Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HA R VARD CO L LEGE Vol. 110, No. 1 ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF A FIFTH EXPEDITION TO EAST AFRICA I MAMMALS FROM NYASALAND AXD TETE. With Notes on the Genus Otomys By Barbara Lawrence and Arthur Loveridge With Three Plates CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSE CM June, 1953 OCR text unavailable for this page.No. 1 — Zoological Results of a Fifth Expedition to Fast Africa Mammals from. Nyasaland and Tete. With Xotes on the Genu-! Otimys By Barbara Lawrence and Arthur Loveridge CONTENTS Page Introduction 3 Acknowledgements 5 Index to Species Collected 5 Systematic Discussion 11 Bibliography 78 INTRODUCTION The collection on which the following report is based, was made by Arthur Loveridge while investigating the herpetofauna of the largely deforested mountains of Nyasaland. The enquiry was jointly financed by grants from the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society, and from the Museum of Comparative Zoology on whose behalf it was carried out. A synopsis of the itinerary is given in the caption accompanying Plate 1 - - a map showing the position of the principal collecting localities. Altitudes and other information regarding the various camps will be furnished in the final report of this series which will deal with the general conclusions. However, it is as well to state here that camp in the Misuku Mountains was made beside the Matipa Forest; on the Nyika Plateau directly above Nchenachena at 7500 feet; on Mlanje Mountain at three different points, viz. Lichenya Plateau, the Likabula River in the western foothills, and the Ruo Valley on the southeastern slopes. Mtimbuka (Tembuka on labels) is on the southwest shore of Lake Nyasa about fourteen miles north of Fort Johnston. The locality figuring as "near Tete, M." in the following pages, is the village of Kasumbadedza on the south bank of the Zambezi River five miles west of Tete, Mozambique. 4 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology Tete (pronounced Tet, though spelled Tette by the earlier natural- ists) was made famous as a type locality by Wilhelm Peters who, with a little help from other mammalogists, described no fewer than thirty mammals from there. It was in the hope of securing topotypical material that Loveridge visited the place, first settled by the Portu- guese in 1531. Topotypical material of eleven Tete mammals was collected, besides topotypes of fifteen Nyasaland species; a further twenty animals described from Nyasaland were obtained there, though not in the precise type locality. Altogether, except for a shrew taken in Kenya on the outward voyage, and about 50 alcoholics, 550 skins representing 95 forms were preserved between July 29, 1948, and April 1, 1949; of these 41 are new to our collections. Almost a dozen erroneous or vague type localities have been amended by Moreau, Hopkins and Hayman (1946); such are indicated by a reference to Moreau et al, whose paper will be found in the bibliography. Otherwise we follow G. M. Allen (1939) who replaced obsolete geographical names like Portuguese East Africa by their modern equivalent, in this instance Mozambique. Localities where material was collected during the course of Loveridge's expedition are arranged from North to South, not listed chronologically. The taxonomic sections of the paper are by Barbara Lawrence. The field notes included under such headings as Native names, Breeding, Diet, Parasites, Enemies, Measurements, etc. are by Arthur Loveridge. Colors in quotation marks are after Ridgway (1912). When measure- ments are given serially, they are always in the following order: (1) length from snout to anus; (2) length of tail without terminal hairs; (3) length of hind foot, which, unless otherwise stated, is measured without claws; occasionally in the discussion "c.u." is used meaning with claws, and "s.u." meaning without claws; (4) length of ear from tip to notch. In the case of bats a fifth measurement is added : (5) length of wing from axilla to tip. Where cranial measurements are not standard, they are described in detail in the text; "br." means not measured because the skull was broken. All dimensions are in milli- metres, and, unless otherwise stated, those given are of the largest male and largest female of the series. Subadult specimens which are insufficiently mature to display adult characters are listed as "yng". It was found necessary to describe as new, four forms, three of which were taken in Nyasaland, though the types of two are based on Tanganyika material collected during the course of an earlier safari. These four new forms are: LAWRENCE AXD LOVERIDGE : NYASALAND MAMMALS O Steatomys pratensis nyasae from Likabula River, Mlanje Mtn., Nyasaland. Dasymys incomtus alleni from Ilolo, Rungwe Mtn., Tanganyika Territory. Otomys uzungwensis from Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns., Tanganyika Territory. Otomys barbouri from Kaburomi, Mount Elgon, Uganda. