434 Entomological Society, 
lacustris ; by Prof. Mohl. — On the Dry Rot ; by Schwabe. — Synop- 
sis of Desmidia ; by J. Meneghini. 
Part III. 
On the proper systematic place of certain families of Plants. — On 
some Diatomacecd ; by Lobarzewski. — On a true circulation in Closte- 
rium Lunula-, by Lobarzewski. — Plants on sale from Bahia; by 
Luschnath. — Botanical Observations ; by Schlechtendal. 
Part IV. 
Decades of new Composit(B ; by Walpers. — Supplement to Prod. 
Fl. Here. ; by Hampe. — On the Carices of Thunberg's Flora Capensis ; 
by Schlechtendal. — On a monstrosity in the leaves of Trifolium re- 
pens; by Walpers. — Four new Mammillariee; byEhrenberg. — Mexican 
Plants of Schiede and others ; by Schlechtendal. 
Part V. 
Synopsis Thymelearum, Polygonearum, et Begoniarum Africse 
australis ; by Meisner. — Decade of new Composite ; by Walpers. — 
Mexican Plants of Schiede and others ; by Schlechtendal. — Obser- 
vations on passages in Endlicher and Martius's Fl. Braziliensis ; by 
Schwsegrichen. 
Part VI. 
Scholium to Hampe's Prod. Fl. Hercjm. 
Icones Fungorum hucusque cognitorum. Tomus 4. A. C. I. Corda. 
Pragse, 1840. 
Our object in noticing the present number, which in point of exe- 
cution exceeds even the two preceding, is to call attention to the ad- 
mirable figure of Puccinia graminis, or mildew. It is far more com- 
plete than that so often referred to of Bauer. Among the points 
elucidated in the present number, is the very interesting one that 
Asterophora is a mere parasite of the second order, its matrix having 
perfect sporidia. The author does not seem to have access to many 
well-known journals, or he would not have published as Sporocyhe 
Desmazierii a plant altogether unlike that figured under that name 
in the ' Annales des Sciences Naturelles ;' neither would Sphceria 
Robertsii, Hook., of which an admirable analysis is given, appear as 
an undescribed species, Sp. Hugelii, 
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
January 4th, 1841.— The Rev. F. W. Hope, F.R.S., President, 
in the Chair. 
The President stated, in reference to Mr. Schomburgk's memoir, 
read at a previous meeting, that migrations of butterflies to a very 
great extent had been repeatedly observed in South America, in- 
stances of which had been recorded in Helme's account of Buenos 
Ayres. 
Mr. Westwood corrected an error which had occurred in the 
printing of a memoir relative to the Pediculus Melittce of Kirby, or 
Entomological Society, 435 
the larva of Meloe, in the Transactions of the Society, in which it 
had been stated that the specimens which he had found at large and 
dissected were identical with some reared by the Rev. L. Jenyns 
from the larva of the Meloe, whereas the latter had been reared from 
the eggs of that insect. This correction was especially required, 
because in the volume upon insects in the Cabinet Cyclopaedia it had 
been suggested by Mr. Shuckard that the two insects were not iden- 
tical. 
A memoir was read by Mr. Westwood on the nomenclature of the 
genus Chlorion of Latreille {Ampulex, Jurine). From a review of 
Latreille's various works it appears, that although at the first he gave 
the Sphex lobata, Fabr. as the type of the genus, yet its characters 
were not derived from that insect, but agree with the Sphex com- 
pressa, Fabr. Fabricius, however, adopted and characterized the 
genus Chlorion from the former of these two species, but included in 
it also Sphex compressa. Jurine, however, finding the latter species 
not to agree generically with the former, proposed the name of Am- 
pulex for the Sphex compressa, and figured an European species as an 
example, which however does not precisely agree with S. compressa. 
