion, is a more influential cause. It is now in a con- 
dition to be suspended, if not dissolved, in water, and can pass 
readily through the structures of plants ; and the good effects 
of. certain proportions of carbon in a convertible state has 
been proved by experiment. In estimating the influence of 
large towns on vegetation, it must not be lost sight of, that 
combustion also gives rise to some of a deleterious tendency. 
Sulphurous acid is produced in a sufficient quantity to impair 
the functions of plants in a sensible manner, and even the bad 
effects of an extremely minute proportion have been noticed. 
Those plants which are observed to prefer the vicinity of 
clustered habitations have then, most probably, some con- 
nexion with the resulting state of the atmosphere whence they 
derive benefit ; some may receive positive benefit or stimulus 
from it, and others be equally injured. 
LVI. — A Catalogue of Shells from the Crag, 
By S. V. Wood, Esq., F.G.S. 
[Concluded from p. 462.] 
Class GASTEROPODA. 
Ord. Phytophaga. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam, Crag. Recent. 
1 . Capulus ungaricus, de Montf. (Patella ungarica, Mont. Test. Brit. 
p. 486. Patella unguis, var. /3. Min. Con. 1. 139. f. 7). 
Ramsholt. | Sutton. [ | Britain. 
This exceeds in magnitude the recent British specimens. My 
largest fossil iias attained the (transverse) diameter of two inches 
and a quarter. A very variable species : some of my specimens are 
conical, with the apex nearly central, while others are so much de- 
pressed, that the apex is on a level with the base projecting beyond it. 
2. — obliquus, n. s. 
I WaltonNaze. | | 
3. — recurvatus, n. s. 
I WaltonNaze. I I 
528 Mr. S. V. Weed's Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
4. Capulus fallax, n. s. 
I Sutton. I I 
1. Emarginula crassa, Sow. (Min. Con. t. 33). 
Ramsholt. | Sutton. | | 
2. — fissura, Flem. (Brit. An. p. 365. Patella fissura, Li?in. Syst. 
p. 1261. Emarginula reticulata, Min. Con. t. 33). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | Britain. 
3. — punctura, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
1. Fissurella cancellata (Patella cancellata. Lister, t. 527. f. 2. Fis- 
surella graeca, Min. Con. t. 483). 
Sutton. I WaltonNaze. | | Britain. 
var. ft. depressa. 
Ramsholt. | | | 
This is larger than the generality of recent British specimens, 
reaching one inch and a half in its longitudinal diameter. The per- 
foration is of an oblong form, rounded at each extremity and slightly 
contracted in the middle. In very young specimens the vertex is vi- 
sible, recurved, and directed towards the posterior, which might cause 
it to be mistaken for another genus. When the shell has attained 
the length of one quarter of an inch this recurvature is lost. 
1. Dentalium costatum, Sow. (Min. Con. t. 70. f. 8). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
Perfect specimens have a dorsal cleft at the posterior extremity to 
the depth of a line ; the aperture is then partially covered with a con- 
vex sort of epiphragm which has a cleft across it, as is well represent- 
ed in D. fissura of Sowerby's ' Genera'; this I have only seen when 
the posterior extremity has attained the diameter of nearly a line : very 
small specimens (corresponding in all other respects, and as such I 
have considered them as the young of this species) have a circular 
opening at the posterior extremity without the cleft. The number 
of costae in this species varies from ten to eighteen, with occasionally 
a small one between them. My largest specimen measures one inch 
and seven- eighths, but fragments indicate a greater magnitude. 
Dent, striatum, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 495, appears, from the de- 
scription, to correspond with my small specimens. 
1. Velutina laevigata (Helix laevigata, Linn. Syst. p. 1250. Bulla ve- 
lutina, Miiller, ZooU Dan.). 
Sutton. I I Bramerton. | Britain. 
2. — elongata, Forbes (Report Brit. Assoc. 1839, p. 80). 
This has been identified by Mr. Forbes. 
(Sigaretus similis ? Woodward, Geol. of Norf. t. 3. f. 8). 
I I Thorpe. | Britain. 
3. — capuloides, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
1 . Marsenia depressa. 
Sutton. I I I 
Mr. S. V. Wood's Catalogue of Shells ffom the Crag. 529 
Spec. Char. Shell depressed, subtrapezoidal ; outer lip much 
expanded ; inner replicate, lower part slightly projecting ; lines of 
growth visible. Diameter one -eighth of an inch. PL V. f. 8, 9. 
Only two specimens (perhaps young ones), but they appear to dif- 
fer from the young of the recent species (Marsenia producta, Leach, 
Moll. p. 47 ; Bulla haliotoidea, Mont. T. B. p. 211. t. 7. f. 6.) in 
their more expanded outer, and the projection at the lower part of 
the inner lip, and more depressed form. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
1. Natica cateno'ides (Natica glaucinoides, Min. Con. t. 479. f. 4; not 
N. glaucinoides, Deshayes). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | Bramerton. | 
It is necessary to change the name of this species, as the two 
shells figured in ' Min. Con.' as glaucinoides are, I believe, distinct. 
I have not yet seen a London clay shell that can be identified with 
our crag species, of which a faithful representation is given at the 
above reference. 
2. — catena (Nerita glaucina, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 469. Cochlea 
catena. Da Costa, p. 83. t. 5. f. 7). 