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We take this opportunity of thanking Dr. T. S. C. Morrison-Scott and Mr. R. N. Hayman of the British Museum (N.H.) for examining certain types; Messrs. C. W. Benson and Guy Muldoon of Nyasaland for donating some skins of species we might not otherwise have got. We are grateful to our colleague Dr. J. C. Bequaert for identifying some of the ectoparasites but unfortunately it has not been possible to get all groups done; also Dr. J. T. Lucker of the United States Department of Agriculture for similar courtesies regarding parasitic worms. INDEX TO SPECIES COLLECTED Page MACROSCELIDIDAE Rhynchocyon cimei cirnei Peters 11 Rhynchocyon cirnei hcndersoni Thomas 11 Petrodromus sp 12 Xasilio brachyrhynchus fuscus (Peters) 1? SORICIDAE Suncus varilla minor Allen & Loveridge 13 Sylvisorex sorella sorella (Thomas) 14 Crocidura occidentalis hera Dollman 14 Crocidura fumosa Johnston i Dollman 14 Crocidura beirae nyikae Dollman 15 Crocidura hirta hirta Peters " 15 Crocidura hirta suahelae Heller 16 Crocidura hildegardeae hildegardeae Thomas 16 6 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology Page PTEROPIDAE Eidolon helvum helvum Kerr 17 Rousettus leachii (A. Smith) 17 Epomophorus tcrypturits (Peters) 17 Epomophorus labiatus minor Dobson 18 EMBALLONURIDAE Taphozous mauritianus mauritianus E. Geoffroy 18 NYCTERIDAE Nycteris aethiopica oriana Kershaw 18 Nycteris capensis A. Smith 19 RHINOLOPHIDAE Rhinolophus hildebrandtii hUdebrandtii Peters 19 Rhinolophus cmpusa K. Andersen 19 HIPPOSIDERIDAE Hipposidcros caffer coffer (Sundevall) 20 Hipposideros ruber (Noack) 20 VESPERTILIONIDAE Pipistrellus nanus nanus (Peters) 21 Scotophilia nigrita dingaanii (A. Smith) 21 MOLOSSIDAE Chaerephon limbatus (Peters) 22 CANIDAE Thos adustus adustus (Sundevall) 23 MUSTELIDAE Aonyx capensis capensis (Sehinz) 23 VIVERRIDAE Civettictis civetta schwarzi Cabrera 23 Genetta tigrina mossambica Matschie 24 Nandinia binotata gerrardi Thomas 24 lawrence and loyeriixie: nyasaland mammals / Page Myonax cauui cauui (A. Smith) 25 Myonax ratlamuchi auratus (Thomas & Wroughton) 25 Myonax sanguineus zombae (Wroughton) 26 Rhynckogale sp 26 FELIDAE Caracal caracal limpopoensis (Roberts) 27 Fells served beirae Wroughton 27 Fells lyblca mellandi Schwann 27 Fells parclus tpardus Linne 28 LORISIDAE Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus E. Geoffrey 28 Galago senegedensis nyasae Elliot 29 Galago senegedensis moholi A. Smith 29 CERCOPITHEC IDAE Cercoplthecus mills moloneyi P. L. Sclater 30 Cercoplthecus mitis nyasae Schwarz 31 Cercoplthecus aetkiops rufovlridls I. Geoffroy 32 Papio cynocephalus strepltus Elliot 32 SCIURIDAE Aethosciurus lucifer (Thomas) 33 Paraxcrus palliatus palliatus (Peters) 33 Paraxerus cepapi sindi Thomas & Wroughton 34 Paraxerus cepapi soccatus Wroughton 34 Paraxerus cepapi cepapoides Roberts 35 MUSCARDIXIDAE Clavlglls nanus (de Winton) 36 Claclglis johnstoni (Thomas) 36 CRICETIDAE Tatera lobengulae panja Wroughton 37 Tatera nyasae shirensis Wroughton 37 S bulletin: museum of comparative zoology Page MURIDAE Dendromus whytei whytei Wroughton 38 Dendromns mesomelas nyasae Thomas 39 Steatomys pratensis pratensis Peters 39 Steatomys pratensis nyasae subsp. nov 39 Thamnomys surdaster surdaster Thomas & Wroughton 41 Thallomys ruddi (Thomas & Wroughton) 42 Rattus rattus kijabius (J. A. Allen) 43 Act homy s chrysophilus ineptus (Thomas & Wroughton) 44 Praomys jacksoni delectorum (Thomas) 44 Mastomys coucha microdon (Peters) 46 Lcggada musculoides marica Thomas 47 Leggada triton murilla Thomas 47 Cricetomys gambianus viator Thomas 48 Lophuromys aquilus aquilus (True) 49 Beamys major Dollman 50 Saccostomus campestris campestris Peters 51 Saccostomus campestris elegans Thomas 51 Acomys selousi de Winton 52 Dasymys incomtus alleni subsp. nov 53 Pelomys fallax insignatus Osgood 55 Lemniscomys griselda calidior (Thomas & Wroughton) 56 Lemniscomys striatus massaicus (Pagenstecher) 57 Rhabdomys