Under these circumstances the author considers that the name of 
Chlorion ought to be applied to the genus typified by Sphex com" 
pressa, that the Chlorion of Fabricius requires another name, and 
that the name Ampulex is strictly synonymous with Chlorion, the 
same species being the true type of both generic names. In allusion 
to the employment of synonymical names of genera, Mr. Yarrell 
stated that a calculation had been made by Messrs. Agassiz and De- 
CandoUe, by which it appeared that no less than 300 generic names 
of plants and 800 names of zoological genera required changing, 
having been previously used in other branches, and it was insisted 
upon by several members that the inconvenience which would neces- 
sarily result from the change in such a number of names would far 
overbalance the occasional slight inconveniences at present felt in 
cases of such " double emploies," as the French term them. It was 
further suggested by Mr. Waterhouse, that as Latreille had erred 
in the first instance in giving as the type of Chlorion an insect which 
did not accord with the generic characters which he had detailed, 
we ought to adopt the nomenclature of Fabricius, who had given the 
real characters of the insect which Latreille had mentioned as its 
typical species. 
Anniversary meeting, January 25th, 1 841 . — The Rev. F. W. Hope 
in the Chair. 
At this Meeting the ordinary business of the annual meeting took 
place. W. Sells, G. R. Waterhouse, S. Stevens, and W. Bennett, 
Esqrs., were elected into the Council in the room of E. Charles worth, 
W. E. Shuckard, J. F. Stephens, and F. Walker, Esqrs., and W. 
W. Saunders, Esq., F.L.S., was elected President, W. Yarrell, Esq., 
Treasurer, and J. O. Westwood, Secretary for the ensuing year. 
In the address delivered by the Rev. F. W. Hope, after favourably 
commenting upon the character of the Society's Transactions, he 
2 F 2 
436 Linnaean Society. 
suggested the propriety of members taking up the old theses of Liir-< 
nseus and bringing down the subjects therein treated upon to the 
present state of the science. The injurious effects of insects upon 
agricultural and horticultural productions ought also to engage the 
attention of the members. He would also recommend the formation 
of committees, taking up and annually reporting upon the entomo- 
logy of the various geographical districts : and he alluded to the 
great loss the Society and science had sustained by the deaths of 
Dr. Goodall, Mr. Vigors, arid Major Gyllenhal. 
It was announced that the caterpillar of one of the Noctuidce which 
devours the roots of turnips should be again proposed as the subject 
of the essay for the prize of ten guineas, offered by the Society ii> 
conjunction with the Saffron Walden Agricultural Society. 
The Rev. F. W. Hope also announced his intention of giving a^ 
prize of £10 for the best essay on the insects which attack apple and 
pear trees, with the best remedy for their destruction. 
LINNiEAN SOCIETYr 
March 2, 1841.— Mr. Forster, V.P., in the Chair. 
Read a " Note on the Preservation of Specimens of Natural 
History." By Hyde Clarke, Esq., F.L.S. 
Mr. Clarke suggests the application of Payne's apparatus for the 
preservation of animal substances for domestic purposes, to the pre-' 
servation of objects of Natural History. The ap])aratus consists of 
an iron cylinder, in which the subject for preparation is placed, and 
the air-tight cover screwed down. The air is then exhausted by 
means of an air-pump, and when a sufficient exhaustion has been 
effected, a cock is opened communicating with a vessel containing 
the antiseptic fluid, which, on being admitted, thoroughly pene- 
trates the object to be preserved, impregnating even the marrow of 
the bones. He adds, that the process is useful not only for the 
prevention of putrefaction, but also in arresting its progress, the' 
gases generated during putrefaction being expelled from the re- 
ceiver along with the air, and their place supplied by the antiseptic . 
March 16.— Mr. Brown, V.P., in the Chair. 
Read " On an edible Fungus from Tierra del Fuego, and an allied 
Chilian species." By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. 
Mr. Berkeley describes these two species as constituting a new 
genus, w^hich he characterizes as follows : — 
CYTTARIA. 
Receptacula carnoso-gelatinosa in stroma commune subglobosum, epider- 
mide crassiuscula vestitum, aggregata ; basi stipitiformi granulata. 
Cupula peripherica, primo clausa, gelatina distenta, demum epidermide 
rupta aperta. Hymenium, margine cxcepto, separable. Asci ampli, 
demum hberi, paraphysilms immixtis. Felum persistens, demum 
ruptum, margine plus minus reflexo. Sporidia pallida. 
