412 Dr. W. C. M'Intosh on the 
LIII. — On the Invertebrate Marine Fauna and Fishes of 
St. Andreics. By W. C. M'Intosh. 
[Concluded from p. 349.] 
Subkingdom VERTEBRATA. 
Class PISCES. 
Contrasted with the extreme shores of Britain the fish-fauna 
of St.-Andrews bay exhibits certain interesting differences, 
though of course its features are common to many other parts 
of the north-east coast. There are, for instance, no shoaJs of 
young wrasses (chiefly Jago's goldsinny) gliding amongst 
the seaweeds, or swarms of grey mullets, as in the tide-runs of 
the sandy flats and inland seas of the western shores ; no large 
rock-fish (Ballan wrasse) hiding like dark shadows under the 
tangles, groups of black gobies between tide-marks, or of 
young congers breaking the border of the flowing tide into 
a seething expanse, as in the quiet bays of the southern 
parts — just as the " schulls " of glittering pilchards do on the 
surface of the open water. The curious Hippocamjyi^ exquisite 
red mullets, and the splendid conger-fishing also belong to 
the latter region, together with the abundance of the smaller 
sharks in-shore. The sandy western shores of England are 
also distinguished by the greater variety of large Pleuro- 
nectidas, and the frequent occurrence of red gurnards, angel- 
fishes, and spotted rays. The adjoining bay, moreover, does 
not present that richness of finny life — from the little bimacu- 
lated sucker nestling beside its ova in the hollows of the 
gigantic tangles to the fine cod and coal-fish of the Zetlandic 
seas, which also possess the rarer Chimcera. While it is thus 
vain to look for the vast variety or the gorgeous colours of the 
species which a few hours' fishing off the shores of Guernsey 
brings before the investigator, or for the plenitude of large 
forms which in the north soon fill the boat to overflowing, yet 
there is sufficient success to reward exertion, either in deep 
water or off the sea-margin. Good white and flat fish occur 
in the bay, the latter especially abounding on the sandy flats 
off the West Sands, which thus form a rich ground for the 
trawlers, who are for the most part strangers. The trawl in 
i?--" 
g*^ y. 
common UbC (^^ee a^ i ^ i_ ,i^ ^'g'l"-; consists of a beam of 
Fishes of St. Andrews. 413 
wood about 28 feet long, borne on the top of the bulbous ends 
of two pear-shaped iron structures. A large bag-net is fixed 
to the apparatus, which is dragged behind the boat by ropes 
attached to the convex portion of the iron supports. The under 
surface of the latter is flattened, and the point of the apex 
(which is posterior) turned upwards — the whole thus forming 
a kind of subaqueous sledge, which glides over the sand and 
embraces in its progress every thing loose. Young coal-fishes 
occur all round the rocks and harbour ; occasionally a sea-trout 
is captured off the former; sand-eels frequent the sand near low 
water ,• and the salmon-nets are often very productive. In the 
rock-pools swim hundreds of little two-spotted gobies, swarms 
of the beautifully coloured young of the lumpsucker, and 
strings of young sand-eels sport in the sunshine amongst the 
fringes of seaweeds like flashes of silvery light — affording with 
other littoral forms, such as shannies and blennies, ample food 
for the aquatic birds that frequent the beach. 
The rarer forms include the lancelet, gar-fish, doree, opah, 
oar-fish, and bonito. 
In the following list the an-angement adopted is that of 
Dr. A. Giinther in his valuable and laborious 'Catalogue of 
Fishes in the British Museum.' 
Subclass I. TELEOSTEI. 
Order I. Acanthopterygii. 
Fam. Gasterosteidae. 
Genus Gasteeosteus, Artedi. 
Oasterosteus aculeatiis, Albert. Mag. ; Giinther, Catalogue of 
Fishes in the British Museum, vol. i, p. 2. 
Frequent on the West Sands after storms. 
Oasterosteus spinachia, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. i. p. 7. 
Abundant in the rock-pools. 
Fam. Sparidae. 
Genus Pagellus, Cuv. & Val. 
PageUus centrodontus, De la Roche ; Gthr. op. cit. i. ]). 476, 
Not uncommon in the bay. 
414 Dr. W. C. Mcintosh on the 
Fam. Triglidae. 
Group COTTINA. 
Genus CoTTUS, Artedi. 
Cottus scorpiusj Bloch; Gthr. op. cit. ii. p. 159. 
Common in the rock-pools. Small sucking-fishes, shrimps, 
Terehellce^ and fragments of green alg^ occur in the stomach 
of this form. 
Cottus huhalis, Euphrasen ; Gthr. ojy. cit. ii. p. 164. 