I Sutton. I I Britain. 
3. — ? multipunctata (Natica patula, Min. Con. t. 373). 
Ramsholt. | WaltonNaze. | | 
This differs from Nat. millepunctata in the greater size of the um- 
bilical callosity, at all ages sufficient, I think, to constitute a specific 
difference. There are the remains of spots in two of my specimens 
from the red crag of Walton Naze similar to those upon the mille- 
punctata, and as the name oi patula is preoccupied, I propose the one 
above as expressive of its ornament and of its affinity. 
A thick calcareous operculum is in the cor. crag at Ramsholt, 
which may possibly belong to this ; if so, it is not the millepunctata ^ 
as it differs from the operculum of that species. Risso has justly 
separated from Natica those species with a calcareous operculum, for 
which he has proposed the name of Nacca ; this may probably be re- 
ferred to it. 
4. — hemiclausa. Sow. {Min. Con. t. 479). 
I WaltonNaze. | | 
The umbilicus of this is closed in the adult shell. 
5. — cirriformis, Sow. (Min. Con. t. 479). 
Ramsholt. | | | 
6. — helico'ides, Johnston (Hist, of the Berwickshire Nat . Hist. Club, 
1834). 
I Sutton. I Bramerton. | Scottish coast. 
7. — clausa. Gray (Zool.of Beechey's Voy. t. 37. f. 6. and t. 34. f. 3. 
Nat. clausa. Smith, Werm. Mem. vol. viii. pi. \. f. 16). 
I Sutton. I I North Seas. 
8. — elevata, n. s. 
Ramsholt. | | | 
530 Mr. S. V. Wood's Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
9. Natica proxima, n. s. 
Ramsholt. | | | 
10. — depressula, n. s. ? 
Sutton. I I I 
Not more than one-eighth of an inch. Three specimens of this 
small shell, which I cannot affiliate to any of my crag species, although 
I have many young specimens quite as minute ; however, till more 
be found, it must be considered doubtful. 
Natica depressa, Min. Con. t. 5, is probably a French shell, or from 
the Isle of Wight, figured by mistake as from the crag. 
An abundance of individual specimens are found, especially in the 
red crag ; but the labour of identification is great, from the difficulty 
of procuring specimens that are not more or less altered by decom- 
position, or rather decortication, many having the outer covering en- 
tirely removed, showing in some instances a striated surface upon a 
shell which in its natural state is perfectly smooth ; and in most of 
the species of this genus a deep depression is visible at the suture 
when the exterior coating is removed, which materially alters the 
appearance of the shell. 
1. Adeorbis (n. g.) striatus, mihi. 
Sutton. I II 
Gen. Char. Whorls subdiscoidal, volutions few, peritreme sharp, 
inner lip sinuous, umbilicus large and deep. 
Spec. Char. Shell depressed ; volutions four, rounded, slightly im- 
pressed by the preceding whorl, spirally striated ; outer lip sharp, 
projecting ; inner sinuous ; umbilicus large, open, volutions visible to 
the apex. Diameter one-seventh of an inch. PI. V. f. 4 and 6. 
There is an incipient sinus in the upper part of the aperture, which 
gives in one of the species particularly (supra-nitida) a depression at 
the upper part of the volution at a little distance from the suture. 
I consider this distinct from Skenia in the form of the peritreme, 
which, in that genus, is circular and not sinuous. 
2. Adeorbis supra-nitidus, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
3. — tricarinatus, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
4. — subcarinatus (Helix subcarinata, Mow^. Test. Brit. p. 438. pi. 7. 
f. 9. Trochus subcarinatus. Brown, Conch. Illust. pi. 51. 
f. 16, 17). 
Sutton. I I I Britain. 
5. — ? subimbricatus, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
1 . Margarita helicina, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
2. — trochoidea, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
1. Scissurella crispata ? Flem. {Brit. An. p. 366). 
Sutton. I I I Britain. 
Mr. S. V. Wood^s Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 531 
My only specimen is unfortunately imperfect. It is strongly rib- 
bed and spirally striated, and what there is of it remaining appears 
to agree with Dr. Fleming's full description. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
1. Solariella (n. g.) maculata, mihi. 
Sutton. I I I 
Gen. Char. Subtrochiform, depressed; spire acute; peritreme sub- 
circular; umbilicus large, deep and crenulated; shell nacreous. 
Spec. Char. Subtrochiform ; volutions five, subcircular, carinated ; 
carinse three, rugose; base striated; umbilicus crenulated; shell na- 
creous. Diameter three-eighths of an inch. Axis one-fourth of an 
inch nearly. PL V. f. 7 and 10. 
The elevated carinse give an angulated appearance to the otherwise 
nearly cylindrical form of the volutions, which are slightly impressed 
by the preceding whorl ; carinse of different sizes and at unequal di- 
stances, the upper one most prominent, producing a depressed ambu- 
lacrum or furrow at the suture; upper part of the peritreme projecting a 
little beyond the lower : fragments and small specimens are abundant. 
I have ventured to propose a new genus for this shell, conceiving 
the subcylindrical form of the volutions to have no generic connexion 
with the quadrangular opening of the Solarium. It is probably in- 
termediate between Trochus and Margarita. 
The specific name is added from the remains of coloured spots in 
one specimen. 