Genus BulgaricB affine, sed stromate pulvinato ex variis individuis com- 
posito Sphceriam concentricam quodammodo referens, et hymenio sepa- 
rabili valde diversum. Certe ad seviem Pezizarum pertinet, perithecio 
spurio non obstante. Confer Spliceriam jnoriocarpain, Schum. ad Pezi- 
Linncean Society, 43? 
aam rkizopodam a clar. Fn'esio ascriptam. Nomen dedi a kuttu^qs, 
ob superficieni fungi alveolatam, 
1. C. Darwinii, vitelUuagloboso-depressa, cupulis parvis ore irregular! de- 
mum apertis. 
Hab. in Fayum hetuloidem in Tierra del Fuego, Dec.-Jun. 
2. C. Berferoi, pallidior irregularis, basi subelongatA, cupulis majoribus^ 
ore pentagoRo ; margine fisso reflexo. 
Hab. in Chili in Fagum obliquam, vere et sestate. 
The first species is noticed by Mr. Darwin (from whom Mr. 
Berkeley obtained his specimens of both) at p. '298 of his ' Journal 
and Remarks,' forming the third vol. of the * Narrative of the 
Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle' ; and Mr. Berkeley gives from 
Mr. Darwin's MS. notes a more detailed account of his observations 
made upon the spot. The second species is referred to in a .post- 
humous list of the plants collected by Bertero (originally published 
in the * Mercurio Chileno,' and translated in Silliman's ' North 
American Journal,' vol. xxiii. p. 78), as forming, perhaps, " a new 
genus approximating to the Sph^ri/s." A further account of this 
species also is extracted from Mr. Darwin's notes : it seems to be 
less eatable, and less frequently eaten than the first, which Mr. 
Darwin describes as forming a very essential article of fopd for the 
Fuegian. 
Read also a ** Letter from Joseph Woods, Esq., F.L.S., to Mr. 
Kippist, on Crepis biennis and Barkhausia taraxacifolia.'^ 
Mr. Woods is of opinion that the plant described by Sir James 
Smith in the ' English Flora' and ' English Botany,' by Sir W. J. 
Hooker in the * British Flora,' by Mr, Babington in the Society's 
* Transactions,' vol. xvii. p. 456, and by Mr. Mackay in his ' Irish 
Flora,' as Crepis biennis, is in reality Barkhausia taraxacifolia, di- 
stinguished especially by the long beak of its achenia, while those of 
Crepis biennis are, in the words of Gaudin, ** neutiquam attenuata." 
The stem of Crepis biennis is also less branched and more leafy than 
that of Barkhausia taraxacifolia, the latter rarely producing a leaf 
except where there is a branch. Mr. Woods adds, that it is almost 
certain that we have the two species in England, though the dif- 
ference has not been noticed. Crepis biennis grows in Kent and 
Surrey. 
In a " Note" appended to Mr. Woods's letter, Mr. Kippist 
states that the authentic Linnean specimens of Crepis biennis from 
Scania, although too young to have ripe seeds, appear to confirm 
Mr. Woods's idea, the pappus being quite sessile even in those 
most advanced, and the stem moderately branched in the upper 
part, and very leafy below. The two specimens in the Smithian 
Herbarium, one from Mr. Crowe's garden and the other from Mr. 
Rose's Herbarium, have the stem much branched, and the pappus 
apparently sessile, but the achenia are immature. 
The only developed specimen in Mr. Winch's herbarium is from 
Dartford in Kent, and has the pappus very decidedly stalked, the 
stem much branched in the upper part, and only a few scattered 
leaves in the lower, a branch being produced from the axilla of each 
cauljne leaf with the exception of one or two of the lowermost, 
438 Linnaan Society. 
Other specimens, gathered near Cobham and Ramsgate, in the same 
county, and near Moulsey in Surrey, agree with Mr. Winch's plant 
in their stalked pappus and branched stem, and probably therefore 
belong to Barkhausia taraxacifolia. The only British specimens in 
the Society's possession that Mr. Kippist believes to be referrible 
with certainty to Crepis biennis are two in the Hortus Siccus of 
Mr. Woodward, with ripe achenia and perfectly sessile pappus; the 
habitats of the plants are not given, but in all probability they were 
gathered either in Suffolk or Norfolk. 