Frequent in the rock-pools. Distomes are common in this 
species. 
Genus Teigla, Artedi. 
Trigla pini^ Bloch ; Gthr. op. cit. ii. p. 199. 
Occasionally procured in the bay. 
Tigla hirxindo^ Bl. ; Gthr. op. cit. ii. p. 202. 
Rare. A single specimen occurs in the University Museum. 
Trigla gurnardus, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. ii. p. 205. 
Abundant at all seasons. 
Group Cataphsacti. 
Genus Agonus, Bl. 
Agoutis cataphractus, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. ii. p. 211. 
Fine specimens are common on the West Sands after 
storms. 
Fam. TracMnidae. 
Group Trachinina. 
Genus Teachinus (Artedi), Cuv. 
Trachinus draco^ L. ; Gthr. op. cit. ii. p. 233. 
Frequent on the West Sands after storms. 
Trachinus vipera^ Cuv. & Val. ; Gthr. op. cit. ii. p. 236. 
Not uncommon in the same locality, and brought in by the 
fishermen. 
Fishes of St. Andrews. 415 
Fam. Scombridae. 
Group ScOMBRINA. 
Genus Scomber, Artedi. 
Scomher scomber^ L. ; Gthr. ojy. cit. ii. p. 357. 
Common. 
Genus Thynnus, Cuv. & Val. 
Thynnus pelamys^ L. ] Gthr. op. cit. ii. p. 364. 
A fine specimen, about 3 feet long, was procm-ed by Dr. 
Moir, of St. Andi-ews, from a salmon-net near the mouth of 
the Kenley Burn in July 1873, and described by Mr. R. 
Walker in the ' Scottish Naturalist' for January 1874. 
Group Cyttina. 
Genus Zeus (Artedi), Cuv. 
Zeus faher^ L. ; Gthr. op. cit. ii. p. 393. 
Bather rare. 
Group CORTPH^NINA. 
Genus Beama (Schneid.), Risso. 
Brama Rail, Bl. ; Gthr. op. cit. ii. p. 408. 
A specimen occm's in the University Museum. 
Genus Lampris, Retzius. 
Lampris luna, Retzius ; Gthr. op. cit. ii. p. 416. 
Rare. A single specimen from the bay exists in the Uni- 
versity Museum. 
Fam. CarangidaB. 
Group Casanqina. 
Genus Trachurus, Cuv. & Yal. 
Trachurus trachurus, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. ii. p. 419. 
Not uncommon. 
Fam. Gobiida. 
Group GOBIINA. 
Genus Gobius, Artedi. 
Gohius niger, L. ; Gthr. op>. cit. iii. p. 11. 
Mr. Robert Walker states that he has found this species. 
It has not occurred in ray collection. 
416 Dr, W. C. M'Intosh on the 
OoUus Ruthensparri, Euplirascn ; Gtlir. op. cit. iii. p. 76. 
Common in the rock-pools and in the stomachs of cod and 
haddock. 
Group Calliontmina. 
Genus Callionymus, L. 
CaUio7iymus lyra^ L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iii. p. 139. 
Common in deep water, and in the stomach of the cod. 
Fam. Discoboli. 
Group Ctcloptesina. 
Genus Cyclopterus, Artedi. 
Cyclopterus himjms, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iii. p. 155. 
Frequent on the West Sands after storms, and occasionally 
in the stomach of the cod. The young abound in the rock- 
pools in autumn. 
Group LiFABIDINA. 
Genus LiPARis, Artedi. 
Liparis vulgaris^ Flem. ; Gthr. op. cit. iii. p. 159. 
Occasionally. 
Liparis Montagui^ Donov. ; Gthr. op. cit. iii. p. 161. 
Abundant in rock-pools, in the laminarian region, and in 
deeper water, as well as in the stomachs of cod and haddock. 
Fam. Pediculati. 
Genus LOPIIIUS, Artedi. 
Lophius p>iscatorius, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iii. p. 179. 
Common off the West Sands, and frequently captured in 
the salmon-nets. One of the specimens had acute peri- 
carditis. 
Fam. Blenniidae. 
Genus Anarrhichas, Artedi. 
Anarrhichas lupus, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iii. p. 208. 
Frequent in deep water. The stomach of this form contains 
fragments of Echinus esculentus, Buccinum undatum, Trochi, 
Nassa incrassata, Natica, Mya, starfishes, Stenorhynchus 
rostratus, and Galathea. 
Fishes of St. Andreios. 411 
Genus Blennius, Artedi. 
Bhnnius jy/iolis, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iii. p. 226. 