pumilio diminutus (Thomas-) 57 Otomys — its generic characters 58 *Otomys jacksoni Thomas 59 Otomys uzungwcnsis sp. nov 61 *Otomys barbouri sp. nov 63 Otomys kempi Dollman 65 Otomys angoniensis angoniensis Wroughton 66 BATHYERGIDAE Cryptomys hottentotus whytei (Thomas) 69 Hcliophobius argcnteocinereus argenteocinereus Peters 69 Heliophobius argenteocinereus angonicus Thomas 70 LEPORIDAE Lepus Iwhytei Thomas 71 *Extraterritorial to the title of this paper. lawrence and loveridge: nyasaland mammals 9 Page PROCAVIIDAE Heterohyrax syriacus manningi (Wroughton) 72 SUIDAE Potamochoerus points 'inyasae Major 72 BOVIDAE Cephalophvs harveyi harveyi Thomas 73 Sylvicapra grimmia altifrons (Peters) 73 Oreotragus orcotragiis centralis Hinton 74 Raphiccras sharpei Isharpei Thomas 74 Redunca arundinum arundinum (Boddaert) 75 Strepsiceros strepsiceros strepsiccros (Pallas) 75 Tragelaphus scriptus ornatus Pocock 76 Taurotragus oryx livingstonii (P. L. Sclater) 76 EQUIDAE Equus burcheUi crawshaii de Winton 76 OCR text unavailable for this page.LAWRENCE AND LOVERIDGE: NYASALAND MAMMALS 11 SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION MACROSCELIDIDAE Rhynchocyon cirnei cirnei Peters Rhynchocyon cirnei Peters, 1S47, Ber. iiber Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 37, pi. iv, fig. 1: Quelimane, Boror District, Mozambique. 9 (M.C.Z. 43738) Likabula River. 5.viii.48. Native name. Sakici (Nyanja). Discussion. Allen & Loveridge's (1933, p. 53) careful comparison of the pattern in this and the following form, applies very well to the specimens at hand except that in this Likabula elephant shrew the chestnut spots are darker Avith the buffy spots more reduced, and the third lateral line has four or five ill-defined chestnut spots. The skull is too badly broken to show any cranial differences between the two forms except for the larger teeth in cirnei (MV-M 3 / 11.2 mm. in cirnei 10 mm. in hendersoni; width of M J /4 mm. and 3.8 mm. respectively). Size. 9.251.220.66.29mm. Breeding. No embryos present, but on March 11, in Cholo Mtn. forest, two nests were found. One, constructed of leaves of which many were skeletonized, was placed against a rotting log lying on the forest floor; the other, which was twice the size of a football, had been built between two logs. Enemies. This animal had been killed for food and was subsequently eaten by the Nyanja native who supplied the name, and denied that it was ever called saJriurimbala as its Nyanja name has been said to be elsewhere. Rhynchocyon cirnei hendersoni Thomas Rhynchocyon hendersoni Thomas, 1902, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 10, p. 403 : Plateau west of Lake Nyasa, [i.e. Nyika Plateau], Nyasaland (Moreau et al, 1946, p. 393). 1 9 (M.C.Z. 43736) Misuku Mtns. 27.ix.48. 2c?d\l 9 (M.C.Z. 43734-5, -7) Nyika Plateau. 3-5.xi.48. 2 cTd 1 , 2 9 9 (M.C.Z. 43730-3) Vipya Plateau. 18.ix.48. Native names. Namitundi (Yao); ndamba (Tonga); tondo (Ngoni). Discussion. The specimens from the Nyika Plateau were secured 12 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology fifteen miles from the probable type locality; those from the Misuku Mtns. and Vipya Plateau match them closely. Size, pis. xix, xxii: Boror, Mozambique (Moreau et al, 1946, p. 391). yng. 9 (M.C.Z. 44086) Chitala River. I7.xii.48. 3 d> d\ 5 9 9 , 1 ? (M.C.Z. 43753-60, 44254) near Tete, M. 10-28.i.49. Native names. Azoro (Nyungwe); naliyeye (Yao); sakwi zumbi (Chewa) . Discussion. In 1897 comparisons made by Thomas, Matsehie and de Winton (and published by Thomas, 1897b, p. 928) led them to the conclusion that specimens from Boror, Tete and Nyika are the same form and further that Peters' fuscus was a synonym of brachyrhynchus. Since then Roberts has described five races, some of which intervene geographically between the type localities of braehyrhynchus andfuscus. It seems best, therefore, to revive Peters' name for the series at hand. Size. Mozambique. 9 (M.C.Z. 44230) Nchisi Mtn. ll.xii.4S. 9 (M.C.Z. 44229) Likabula River. 31.vii.48. (M.C.Z. 441S4-5) Misuku Mtns. 23.ix-6.x.48. Native name. Usalamsanya (Misuku). Discussion. Externally these two specimens are indistinguishable from our long series of massaicus from various parts of Kenya and Uganda. The skulls also resemble closely in size and general pro- portions those of massaicus. Such cranial differences as do exist, as in the shape of the zygomatic plate and antorbital foramen, are too slight for taxonomic recognition. Size, cf . 120. 138.24. 