Read also an " Extract from a Letter to John Miers, Esq., F.L.S., 
from George Gardner, Esq.," dated Rio de Janeiro, Dec. 16, 1840, 
in which Mr. Gardner gives some account of his journeys in the in- 
terior of Brazil, and of the collections made by him subsequent to 
May last. 
April 6.— Mr. Forster, V.P., in the Chair. 
Read, an Extract of a Letter from J. Bumham, Esq., to Hyde 
Clarke, Esq., F.L.S., on a supposed new British Juncus. 
Read also the commencement of " An Appendix or Supplement 
to a Treatise on the (Estri and Cnterebra of various Animals." By 
Bracy Clark, Esq., F.L.S., Corresp. Memb. of the French Institute. 
April 20.— Mr. Brown, V.P., in the Chair. 
His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, F.L.S., sent for exhibi- 
tion a specimen of the fruit of Chrysophyllum monopyrenum, Sw., 
from his living collection at Syon House. 
W. Felkin, Esq., F.L.S., sent for exhibition specimens of Sea- 
Island Cotton grown in a cotton-mill situate in the centre of Man- 
chester, accompanied by a Notice of the circumstances under which 
the experiment was made. The details have been given in the 
Transactions of the British Association. 
Read the conclusion of Mr. Bracy Clark's "Appendix or Supple- 
ment to a Treatise on the (Estri and Cuter ehrce of various Animals." 
The first memoir to which this paper is intended as an Appendix 
appeared in the third volume of the Linnsean Transactions, published 
in 1796. This memoir was republished by the author with consi- 
derable additions in 1815, and a Supplement was added in the fol- 
lowing year. Since that period much has been published on the sub- 
ject, and Mr. Clark is desirous in consequence of making some ad- 
ditions and corrections to his former publications. 
After adding to and modifying some of the passages contained in 
them, he examines the validity of several species of the genus (Estrus 
proposed by writers. He suspects CE, Trompe of Modeer and (E, 
ericetorum of Leach to be severally the males of (E. Tarandi and (E. 
Bovis. He believes CR. Pecorum of Fabricius to be only a dark- 
coloured variety of (E. nasalis, L. {(E. veterinus, B. CI.) ; and is sa- 
tisfied by an examination of the original specimen, that Dr. Leach's 
(E Clarkii is nothing more than a very light- coloured variety of the 
same species. He also regards (7<J. lineatus of Villars as synonymous 
with (E. Bovis, 
Referring to Latreille's account of the genus in Cuvier's * R^gne 
Linncean Society, 439 
Animal,' he points out some omissions with regard to the habits and 
oeconomy of CE. Equi and CE. hemorrhoidalis, and objects to the 
statement that the eggs of the latter are deposited on the verge of 
the anus of the animal attacked. He strongly deprecates the opi- 
nion of Pallas and Latreille, that there exists a proper human (Estrus, 
which he regards as altogether founded in error ; and believes the 
larva figured in illustration of a supposed case of the kind published 
by Mr. Howship, to be that of (E. Bovis. 
Lastly, he describes three species, added to the genus (Estrus since 
the publication of his Treatise, viz. (E. pictus of Megerle, (E. Liby- 
cus of Riippel, and (E. Clarkii of Shuckard. The following are the 
characters of the latter species, figures of which, and of (E. Libycus, 
accompany the paper : — 
(E. Clarkii, caerulescenti-fuscus, alis obscuris antice sinuatis basin versus 
atro-bipunctatis. 
Hab. ad Caput Bonae Spei. 
He adds also a description of a new species of his genus Cuterebra, 
with the following characters : — 
C. fontanella, thorace atro lateribus albis, abdomine violacoo : segmentis 
ultimis albis nigro-punctatis. 
Hab, in Illinois AmericaB Borealis, cuniculis praecipue infesta. 
May 4. — Mr. Brown, V.P., in the Chair. 
Read the commencement of " Remarks on some new or rare Spe- 
cies of Brazilian Plants." By Charles James Fox Bunbury, Esq., 
F.L.S. 