Sect. /3. imperforate. 
1. Trochus ziziphinus, Auct. 
I Sutton. I I Britain. 
2. — pseudo-ziziphinus (Schlott. Pet. p. 160. Trochus Sedgwickii, 
Min. Con. t. 272. f. 1). 
Ramsholt. | | | 
3. — granosus, Lamarck (Hist, des An. sans Vert. vii. p. 20). 
I WaltonNaze. | | Mediterranean. 
4. — conulus } Lamarck {Hist, des An. sans Vert. vii. p. 24). 
Sutton. I I I Mediterranean. 
5. — quadricinctus, n.s.} 
Sutton. I I I 
6. — Montacuti. 
Sutton. I . . . , I I Britain. 
Identified by Mr. Edward Forbes. 
7. — subexcavatus, n. s. 
I Sutton. I I 
8. — asperulus, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
The shells of this genus from the crag are much altered by decor- 
tication, consequently difficult of identification. 
Sect. a. umbilicated. 
9. — cinereoides, n. s. 
I Walton Naze | | 
532 Mr. S. V. Wood^s Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam, Crag. Recent. 
10. Trochus tumidus, Mont. (Test. Brit. p. 280. t. 10. f. 4. Troclius 
nitens ? Woodward, Geol. of Nor f. t. 3. f. 10). 
Sutton, j Sutton. | ] Britain. 
11. — littoralis. Brown {Illust. Brit. Conch, pi. 45. f. 1, 4). 
I Sutton. I I Britain. 
12. — obconicus, n. s. 
Sutton. I t I 
13. — bicariniferus, n. s. 
Sutton. It t 
14. — tricariniferus, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
1. Vermetus intortus, Bronn (Lethcea Geognostica, taf. 36. f. 18). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
1. Valvata piscinalis, Gray {Edit. ofTurt. Man. pi. 10. f. 114). 
I I Bulcham. | Britain. 
Captain Alexander's cabinet. 
1. Paludina unicolor, Swainson (Zool. Illust. pi. 98. Paludina media. 
Woodward, Geol. of Norf. t. 3. f. 5, 6. Paludina rotundata, 
id. t. 3. f. 7. Paludina lenta, Min. Con. t. 31. f. 3). 
I I Bramerton. | Bengal. 
l.Bithynia tentaculata. Gray {Edit, of Turt. Man. pi. 10. f. 120. 
Paludina impura, Lamarck, vi. p. 175). 
I I Bulcham. | Britain. 
Captain Alexander's cabinet. 
1. Littorina littoreus (Turbo littoreus, Min. Con. t. 71. f. 1. Turbo 
rudis, id. t. 71. f. 2. Turbo carinatus, Woodward, Geol. of 
Norf t. 3. f. 11. Turbo ventricosus, id. t. 3. f. 12. Turbo 
bicarinatus, id. t. 3. f. 13. Turbo sulcatus, id. t. 3. f. 14, 15. 
Delphinula carinatus, id. t. 3. f. 9. Littorina squalida, Zool. of 
Beechey's Voy. pi. 34. f. 12). 
I Sutton. I Bramerton. | Britain. 
I have considered the above as referrible to one species, as they 
can be connected by every shade of difference. The cause of these 
deformities may perhaps have been a more than ordinary alteration 
of the water, both in respect to its density and temperature, in the 
estuary which these shells in all probability inhabited. Specimens 
occasionally found in the red crag preserve a uniformity of shape 
similar to those with which our markets are supplied. 
2. — elongata (Turbo elongatus, Woodward, Geol. of Norf. t. 3. 
f. 16-18). 
I I Bramerton. | 
I have never seen this shell. 
3. — ? suboperta (Vivipara suboperta, Min. Con. t. 31. f. 1). 
I Sutton. I I 
4. — } phasianelloides, n. s. 
I Sutton. I I 
Mr. S. V. Wood's Catalogue of Shells from the Crag, 533 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
1. Turbo ? sphseroidea, n. s. 
Sutton. [ I I 
Spec. Char. Spheroidal; whorls three, rapidly enlarging, convex ; 
suture deep, spirally striated ; peritreme sharp; outer lip curved; um- 
bilicus surrounded by a prominent keel ; shell nacreous. Axis one- 
twentieth of an inch. PI. V. f. 3. 
The exterior is covered with six or seven raised striae or ridges un- 
equally distributed, being nearer together at the lower part of the 
volution, where one is elevated into a sort of keel that surrounds the 
umbilicus, within which it is naked. The figure appears rather too 
elongated. 
1 . Rissoa Zetlandica (Cyclostreraa Zetlandica, Flem. Brit. An. p. 312. 
Turbo Zetlandica, Mont. Linn. Trans, xi. t. 13. f. 3). 
Sutton. ( I I Zetland. 
2. — reticulata (Turbo reticulata, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 322. t. 21. f. 1. 
Cingula reticulata, Flem. Brit. An. p. 306). 
Sutton. I I I Britain. 
3. — semicostata (Turbo semicostatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 326. 
t. 25. f. 5. Turbo semicostatus. Woodward, Geol. of Nor/. 
t. 3. f. 19. Cingula semicostata, Flem. Brit. An. p. 307). 
I Sutton. I Bramerton. | Britain. 
4. — subumbilicata (Turbo subumbilicatus, Mont. Test. Brit.^^. 316. 