Abundant between tide-marks in moist crevices and rock- 
pools. Feeds on Balani, small littoral shells, and sessile-eyed 
crustaceans. 
Genus Blenniops, Nilss. 
Blenntojjs Ascanu, Walbaum ; Gthr. op. cit. iii. p. 284. 
Not uncommon in deep watei-, and occasionally in the stomach 
of the cod. 
Genus Centeonotus, B1. 
Centronotus gunellus^ L. ; Gthr. o/j. cit. iii. p, 285. 
Abundant between tide-marks and on the West Sands after 
storms. The food of this form includes Hippolyte^ sessile-eyed 
Crustacea, annelids, starfishes, and small Mollusca {Rissoa^ 
Skenea^ &c.). 
Genus Zoarces, Cuv. 
Zoarces viviparus^ L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iii. p. 295. 
Not uncommon between tide-marks and on the West Sands 
after storms. Sessile-eyed Crustacea and small starfishes 
occur in its stomach ; but in confinement it swallows its 
fellows. 
Fam. Trachypteridse. 
Genus Regalecus, Briinn. 
Regalecus Banksiij Cuv. &Val.(?) ; Gthr. op. cit. iii. p. 309. 
An imperfect specimen, 7 feet 2 inches long, occurred 
amongst the West Eocks, and was described by Mr. E.. 
Walker *. 
Fam. Atherinidae. 
Group Athehinina. 
Genus Atherina, Artedi. 
Atherina preshyter^ Cuv. ; Gthr. op. cit. iii. p. 392. 
A specimen in the University Museum. Rare. 
• Ann. & Ma?. Nat. Hist. Julv 1862. 
418 Dr. W. C. M'Intosh on the 
Fam. Mugilidae. 
Genus Mugil, Artedi. 
Mugil capito^ Cuv, ; Gthr. op. cit. iii, p. 439. 
Not uncommon in the bay. 
Fam. Gobiesocidae, 
Genus Lepadogaster, Gouan. 
Lepadogaster btmaculahis, Flem. ; Gthr. op. cit. iii. p. 514. 
Occasionally in the laminarian region, and in the stomachs 
of the cod and haddock. 
Order II. Acanthopterygii Pharyxgognathi. 
Fam. Laljridae. 
Group LABsiyA. 
Genus Labrus (Artedi), Cuv. 
Labrus maculatus, Bl. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 70. 
Occasionally brought from deep water. Many young ex- 
amples occur in the rock-pools in autumn. 
Genus Crenilabrus, Cuv. 
Crenilahrus mehp>s^ L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 80. 
Not common. 
Order III. Anacaxthini. 
Suborder ANACANTHINI GADOIDEI. 
Fam. GadidsB. 
Genus Gadus, Artedi. 
Gadus morrliua^ L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 328. 
Common. It is hard to find an inhabitant of the sea that 
is not swallowed by this fish. 
Gadus ceghjinus, L. ; Gthr. op>. cit. iv. p. 332. 
Common. 
Fishes of St. Andrews. 419 
Gadus merlangus, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 334. 
Frequent. 
Gadus minutus^ L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 335. 
Common. 
Gadus luscus, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 335. 
Not uncommon. 
Gadus poIlacMus, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 338. 
Occasionally from deep water. 
Gadus virensj L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 339. 
Abundant. 
Genus Molva, Nilss. 
Molva vulgaris^ Flem. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 361. 
Common. 
Genus Couchia, Thomps. 
Couchia argentataj Reinh. ; Gthr. op), cit. iv. p. 363. 
A single specimen in the stomach of a cod. 
Genus Motella, Cuv. 
Motella vmstela, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 364. 
Common in rock-pools. Feeds often on sessile-eyed Crus- 
tacea. 
Motella cimbria, L. ; Gthr. ojx cit. iv. p. 367. 
In a rock-pool at West Rocks. Rare. 
Genus Raniceps, Cuv. 
Raniceps trifurcus, Walb. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 367. 
Not uncommon. The specimens have chiefly been pro- 
cured from the West Sands after storms. 
Genus Brosmius, Cuv. 
Brosmius brosme, 0. F. Miiller ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 369. 
Not common. 
420 Dr. W. C. M' In tosh on the 
Fam. Ophidiidae. 
Group Ammodttina. 
Genus Ammodytes, Artedi. 
Ammodytes lanceolaius, Lesauvage ; Gthr. ojy. cit. iv. p. 384. 
Fref{uent in the debris of storms on the sands, as well as in 
the latter near low-water mark. Bands of young occur in the 
tidal pools in May. 
Ammodytes tobianus, L. ; Gthr. oj). cit. iv. p. 385. 