May 24. — The Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. 
This day, the Anniversary of the birth-day of Linnaeus, and that 
appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers, the 
President opened the business of the Meeting, and stated the num- 
ber of Members whom the Society had lost during the past year. 
The following is a list of the Members who have died within that 
period, acccompanied with notices of some among them. 
Francis Bauer, Esq., F.R.S., 8(C., was born at Feldsberg, in 
Austria, on the 4th of October, 1758. His father, who held an ap- 
pointment as painter to Prince Lichtenstein, died while he was yet 
a boy, and the care of his education devolved upon his mother. So 
early was his talent for botanical drawing manifested, that the first 
published production of his pencil, a figure of Anemone pratensis, L., 
is appended to a dissertation by Storck * de Usu Pulsatillas nigri- 
cantis,' which bears date in 1771. 
In 1788 he came to England in company with the younger Jac- 
quin, and after visiting his brother Ferdinand, who was then engaged 
in completing the beautiful series of drawings since published in the 
* Flora Graeca,' was about to proceed to Paris. But the liberal pro- 
posals made to him by Sir Joseph Banks on the eve of his intended 
departure, diverted him from this resolution, and induced him to 
remain in England and to take up his residence in the neighbourhood 
of the Royal Garden at Kew, in which village he continued to dwell 
until the termination of his life. It was the opinion of Sir Joseph 
Banks, that a botanic garden was incomplete without a draughtsman 
440 Linmean Society: 
permanently attached to it, and he accordingly, with the sanction oi 
His Majesty, fixed Mr. Bauer in that capacity at Kew, himself de- 
fraying the salary during his own life, and providing by his will for 
its continuance to the termination of that of Mr. Bauer. In fulfil- 
ment of this engagement with Sir Joseph, Mr. Bauer made numerous 
drawings and sketches of the plants of the garden, which are now 
preserved in the British Museum. A selection from his drawings 
was published in 1796 under the title of ' Delineations of Exotick 
Plants cultivated in the Royal Garden at Kew,' and this was in- 
tended to be continued annually ; but no more than three parts, con- 
sisting wholly of Heaths, and containing thirty plates, were published. 
In the early part of 1801, Mr. Bauer made for Mr. Brown, who 
had then been for some years engaged in a particular study of the 
Ferns, drawings of many genera of that family which Mr. Brown 
regarded as new. His drawings of Woodsia, made some years after- 
wards, were published in the 11th volume of our Transactions, in 
illustration of Mr. Brown's paper on that genus. At a later period 
he again directed his attention to that tribe of plants, his labours ii^ 
which have within these few years been given to the world in Sir 
William Jackson Hooker's ' Genera of Ferns.' The 13th volume of 
our Transactions is enriched with his elaborate drawings accom- 
panying Mr. Brown's memoir on Rafflesia ; and the part published 
last year contains a paper by Mr. Bauer * On the Ergot of Rye,' from 
materials collected between the years 1805 and 1809. 
The plate which accompanies the last-mentioned paper is derived 
from drawings which form part of an extensive series in the British 
Museum, illustrative of the structure of the grain, the germination, 
growth and development of wheat, and the diseases of that and other 
Cerealia. This admirable series of drawings constitutes perhaps the 
most splendid and important monument of Mr. Bauer's extraordii^ary 
talents as an artist and skill in microscopic investigation. The sub- 
ject was suggested to him by Sir Joseph Banks, who was engaged 
in an inquiry into the disease of Corn known under the name of 
•* Blight," and the part of Mr. Bauer's drawings which relates to 
that disease was published in illustration of Sir Joseph's memoir on 
the subject, and has been several times reprinted with it. Mr. Bauer 
has himself given, in the volume of the ' Philosophical Transactions' 
for 1823, an account of his observations on the Vibrio Tritici of 
Gleichen, with the figures relating to them ; and another small por- 
tion of his illustrations of the Diseases of Corn has since been pub- 
lished by him in the • Penny Magazine' for 1833. His figures of a 
somewhat analogous subject, the Apple-blight and the Insect produ- 
cing it, accompany Sir Joseph Banks's Memoir on the Introduction 
of that Disease into England, in the 2nd volume of the ' Transactions 
of the Horticultural Society.' 