Turbo minutus. Woodward, Geol. of Nor f. t. 3. f. 20). 
I j Bramerton. | Britain. 
Axis three- sixteenths of an inch. 
5. — supracostata, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
6. — crassistriata, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
7. — obsoleta, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
8. — confinis, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
9. — concinna, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
10. — ? costellata, n. s. 
Sutton. I 1 I 
11. — ? angusta, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
The above small shells are occasionally much eroded, and their ex- 
terior markings sometimes obliterated ; this is often the case with 
recent shells found in sand, where attrition, produced by the move- 
ment of the waves, has removed the striae and other distinguishing 
characters ; there is in consequence a doubt of the correctness of 
these identifications. 
534 Mr. S. V. Wood's Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
12. Rissoa striata (Turbo striatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 312. Cingula 
striata, Flem. Brit. An. p. 307). 
Sutton. I I I Britain. 
13. _ ? vitrea (Tubo vitreus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 321. 1. 12. f. 3). 
Sutton. I I I Britain. 
1 . Alvania albella, Leach MS. 
Sutton. I I I Britain. 
2. — supranitida, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
Spec. Char. Shell turriculate ; whorls eight", convex, spirally ridged ; 
suture deep ; upper part of volution naked ; apex acute ; outer lip 
curved; umbilicus small. Axis one-seventh of an inch. PI. V. f. 2. 
Differs from Turbo ascaris, Turt., in the unequal distribution of the 
striae or ridges, which are five in number, the lower one not so pro- 
minent as the others ; it is also more slender, and the upper part of 
the volution smooth, with a thickening behind the outer lip. 
1. Turritella incrassata, >S'o2^7. (Min. Con. t. 51. f. 6). 
Ramsholt. | Sutton. | | 
This much resembles a recent shell, probably identical. 
2. — terebra, Lamarck (Turbo terebra, Linn. Syst. p. 1239). 
I Sutton. I Bramerton. [ Britain. 
3. — conoidea. Sow. (Min. Con. t. 51. f. 1, 5, 6). 
I Sutton. I I 
My specimens are all much rubbed and water- worn. 
4. — bicincta, m/Ae (Turritella duplicata, Dubois, Geol.Wolhyn. Podol. 
pi. 2. f. 19,20). - 
Gedgrave. | Sutton. | | 
This strongly resembles a recent shell, but is quite distinct from 
T. duplicata, Lamarck, Ency. pi. 449. i.\.a,b. 
5. — planispira, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
1. Eulima polita, Risso (Turbo politus, Linn. Syst. p. 1241. Helix 
polita, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 398). 
Ramsholt. | WaltonNaze. | | Britain. 
2. — subulata, Risso (iv. p. 122. Helix subulata, Mont. Test. Brit. 
Sup. p. 142. Melania Cambessedesii, Bronn, Leth. Geog. 
taf. 42. f. 46. Turbo subulatus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. 172). 
Sutton. I I I Britain. 
3. — glabella, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
4. — ? pendalia, n. s. 
I Sutton. I I 
1. Scalaria similis, Sow. {Min. Con. t. 16). 
I Sutton. I Thorpe. | 
This much resembles Sc. Groenlandica, Turbo Clathrus Grbenlan- 
dicus, Chemn. Conch, xi. t. 19. f. 1878-79 ; but a comparison with 
Mr. S. V. Wood's Catalogue of Shells from the Crag, 535 
three recent specimens presents the following differences : — the vo- 
lutions of the fossil are more convex, the suture deeper, and the whole 
shell less conical with a more prominent keel upon the base of the 
body whorl. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
2. Scalaria clathratulus, Flern. {Brit. An. p. 311. Turbo clathratulus. 
Walker, Test. Min. rar. t. 2. f. 45. Scalaria minuta, ikfm. 
Con. t. 390. Scalaria pseudo-scalaris, Dubois, Geol. Wolhyn. 
Po<^o/. pi. 2. f. 36, 37). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | Britain. 
3. — fimbriata. 
Sutton. I I I Mediterranean. 
4. — foliacea. Sow. {Min. Con. t. 390. f. 2). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
This is given by Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sic. p. 167, as a synon. to 
Sc. pseudo-scalaris. The crag shell differs in not having a keel 
upon the body whorl. 
5. — subulata. Sow. {Min. Con. t. 390. f. 1). 
Sutton. I I I 
6. — frondosa. Sow. {Min. Con. t. 577. f. 1). 
Sutton. I I I 
7. — frondicula, n. s. 
Sutton. ! I I 
S. — fimbriosa, n. s. 
Ramsholt. | | | 
9. — ? obtusicostata, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
10, — ? decussata, Desk. {Hist. Coq.foss. des Env. dePar.). 
Sutton. I I I 
The French shell appears to have the volutions more convex and 
the suture deeper ; but my crag specimens are all imperfect. 
1 . Phasianema sulcata. 
Sutton. I I I 
Gen. Char. Spire slightly elevated ; volutions few; aperture ovate ; 
exterior striated, umbilicated. 
Spec. Qhar. Ovato-fusiform ; volutions three, convex ; suture deep ; 
apex obtuse, spirally sulcated, decussated by lines of growth ; aper- 
ture ovate ; outer lip sharp, inner slightly replicate ; umbilicus small, 
with an incipient fold upon the columella. Axis one-seventh of an 
inch. Pl.V. f. 15. 