16 mm. Diet. In the Misukus these zebra-rats eat bananas, cassava and potatoes. Rhabdomys pumilio diminutus (Thomas) Isomys pumilio diminutus Thomas, 1893, Proc. Zool. i3oc. London for 1892, p. 551 : Mianzini, east of Lake Naivasha, Kenya Colony. Arvicanthis pumilio nyasae Wroughton, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 16, p. 6.39: Mlanje Plateau, 6000 feet, Nyasaland. 4 c? & , 3 9 9,2 yng. (M.C.Z. 43824-32) Nyika Plateau. 30.x-17.xi.48* 2 d" cf (M.C.Z. 43822-3) Lichenya Plateau. 13-16.viii.48. 58 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology Discussion. I can find no good characters separating the Lichenya (= Mlanje) Plateau topotype of nyasae from Kenya specimens of diminutus. Supposedly the former have shorter bullae than the latter; in the specimens at hand the reverse is actually true, although the difference is very slight. The original description of nyasae also implies that it is less fulvous than diminutus, a distinction that does not obtain in the Lichenya and Kenya specimens. The rather long series from the Nyika Plateau shows considerable variation in the amount of fulvous wash on the sides and shoulders, agreeing in this with the series from north of Lake Nyasa described by Allen & Loveridge (1933, p. 118). It is interesting to note that it is the more fulvous individuals from both of these places which match most closely the topotypes of the allegedly paler southern race. Size, cf (M.C.Z. 43831), 122. 85. 20. 14 mm.; 9 (M.C.Z. 43828), 155.88.21. 12mm. Breeding. On November 13 a nestling c? , measured 75. 63. 17. 11 mm.; on the 17th a slightly larger 9 , 90. 70. 17. 12 mm. Diet. One Lichenya four-striped grass-rat was trapped between 9.45 A.M. and 2.30 P.M. in a cupboard in the house with cheese bait. The animal's stomach held green and white mealy matter interspersed with vegetable fibres. Another, trapped in a copse close behind the house, was eaten except for its rump and tail probably by some other rodent. Many more were similarly lost in this way. Habitat. As we overturned a charred log on the recently burnt-over Nyika Plateau, a rat ran from beneath and down its nearby burrow. The burrow extended in an almost straight line for a distance of about six feet from the entrance to the exit, and was at no point more than six inches below the surface, generally only from three to four inches. OTOMYS Northern Nyasaland is the meeting place for three very distinct species of Otomys. An attempt to trace their relationships has led to a rather detailed study of some of the other members of the genus. ( 'ertain early identifications have been revised in the light of additional material and two new species are herewith described. The high degree of variability in features that are usually good key characters in the Muridae has led to considerable diversity in the grouping of species of the Otomyinae. Early classifications of Wroughton (1906) and Dollman (1915a) placed considerable emphasis on the number of LAWRENCE AND LOVERIDGE: NYASALAND MAMMALS 59 laminae in the molars and the grooving of the incisors. In 1918 when Thomas subdivided the genus Otomys, he made it clear that, on a generic level, the shape of the skull was a better indicator of relation- ships than either of these characters. On a subgeneric level, he considered extra lamination of M/\ as a good diagnostic character. A new subgenus, Anchotomys is then described for Otomys anchietae, a form with five laminae on M/j. Subsequent studies by Allen & Loveridge (1933, p. 121) have shown that the four-laminated species denti and kempi belong in the same species group as anchietae, and the present work has brought to light a five-laminated form, externally very different from Anchotomys, which is probably intermediate towards the tropicalis group. In addition to confirming Thomas' (1918, p. 204) opinion that general shape and proportions of the skull are the most reliable characters for grouping the species of this genus, the usefulness of certain other characters has been considered in detail. Of these, shape of the nasals, and of the rostrum in proportion to the cranium, in fully adult individuals has been found to be important. The appearance of this part of the skull changes considerably with age; further when different forms are compared it is found that young adult individuals differ far less than the old. In some cases the proportions of the zygomatic plate and arch are also useful characters. Size of the bullae and of the teeth varies within