Before the close of the last century Mr. Bauer commenced a series 
of drawings of OrchidecB, and of the details of their remarkable struc- 
ture, to which he continued to add, as opportunities offered, nearly 
to the termination of his life. A selection from these, which form 
one of the most beautiful and extensive series of his botanical draw- 
ings, was lithographed and published by Professor Lindley between 
Linncean Society, 441 
the years 1830 and 1838, under the title of ' Illustrations of Orchir 
daceous Plants.' 
His other published botanical works are : 1 . The first part, published 
in 1818, of ' Strelitzia Depicta,' a work intended to comprise figures 
of all the known species of that magnificent genus ; 2. * Microsco- 
pical Observations on the Red Snow' brought from the Arctic Re- 
gions by Capt. Ross, the globules contained in which, by some re- 
garded as an Alga, he described in the 7th volume of the * Quarterly 
Journal' of the Royal Institution as a species of Uredo ; 3. ' Some 
Experiments on the Fungi which constitute the colouring matter of 
the Red Snow,' published in the ' Philosophical Transactions' for 
1 820 ; and 4. The Plates to the Botanical Appendix to Captain Parry's 
first Voyage of Discovery, published in 1821. One of the last pro- 
ductions of his pencil, illustrating the structure of a plant growing 
at Kew which produces perfect seeds without any apparent action 
of pollen, will appear in the forthcoming part of our Transactions. 
In the year 1816 he commenced lending the assistance of his 
pencil to the late Sir Everard Home in the various anatomical and 
physiological investigations in which that distinguished anatomist 
was engaged ; and in the course of ten or twelve years furnished, in 
illustration of his numerous papers in the ' Philosophical Transac- 
tions,' upwards of 120 plates, which were afterwards reprinted with 
Sir Everard's * Lectures on Comparative Anatomy.' These plates, 
which form together the most extensive series of his published works, 
embraced a great variety of important subjects, chiefly in microscopic 
anatomy, and aiFord abundant evidence of his powers of observation 
and skill in depicting the most difficult objects. 
It is this rare and previously almost unexampled union of the ob- 
s.erver and the artist that has placed Mr. Bauer foremost in the first 
rank of scientific draughtsmen. His paintings, as the more finished 
of his productions may well be termed, are no less perfect as models 
of artistip skill and effect, than as representations of natural objects. 
Of all his predecessors, Ehret alone approaches him in these par- 
ticulars ; among his contemporaries, none but his brother Ferdinand 
can be regarded as his equal. 
Mr. Bauer became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1804, and 
of the Royal Society in 1820. He died at his residence on Kew- 
Green on the 11th of December last, in the 83rd year of his age ; 
and was buried in the church-yard of that parish on the 1 6th of the 
same month. [See also p. 77 of the present volume.] 
Sir Anthony Carlisle, Knt., F.R.S., 8^c., a distinguished surgeon 
and physiologist, was born at Stillington, in the county of Durham, 
on the 8th of February, 1769, and received his early professional 
education partly at York and partly at Durham. He afterwards 
came to London, entered himself as a student at the Hunterian 
School under Cruickshank and Baillie, and became a resident pupil 
to Watson, whom he succeeded as one of the Surgeons of the West- 
minster Hospital in 1793. On the retirement of Sheldon, in 1808, 
he became Professor of Anatomy to the Royal Academy, and re- 
tained that office until 1824. He was also a member of the Council 
and of the Court of Examiners of the Royal College of Surgeons, of 
442 LinruBan Society, 
which College he was twice President. At the accession of George 
the Fourth he was knighted as a mark of acknowledgment to his 
professional skill. He died at his house, in Langham Place^ on the 
2nd of November last, and was buried in the Cemetery at Kensal 
Green. 