2. — lineolata, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
Sect. a. columella plain. 
1 . Turbonilla elegantissima. Leach MS. (Turbo elegantissimus, Mont. 
Test. Brit. p. 298. 1. 10. f. 2). 
Sutton. I I I Britain. 
536 Mr. S. V. Wood's Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
2. Turbonilla rufa ? (Melania rufa, Phil. Emm. Moll. Sic. t. 9. f. 7). 
Sutton. I I I Mediterranean. 
Specimens imperfect. 
3. — acicula ? (Melania acicula, Phil. Enum. Moll. Sic. t. 9. f. 6). 
Sutton. I I I 
Specimens imperfect. 
4. — curvicostata, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I . 
5. — cylindrella, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
A recent species in Mr. G. B. Sowerby's possession is identical 
with this ; locality unknown. 
6. — subulata, n. s. ? 
Sutton. I I I 
This may possibly be a very slender variety of elegantissima : only 
one specimen. 
7. — filosa, n. s. 
Sutton. [ I I 
8. — costaria, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
9.—?—? 
Sutton. I I I 
Specimens imperfect. 
10. _? — ? 
Sutton. I I I 
Specimens imperfect. 
Sect. /3. with a fold upon the columella. 
11. — elegantior, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
12. — elegans, n. s. 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
All the shells I have included in this genus (proposed by Dr. Leach 
in MS. and adopted by Risso) have a mammillated apex, caused by the 
reversed position of the extreme spire. 
1 . Odostomia plicata, Flem. (Brit. An. p. 3 10. Turbo plicatus, Mont. 
Test. Brit. p. 325). 
Sutton. I I I Britain. 
Var. /5 convexa. 
Sutton. I I I 
Axis five-sixteenths of an inch ; outer lip toothed within. 
Auricula hordeola (Desh. Coq. foss. des Env. de Par. pi. 6. 
f. 21, 22). 
The crag shell is rather larger than the recent, which is the only 
difference I can detect. 
Mr. S. V. Wood's Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 537 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent, 
2. Auricula pupa (Melania pupa, Dubois, Geol. Wolhyn. Podolien. t. 3. 
f. 34, 35). 
Sutton. I I I 
3. — reticulata, n. s. 
Sutton. I I X I 
1. Acteon Nose, Sow. (Min. Con. t. 374). 
I WaltonNaze. | | 
2. — subulatus, n. s. 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
3. — levidensis, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
4. — tornatilis (Acteon striatus, Min. Con. t. 460. f. 2. Voluta tor- 
natilis, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 231). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | Britain. 
1. Pyramidella Iseviuscula, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
This differs from the figure of P. plicosa (Bronn, Leth. Geogn. 
taf. 40. f. 24) in having only three plicee, one large and two small. 
1 . Trichotropis borealis, Lowe {Zool. Journ. Fusus umbilicatus. Smith, 
Mem. of Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. viii. p. 50. fol. 1. f. 2). 
Ramsholt. | j | Rothsay Bay. 
1. Macromphalus reticulatus. 
Sutton. I I I 
Gen. Char. Shell fusiform ; spire elevated ; aperture ovate ; outer 
lip sharp ; umbilicus linear. 
Spec. Char. Shell fusiform ; volutions convex ; suture deep ; sur- 
face reticulate ; aperture ovate ; peritreme sharp, continuous ; um- 
bilicus linear, striate. Axis one-fourth of an inch. PI. V. f. 16. 
The lengthened form of the umbilicus has suggested the name 
proposed for the genus. 
Sect. a. dextral. 
1. Cerithium punctatum, Woodw. {Geol. of Norf. t. 3. f. 29). 
I Sutton. I Bramerton. | 
2. — trilineatum, Phil. (Enum. Moll. Sic. p. 195. t. 13. f. 13). 
Sutton. I I I Mediterranean. 
I presume this to be identical ; the lower part corresponds, but the 
apex of the crag shell is obtuse, and the two first volutions possess 
longitudinal costse. This portion is not shown in the figure above 
referred to. 
3. — tubereulare (Murex tubercularis, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 270). 
Sutton. I I I Britain. 
4. — creperum, n. s. } 
Sutton, j I I 
Numerous specimens, but all much mutilated. 
5. — cribrarium, n. s. ? 
Sutton. I I I ' 
About a dozen fragments. 
Ann. ^ Mag, N, Hist, Vol. ix. SuppL 2 N 
538 Mr. S. V. Wood's Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
6. Cerithium punctulum, n. s. 
I WaltonNaze. | | 
7. — funiculatum ? Sow. (Min. Con. 1. 147). 
I Sutton. I I 
One mutilated specimen only. 
Sect. p. sinistral. 
8. — adversum (Murex adversus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 271). 
Sutton. I J I Britain. 
9. — granosum, n. s. 
Sutton. I WaltonNaze. ] | 
Ord. ZOOPHAGA. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
1. Cancellaria costellifer (Murex costellifer, Min. Con. t. 119. f. 3. 
Cancellaria buccinoides, Couthouy, Boston Journ. of Nat. Hist. 
vol.ii. pi. 3. f.3. p. 105). 
Sutton. I Sutton. [ | Uni^eTstaL. 
2. — concinna, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
Specimens imperfect. 