Occasionally with the former. 
Suborder ANACANTHINI PLEURONECTOIDEI. 
Fam. PleuronectidaB. 
Genus HiPPOGLOSSUS, Guv. 
Htjypoglossus vul(jaris, Flem. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 403. 
Not rare. The parasitic Epihdella hippoglossih often seen. 
On the Caligus of this fish, Udonella ccdigorum also is 
common. 
Genus Rhombus, Klein. 
Rhombus maximus^ Will. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 407. 
Common. In the abnormal examples, which swim on 
their edges, both dextral and sinistral surfaces are coloured, 
and each has an eye. 
Rhombus Icevis, Rondel. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 410. 
Abundant. 
Rhombus megastoma, Donov. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 411. 
Occasionally. 
Rhombus punctatus, Bl. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 413. 
Not common. 
Genus Pleuronectes (Artedi), Cuv. 
Pleuronectes platessa^ L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 440. 
Abundant. The gulls are fond of emptying the stomachs 
of those thrown on the sands after storms. 
Fishes of St. Andreivs. 421 
Pleuronectes Umanda^ L. ; Gthr. oj). cit. iv. p. 446. 
Not uncommon. 
Pleuronectes microcephaliis^ Donov. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 447. 
Common. 
Pleuronectes Jlesus, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 450. 
Abundant. 
Genus Solea (Lac^p., sp.), Cuv. 
Solea vulgaris^ Quensel ; Gthr. op. cit. iv. p. 463. 
Frequent. 
Solea viinuta, Rondel. ; Gthr, op. cit. iv. p. 470. 
Common. 
Orderly. Physostomi. 
Fam. Salmonidae. 
Genus Salmo, Artedi. 
Salmo salar, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. vi. p. 11. 
Many are caught in the stake-nets on the West Sands, and 
also off the East Rocks. 
Salmo trutta, L. j Gthr. op. cit. vi. p. 22. 
Common. 
Genus OSMERUS (Artedi), Cuv. 
Osmerus ejjerlanus, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. vi. p. 166. 
Not uncommon. Large numbers are also caught in the 
Tay. 
Fam. ScombresocidsB. 
Genus Belone, Cuv. 
Belone vulgaris^ Flem. ; Gthr. op. cit. vi. p. 254. 
Occasionally thrown on the West Sands after storms. 
Genus Scombresox, Lacdp. 
Scomhresox saurus^ Walbaum ; Gthr. op. cit. vi. p. 257. 
Not uncommon. 
Ann. ii: Mag. N. Hist. ^tx. 4. T o?. xiv. 30 
422 Dr. W. C. M'Intosh on the 
Fam. ClupeidfiB. 
Group Clupeina. 
Genus Clupea (Artedi), Cuv. 
Clupea harengus, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. vii. p. 415. 
Abundant. 
Chqyea sprattus, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. vii. p. 419. 
Common. 
Clupea alosa, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. vii. p. 433. 
Not uncommon. In the stomach of a large specimen caught 
in the Tay were Confervce, Desmids, and a quantity of vege- 
table debris. 
Fam. MursenidaB. 
Subfamily Mvr^nibm Plattschistje. 
Group Angvillina. 
Genus Anguilla (Thunberg), Cuv. R^gne Anim. 
Anguilla vulgaris, Turt. ; Gthr. op. cit. viii. p. 28. 
Abundant in the streams joining the sea, and occasionally 
between tide-marks ; but the latter occurrence is rare in con- 
trast with the western and southern shores. 
Anguilla latirostris, Risso ; Gthr. op. cit. viii. p. 32. 
Not uncommon in similar localities. A curious instance of 
the fatal effects of the voracity of this fish was found in the 
Svvilken burn. A specimen about 20 inches long had seized 
the head of another not much shorter than itself, and attempted 
to swallow it. In its struggles the victim's tail also entered 
the mouth of the larger, and passed out at the left gill-slit, so 
that several inches were free. The body of the victim thus 
formed a large loop which could not be swallowed, while the 
impaction of the head and tail, and the direction of the teeth 
of the large specimen, prevented the ejection of the prey. 
The marauder became exhausted, and was captured at the 
edge of the stream at the sands. 
Conger vulgaris, Cuv. ; Gthr. np. rit. viii. p. 38. 
AVnindant in drop water. 
Fishes of Sf. Aiuh-ews. 423 
Order V. Lophobkanchii. 
Fam. SyngnatMdaB. 
Genus Syngnathus, Artedi. 
Syngnathus acus, L. ; Gthr. oj), cit. viii. p. 157. 
Occasionally seen on the beach after storms. 