Mr. Carlisle became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1792, 
and of the Royal Society in 1 804 ; and his most important contri- 
butions to Natural Science are contained in the Transactions ,of 
these Societies. His paper on the Structure and CEconomy of 
T<enice, in the second volume of our Transactions, is probably the 
first attempt to illustrate the structure of Entozoa by artificial injec- 
tions, and established, among other points, the non-existence of an 
anus in the Taenicd. At this early period, Mr. Carlisle anticipated 
M. Virey's idea of the state of the nervous system in the lowest 
animals, on which the chief character of Mr. MacLeay's Acrita is 
founded, ascribing to the Tcenia a diffused condition of the nervous 
substance, and referring to John Hunter as having, in his lectures, 
applied that character to many of the lower tribes of animals. 
Of his papers in the * Philosophical Transactions,' the first in im- 
portance and originality is the memoir * On the peculiar arrange- 
ment of the Arteries in Slow-moving Animals ;' and it is on the 
striking discovery detailed in it that his memory as a comparative 
anatomist will chiefly rest. His paper on the Physiology of the 
Stapes, published in the volume for 1805, affords a good example 
of the application of Comparative Anatomy to the elucidation of a 
difficult physiological question ; almost all the facts contained in it 
relating to the form and structure of the stapes in various animals 
were new. The Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Organ 
of Hearing formed the subject of his Lectures at the College of Sur- 
geons in 1818. 
His Lectures on Extra- vascular Substances, also delivered at the 
College of Surgeons, but of which an abstract only of a small por- 
tion was published in the ' Annals of Philosophy,' are alluded to in 
high terms by Mr. Lawrence. In 1820, and again in 1826, he de- 
livered the Hunterian Orations at the College. The latter of these, 
containing the Anatomy of the Oyster, has been quoted in reference 
to the observations which indicate the sensibility of the Oyster to 
light. He also spent much time in experiments on the growth and 
reparation of Shell. In the prosecution of his various inquiries he 
enriched the Museum of the College with some unique examples of 
his peculiar anatomical skill. 
Besides these contributions to Comparative Anatomy and Animal 
Physiology, Mr. Carlisle communicated to the Horticultural Society 
a memoir ' On the connection between the Leaves and Fruit of 
Vegetables, with other Physiological Observations,' and another 
paper published in the 2nd volume of the Transactions of that So- 
ciety. 
The Bishop of Chichester. 
Lord Henry John Spencer Churchill. 
Sir John William Lubbock, Bart. 
The Rev. Thomas Rackett, M.A., F.R.S., 8fC., during a long life 
Linncean Society, 443 
successfully cultivated various branches of Natural Science and the 
liberal arts. Associated in his school-days with Hatchett, and after- 
wards with Maton, Pulteney and Cavallo, he became attached to 
the pursuits by which his friends were distinguished, and assisted 
warmly in the promotion of their views. In the years 1794 and 
1796, he accompanied the two former in the tours which Dr. Maton 
subsequently published under the title of * Observations relative 
chiefly to the Natural History, Picturesque Scenery, and Antiquities 
of the Western Counties of England,' and furnished with his pencil 
the embellishments of that work, which was inscribed to him in a 
friendly and grateful dedication. In conjunction with Dr. Maton, 
he published in the 7 th volume of our Transactions * An Historical 
Account of Testaceological Writers,' and in the 8th ' A Descriptive 
Catalogue of the British Testacea.' These works may be justly 
characterized as manifesting extensive research, careful comparison, 
and accurate observation : the latter long continued to be the text- 
book of British Conchologists. Dr. Maton and himself also pub- 
lished in our 8th volume ' An Account of some remarkable Shells 
found in cavities of a Calcareous Stone, called by the stone-masons 
Plymouth-Rag ;' and he subsequently contributed to the 1 1th volume 
* Observations on Cancer salinus,' and to the 12th, * Observations on 
a Viper found in Cranborne Chace, Dorsetshire,' which he presumed 
to be Coluber Chersea, L. In addition to his skill in the use of the 
pencil, he was an accomplished musician, and devoted much of his 
time to antiquarian research, as well as to the prosecution of Natural 
and Experimental Philosophy. 
Mr. Rackett became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1795, 
and of the Royal Society in 1803. In the year 1780 he was insti- 
tuted to the Rectory of Spettisbury and Charlton, in the county of 
Dorset, and died on the 29th of November last, at the advanced age 
of 85, after an incumbency of more than sixty years. 