3. — subangulosa, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
Specimens imperfect. 
4. — mitrseformis (Voluta mitrseformis, Brocchi. p. 645. 1. 15. f. 13). 
Gedgrave, 
near Orford. 
5. — Isevicosta, n. s. 
Sutton. I [ j 
6. — granulata (fragment). 
Ramsholt. | | ) 
7. ? 
I Sutton. I I 
Two much-worn specimens. 
1. Cassidaria bicatenata (Cassis bicatenata, Sow. Min. Con. t. 151). 
Ramsholt. | Felixtow. | | 
1. Purpura incrassata. Sow. (Min. Con. t. 414). 
I Sutton. I j 
2. Purpura lapillus, Lamk. (Buccinum lapillus, Linn. Syst. p. 1202. 
Buccinum crispatum, Min. Con. t. 413. Murex angulatus. 
Woodward, Gcol. of Norf. t. 3. f. 23, 24. Murex lapilliformis, 
id. t. 3. f. 25. Murex compressus, id. t. 3. f. 26). 
I Sutton. I Bramerton. | Britain. 
These deformed varieties from the mam. crag are probably pro- 
duced by the same cause to which I have assigned the many different 
shapes of Littorina littoreus. 
Sutton. 
Mr. S. V. Wood^s Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 539 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
1. Columbella sulcata (Buccinum sulcatum (var. a.). Sow. Min, Con. 
t. 375, f. 2. Buccinum sulcatum (var. ji.), id. t. 477. f. 4). 
Sutton, j WaltonNaze. | | 
Litiopa papillosa, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
Spec. Char. Shell smooth; whorls four, slightly convex; apex 
obtuse ; aperture subovate ; outer lip sharp, inner slightly replicate, 
forming a minute umbilicus. Axis one-sixth of an inch. PI. V. f. 11. 
Distinct from the recent species found in the Gulf weed in being free 
from striae, and in having an obtuse apex. 
1. Ringicula buccinea. Desk. (2nd edit. Lamk. Hist. desAn. sans Vert. 
viii. p. 344. Auricula buccinea, Min. Con. t. 465. Pedipes 
buccinea, Bronn, Leth. Geog. p. 1014. taf. 42. f. 8). 
Sutton. I Sutton. ( | 
2. — ventricosa (Auricula ventricosa, Min. Con. t. 465). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
1 . Nassa incrassata, Flem. {Brit. An. p. 340. Tritonium incrassatum, 
Zool. Dan. Prod. p. 244. no. 2946. Buccinum macula, 75?.*^. 
J5n7. p. 241. t. 8. f. 4). 
I Sutton. I I Britain. 
2. — rugosa, Sow. {Min. Con. t. 110. f. 3). 
I Sutton. 1 I 
3. — reticosa, Sow. (var. a. Min. Con. 1. 110. f. 2. Nassa elongata, 
var. /3. Min. Con. t. 110. f. 1). 
Sutton. I WaltonNaze. | | 
Var. y. tiara, mihi. 
I Sutton. I I 
Var. I. angulata, mihi. 
I WaltonNaze. | | 
Var. e. deformis, mihi. 
I WaltonNaze. | | 
4. — reticulata? Auct. 
I WaltonNaze. | | Britain. 
This differs in the general form of the volutions being more 
ventricose, the whole contour more elegant, and in the absence of 
that gibbosity and slight deformity by which the recent shell is dis- 
figured ; it is a doubtful identification. 
5. — fenestrella, n. s. 
I Sutton. I I 
6. — microstoma, n. s. 
I Sutton. I I 
7. — propinqua. Sow. {Min. Con. t. 477). 
I Sutton. I I 
8. — elegans, Sow. {Min. Con. t. 477. f. 1). 
I WaltonNaze. | | 
Not Buc. elegans of Dujardin. 
9. — granulata, Sow. {Min. Con. t. 110. f. 1). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | Bramerton. | 
2 N 2 
540 Mr. S. V. Wood's Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
10. Nassa labiosa (Buccinum labiosum, Min. Con. t. 477). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
11. — proxima, n. s. 
I Sutton. I I 
12. — costula, n. s. 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
13. — conglobata (Buc. conglobatum, Broc. Conch. Foss. Subapen- 
nina, p. 334. t. 4. f. 15. Buc. pupa, id. t. 4. f. 14). 
This unique specimen was recently found in the red crag of Wal- 
ton-on-the-Naze by Mr. Charlesworth, and liberally deposited in my 
cabinet. 
1. Buccinum Dalei, Sow. (Min. Con. t. 486. f. 1, 2). 
Ramsholt. | Walton Naze. | | 
The difference between this and Buc. ovum, Turt. Zool. Joum. 
xi. p. 366. t. 13. f. 9, is in the striae with which the former is more 
or less ornamented, and it has rather a deeper suture. 
2. — undatum, auct. (Ency. Method, t. 399. f. 1. Buc. tenerum 
(var. ft.), Min. Con. t. 486). 
Gedgrave. | Butley. | | Britain. 
Buc. tenerum, var. y. elongatum. 
Ramsholt. | ^ [ | 
Sect. a. dextral. 
1 . Terebra canalis, n. s, 
Gedgrave. | [ [ 
A few specimens in bad condition. 
Sect. p. sinistral. 
2. — heterostropha, n. s. 