Genus Nerophis (Rafinesque), Kaup. 
Nerophis CBquoreus^ L. ; Gthr. op. cit. viii. p. 191. 
Not uncommon on the West Sands after storms. 
Nerophis lumhriciformis^ Willughby; Gthr. op. cit. viii. p. 193. 
Often caught by the hand-net amongst the seaweeds border- 
ing pools and rocks as the tide enters ; on the West Sands 
after stonns. 
Order VI. Plectognathi. 
Fam. Gymnodontes. 
Group Molina. 
Genus Orthagoriscus, B1. 
Orthagoriscus niola, Bl. ; Gthr. op. cit. viii. p. 317. 
Occasionally caught in the bay. A fine specimen occurred 
in October 1862, measuring 4 feet 8 inches from the tip of 
the dorsal to the tip of the anal fin, and 3 feet 4 inches from 
the snout to the posterior margin of the body. Externally 
there were several specimens of Tristoma coccineum ; and 
two wounds existed in the caudal region (from which it was 
stated the fishermen pulled two animals like leeches, probably 
specimens of Pontohdella) . Numerous examples of Oymno- 
rhynchus horridus were found in the muscles on dissection. 
The intestine measured 10 feet 6 inches ; and the liver weighed 
3^ pounds. 
Subclass III. GANOIDEI. 
Order Chondrostei. 
Fam. Acipenseridae. 
Genus Acipenser, Artedi. 
Acipenser sturio, L. ; Gthr. oj). cit. viii. p. 342. 
Occasionally caught in the salmon-nets. 
30* 
424 Dr. W. C. M'Intosh on the 
Subclass IV. CIIONDEOPTERYGII. 
Order II. Plagiostomata. 
Suborder SELACHOIDEI. 
Fam. Carchariidae. 
Group Carchahiina. 
Genus Carcharias, Cuv. 
Garcliarias glaucuf, L. ; Gtlir. op. cit. viil. p. 364. 
Not uncommon in the bay. Captured by the fishermen in 
the sahnon-nets. 
Genus Galeus, Cuv. 
Galeus canis^ Rondeh ; Gthr. o^?. cit. viii. p. 379. 
Frequently caught in the bay. 
Group MuSTELINA. 
Genus MuSTELUS, Cuv. 
Mustelus vulgaris^ Miill. & Henle ; Gthr. op. cit. viii. p. 386. 
Not uncommon. 
Fam. Scylliidse. 
Genus ScYLLiUM, Cuv. 
Scyllium ca7iicula, L. ; Gthr. ojo. cit. viii. p. 402. 
Not uncommon in the bay. 
Fam. Spinacidae. 
Genus Acanthi as, Eisso. 
AcantMas vulgaris, Risso ; Gthr. (xp. cit. viii. p. 418. 
Often caught on the deep-sea lines of the fishermen. 
Genus L^MARGUS, Miiller & Henle. 
Lcemargus horealis, Scoresby ; Gthr. op. cit. viii. p. 426. 
Occasionally caught off the bay, near the estuary of the 
Forth. 
Fishes of St. Andrews. 425 
Suborder BATOIDEI. 
Fam. Rajidae. 
Genus K-AJA, Artedi. 
Rqja clavata, L. ; Gthr. o/j. cit. viii. p. 456. 
Frequent. 
Raja radtata^ Donov. ; Gthr. op. cit. viii. p. 460. 
Not uncommon on the sandy tlats. 
Raja circularise Couch ; Gthr. op. cit. viii. p. 462. 
Not uncommon. 
Raja batis, L. ; Gthr. oj). cit. viii. p. 463. 
Common. 
Raja Itntea, Fries ; Gthr. op. cit. viii. p. 466. 
This and the following are entered on the authority of 
Mr. R. Walker, Librarian of the University. 
Raja fullomca, L. ; Gthr. op. cit. viii. p. 467. 
Occasionally seen. 
Subclass V. CYCLOSTOMATA. 
Fam. PetromyzontidsB. 
Genus Petromyzon, Artedi. 
Petromyzon marinus, L. ; Gthr. opi. cit. viii. p. 501. 
Not uncommon. One was captured by attaching itself ta 
a boat. 
Fam. Myxinidse. 
Genus Myxine, L. 
Myxine glidinosa^ L. ; Gthr. o/;. cit. viii. p. 510. 
Occasionally on the cod. 
Subclass VI. LEPTOCARDII. 
Fam. Cirrostoini. 
Genus Branchiostoma, Costa. 
Branchiostoma lanceolatiim, Pall.; Gthr. op. cit. viii. p. 513. 
Rare. Two specimens occurred in tlic stomach of a cod.