The Rev. John Revett Sheppard, M.A. 
Lord Viscount Valentia. 
Nicholas Aylward Vigors, D.C.L., F.R.S., M.R.I. A., 8fC., one of 
the most eminent ornithologists of the present day, was bom in 
1787 at Old Leighlin, in the county of Carlo w, where his family had 
long been settled. He was educated at Trinity College in the Uni- 
versity of Oxford, and gave early proof of the diligence and success 
with which he pursued his classical and literary studies, by pub- 
lishing in 1810 ' An Enquiry into the Nature and Extent of Poetick 
Licence.* Towards the close of 1809 he purchased an Ensigncy in 
the Grenadier Guards, and was severely wounded in the action at 
Barrosa, in the early part of 1811. On his return to England in the 
same year he quitted the army, and for the next twenty years 
devoted himself to the study of Zoology, and especially of birds 
and insects. In both these departments he formed extensive col- 
lections, and at a subsequent period liberally presented them to the 
Zoological Society, of which he was the first Secretary and one of 
the most zealous and active promoters. On the death of his father 
he succeeded to the family estate, and in 1832 became the repre- 
sentative in Parliament of the borough of Carlow, for which, or for 
444 Linnaean Society, 
the county of the same name, he continued to sit until the termina- 
tion of his life on the 26th of last October. 
Mr. Vigors became a Fellow of this Society in 1819, and is author 
of an important paper in the 14th volume of our Transactions, * On 
the Natural Affinities that connect the Orders and Families of Birds.' 
In this elaborate memoir he applied to the whole Class of Birds the 
principles of the quinary arrangement propounded by Mr. W. S. 
MacLeay in the * Horse Entomologicse,' of which he continued 
through life to be one of the most ardent supporters. In the suc- 
ceeding volume he published, in conjunction with Dr. Horsfield, the 
first part of ' A Description of the Australian Birds in the collection 
of the Linnean Society, with an attempt at arranging them accord- 
ing to their Natural Affinities,' in which the same principles were 
further developed and applied to the illustration of the Raptorial and 
Insessorial Orders. His only other contribution to our Transac- 
tions consists of a * Description of a new Species of Scolopax lately 
discovered in the British Islands ; with Observations on the Anas 
glocitans of Pallas, and a description of the Female of that Species,' 
contained in the 14th volume. 
. The first of his papers in the 'Zoological Journal' appeared in 
1824 ; in 1827 he became its principal editor, and so continued until 
its termination in 1834. Of his numerous ornithological memoirs 
published in that work, perhaps the most important is his * Arrange- 
ment of the Genera of Birds ;' which, although scarcely more than 
a bare enumeration of names, contains the most complete outline of 
his views on the subject of classification. Some of his notices in 
the * Zoological Journal' are on Entomological subjects ; and several 
valuable papers, written in conjunction with Dr. Horsfield, are de- 
scriptive of new or rare Mammalia in the collection of the Zoological 
Society. For several years before his death the active part which 
he took in politics precluded his paying much attention to Zoology, 
but he retained to the last a considerable interest in his former pur- 
suits, especially in connexion with the Zoological Society. He con- 
tributed many valuable notices to the ' Proceedings ' of that Society. 
Major-General Viney, 
Robert Montague Wilmot, M.B. 
Rev. William Wood, B.D., and 
Francis Boucher Wright, Esq. 
Among the Associates 
Henry Woods, Esq., a surgeon, formerly resident at Bath, and 
subsequently at Camden Town, near London, who was well versed 
in the study of the Mammalia, a * Natural History' of which he was 
for many years engaged in preparing for the press. This work, 
which was intended to be on a very extensive scale, has never ap- 
peared. He was author of ' An Introductory Lecture on the Study 
of Zoology,' of a memoir * On a new Species of Antelope,' in the 
5th volume of the * Zoological Journal,' and of one or two notices 
in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society.' A few years before 
his death he quitted the neighbourhood of London and returned to 
Bath, where he became Secretary to the Literary Institution, and 
died on the 18th of August last, at the age of 46.