Gedgrave. | Sutton. | [ 
1. Murex? alveolatus, Sow. (var. a. Min. Con. t. 411. f. 2). 
I WaltonNaze. | | 
Var. j3. abbreviata, mihi (Purpura tetragona, Sow. Min. Con. 
t.414. f. 1). 
I Sutton. [ I 
Var.y. obsoleta, mihi. 
I Sutton. I I 
2. — tortuosus, Sow. (Min. Con. t. 434). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
3. — erinaceus, Mont. (Test. Brit. p. 259. Don, Brit. Shells, 1. 1.35). 
I I Near Norwich. | Britain. 
l.Fusus antiquus (Tritonium antiquum, Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prod. 
no. 2939. Murex striatus, Min. Con. 1. 119. Murex striatus 
var. carinatus, id. t. 22. Murex contrarius, id. t. 23. Murex 
despectus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 256). 
I Sutton. I Bramerton. | Britain. 
A reversed specimen of the recent species in the possession of Mr. 
Bunbury corresponds in every respect with some of my specimens 
from the crag. 
Mr. S.V.Wood's Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 541 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
2. Fusus ? elegans, Charlesworth {Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 218). 
The specimen figured at the above reference is the only one I have 
seen ; it enriches the cabinet of Mr. Fitch, of Norwich, and was pro- 
cured at Felixtow on the Suffolk coast. Mr. Charlesworth considers 
it to have been taken from the beach, and states that the finest spe- 
cimens of Valuta Lamberti are thrown up by the sea at that spot. 
3. — angustius (Buc. angustius. List. An. Ang. 157. t. 3. f. 4. Murex 
corneus, Don. Brit. Shells, pi. 38. Fusus comeus, Sow. Min. 
Con. t. 35). 
I Sutton. I I Britain. 
4. — altus, n. s. 
I Butley. I I 
Not very unlike the preceding species, but differs in the shortness 
of its canal, in its more attenuated form and more mammillated apex. 
5. — scalariformis, Gould (Report, Inverteb. Massachusetts, p. 288. 
f. 203. Murex Peruvianus, Min. Con. t. 434. f. 1. Fusus 
lamellosus, Zool. of Beechey's Voy. pi. 36. f. 13). 
I Sutton. I I North Seas. 
Two varieties are found in the red crag. 
6. — costatus. Sow. (Min. Con. t. 34. and var. t. 39). 
I WaltonNaze. | | 
7. — echinatus. Sow. (Min. Con. 1. 199). 
Sutton. I WaltonNaze. | | 
This much resembles M. muricatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 262. t. 9. 
f. 2, but differs in having its canal shorter and more open at the upper 
part, and less straight, more elevated spire, and striae more distant. 
8. — alveolatus. Sow. (Min. Con. t. 525). 
I Sutton. I I 
9. — curvirostris, n. s. 
Ramsholt. | Sutton. | | 
10. — intortus? Lamarck. 
I Sutton. I j 
One imperfect specimen. 
11. — porrectus ? (Murex porrectus, Brander, Foss. Hant. pi. 2. f. 36). 
I Ramsholt. | j 
One specimen, much mutilated. 
12. — .Murriculus (Murex turriculus, ilfow^. Test. Brit. t. 9. f. I. 
Murex angulatus, Don. Brit. Shells, t. 156. Pleurotoma 
clavula, Dujardin, Geol. Trans, of France, 1837,tom. ii. pt. 2. 
p. 291). 
I Sutton. I Bramerton. | Britain. 
Two varieties from the red crag. 
13. — assimilis, n. s. ? 
I Sutton. I I 
Two imperfect specimens. 
14. — gracilior, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
15. — ? nebula (Murex nebula, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 267. 1. 15. f. 6). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | Britain. 
542 Mr. S. V. Wood^s Catalogue of Shells from the Crag, 
My specimens are larger than the generality of the recent British, 
and they are also less slender, but otherwise correspond. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
16. Fusus paululus, n. s. 
Sutton. I II 
Axis one line. This much resembles a small shell figured and de- 
scribed as Fusus nanus by Lea, Contribut. to Geol. pi. 5. f. 155 ; but 
the crag shell is beautifully cancellated on the body whorl, which I 
do not see in the above figure, nor is there any mention made of such 
ornament. I have only one specimen. 
17. — ? rufus (Murex rufus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 263). 
I I Thorpe. | Britain. 
l.Pleurotoma.? variegatum, Phil. {Enum. Moll. Sic. p. 197. t. 11. 
f. 14). 
Sutton. I I I Mediterranean. 
2. — ? lineare (Murex linearis, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 261. t. 9. f. 4. 
Mangelia linearis. Leach MS.). 
Sutton. I Sutton. ] | Britain. 
3. — ? cancellatum (Fusus cancellatus, Min. Con. t. 525). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
4. — } mitrula (Buccinum mitrula, Min. Con. t. 375). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
5. — intorta (Murex intorta, Brocchi, Conch. Foss. Suhapen. t. 8. 
f. 17). 
I Butley. I I 
Sutton. I Sutton. 
Sutton. I Sutton. 
I Sutton. 
6.— 
7.— 
8.— 
9.— 
I Sutton. I I 
The markings of these four species of true Pleurotoma are so much 
obliterated as to render them unfit for comparison. 
10. — tuberculosum. 
Sutton. I WaltonNaze. | | 
11. — porrectum. 
Sutton. I I I 
Identical with a Touraine shell in Mr. Lyell's collection. 
12. — ? scabriusculum, n. s. 
I Sutton. I I 
13. — } pUciferum, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
14._?_? 
Sutton. I I I 
There are probably two or three more species from the coralline 
Mr. S. V. Wood's Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. 543 
crag of these canaliculated shells, but my specimens are very im- 
perfect. 
Cor. Crag. Red Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
1. Rostellaria plurimacosta, n. s. 
I Sutton. I I 
1. Aporrhais pespelicani (Aporrhais quadrifidus, Da Costa, Brit. Con. 
p. 136. t. 7. f. 7. Strombus pespelicani, Linn. Syst. p. 1207. 
Rostellaria pespelicani, Min. Con. t. 558). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
1. Pyrula reticulata? Lamarck (Hist, des An. sans Vertlb. t. vii. p.l41 . 
Ency. Meth. pi. 432. f. 2). 
Ramsholt. | , | | East Indies. 
The exterior markings resemble those of the recent shell, but the 
upper part of the outer lip is more elevated. My fossil has lost a 
considerable portion of its canal, which makes it appear shorter, while 
the lines of growth indicate a length very nearly equal to that of the 
reticulata ; it may possibly be a new species, but the condition of my 
single specimen is insujSicient for such determination ; as it is a rare 
shell, I have given a figure. PI. V. f. 17. 
1. Mitra plicifera, n. s. 
Sutton. I I I 
The mouths of all my specimens are broken. 
1 . Voluta } Lamberti, Sow. {Min. Con. 1. 1 29 . Mitra Lamberti, Flem. 
Brit. An. p. 333). 
Ramsholt. | Sutton. | | 
The inhabitant of this shell, in all probability, diiFered from the true 
Volutes. It may constitute the type of a new genus ; the want of 
an emarginated base will remove it from Voluta, and its mammillated 
apex from Fasicolaria. 
Section a. with dorsal sulcus. 
1. Trivia avellana (Cyprsea avellana, Min. Con. t. 378. f. 3). 
I Sutton. I I 
2. — testudinella, n. s. 
Sutton. I WaltonNaze. | | 
This is intermediate between avellana and affinis, and is exceed- 
ingly variable ; specimens ranging in size from eleven- sixteenths of 
an inch (axis) to some scarcely one-fourth ; ridges varying from as 
many as forty upon the exterior to one that has only twenty-four. 
3.— affinis? 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
Only three specimens, and those appear like monstrosities, pro- 
bably varieties of the preceding. 
4. — Anglise, n. s. 
I Sutton. I I 
Section j3. without dorsal sulcus. 
5. — Europsea, Gray (Cyprsea pediculus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 200, and 
Sup. p. 88). 
Sutton. I Sutton. I I Britain. 
544 Mr. H assail on the Structure of the Pollen Granule. 
' This also varies considerably in size, from eleven- sixteenths to less 
than one-fourth of an inch. 
Cor. Crag. Bed Crag. Mam. Crag. Recent. 
6. Trivia retusa (Cyprsea retusa, Min. Con. t. 378. f. 2). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | 
7. — globulosa, n. s. 
I Sutton. I I 
1. Erato Isevis, Gray (Erato cyprseola, Risso, Hist. Nat. desprin.prod. 
del' Eur. vol. iv. p. 240. \i\. 7. f. 85. Margin ellavoluta, Flem. 
Brit. An. p. 335. Cyprsea voluta, Mont. Test. Brit. t. 6. f. 7. 
Voluta laevis, Don. Brit. Shells, t. 145). 
2. — Maugerise, Gray (Sow. Conch. Illust. f. 47). 
Sutton. I Sutton. | | West Indies. 
The West Indian specimens are generally a little smaller and 
rather more delicately formed than the crag shell. 
1. Ovulum Leathesii, Sow. (Min. Con. t. 478. Calpurna Leathesii, 
Flem. Brit. Jn. p. 331). 
Sutton, j Walton Naze. | | 
Corrigenda. 
Vol. vi. page 245. Note § refers to Cultellus, and not to Solen siliqua. 
Do. do. Sphenia cylindrica is the young of Panopaa. 
Do. page 251. Cardium nodulosum is Cardium nodosum, Turt. 
Do. do. Nucula tenera is Area tenuis of Mont. 
LVII. — Observations on the Structure of the Pollen Granule, 
considered principally with reference to its eligibility as a 
means of Classification. By Arthur Hill Hassall, 
Esq., M.R.C.S.L., Corresponding Member of the Natural 
History Society of Dublin. 
[Continued from vol. viii. p. 108.] 
[With 6 Plates.] 
The second portion of this communication comprises a par- 
ticular description of the principal forms of pollen granules 
met with by the author during his investigations^ together 
with the names of all the plants examined, arranged accord- 
ing to Lindley's ^ Natural System/ which is followed in every 
particular, save that the order of arrangement is reversed, the 
lower tribes of Phanerogamic plants being first enumerated. 
VASCULARES. 
ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS. 
Glumos^. 
Cyperaceje. 
CiiAR. — Outline of pollen grain ovate -lanceolate ; extine covering 
only a portion of the intine, being deficient on either side, and at the