a species, while wear considerably changes the outline of the molars, particularly M 3 /. Externally, slight but consistent differences were found between the species in tail, feet and in general color pattern. Variation within a species was found in size of the ears and amount and color of the hairs lining them. This latter is to a certain extent an age variation also. In addition the feet usually become more grizzled with age, and in some forms the contrast between the dark-footed young adults and the gray-footed old individuals is very striking. Otomys jacksoni Thomas Otomys Jacksoni Thomas, 1S91, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 7, p. 304: [Crater of] Mt, Elgon, 13,000 feet. Otomys angoniensis elassodon Allen & Lawrence (part), 1936, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 79, p. 106. Discussion. Two specimens (M.C.Z. 313G8 and 31370) from Kaburomi, Mt. Elgon, previously reported as 0. angoniensis elassodon 60 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology (loc. cit. supra), are apparently rather pale representatives of jacksoni. The humped skull and double grooving of the lower incisors are characteristic, and cranial measurements are close to those given for the type. Externally these two individuals resemble closely topo- typical specimens of thomasi, t. squalus and orestes, all of which have but a single groove on the lower incisors. As a group, which may be called the jacksoni group, all of these four forms have certain characters which easily distinguish them from the tropicalis group, a more wide- spread species occurring over at least part of the same general area. The former are softer furred with the general dorsal color a yellowish, rather than a reddish, brown. The undersurface is more evenly washed with buft'y without well differentiated gray areas on the throat and inguinal region, pale post-auricular patches are present, and the feet are conspicuously buffy even in young individuals. Cranially, they may be distinguished chiefly by their strongly arched skull with the depth of the rostrum immediately behind the incisors less in pro- portion to the depth from the highest part of the orbit to the alveolar margin in front of M 3 /. In addition, the auditory bullae are slightly larger and the zygomatic arch is more massive in proportion to the rest of the skull. Descriptions of the double grooved forms, Otomys percivali and 0. dartniouthi, indicate that these also belong to this same species group. 0. ti/ pus from Abyssinia, although closely related to the jacksoni group, and very similar externally, differs cranially in its less arched skull, pale outer portion of the upper incisors and the antero- posterior compression of the last laminae of M 3 /. As Thomas (1918, p. 204) has pointed out, the grooving of the lower incisors and the lamina formula of M 3 / in Otomys are highly plastic. In the widespread tropicalis group these vary among specimens collected at the same time in the same place, as for instance in our series of 0. tropicalis clgonis from Sipi. Here there is considerable variation in the depth of the second groove on the lower incisor and three individuals have six instead of seven laminae on M 3 /. In forms of the jacksoni group which has a discontinuous distribution, these characters have become more fixed. Thus, isolated colonies, while resembling each other closely in general cranial and external features, vary considerably in their dental pattern. A series from the Uzungwe Mountains, previously identified as percivali, is apparently quite distinct and may be known as : LAWRENCE AND LOVERIDGE : NYASALAND MAMMALS 61 Otomys uzungwensis sp. now Otomys percivali Allen & Loveridge (not of Dollman), 1933, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 119. Type. M.C.Z., No. 26645, an adult female skin and skull from Dabaga, Uzungwe Mountains, Iringa District, Tanganyika Territory. Collected by Arthur Loveridge, December 31, 1929. Paratypes. M.C.Z. material examined, viz. skins and skulls of 4 cf c? , 5 9 9, and skin only of 1 9 from Dabaga; skins and skulls of 2 c? c? , 5 9 9 from Iringa in the Uzungwe Mtns.; also 2 9 9 (M.C.Z. 43947, 43950) Nyika Plateau. 4 & 17.xi.48. Description. A rather aberrant form with certain of the cranial features of the jacksoni group as defined above, and an external resemblance to 0. angoniensis. General color above buffy brown, coarsely and heavily streaked with black. The subterminal rings of the hairs near "cinnamon buff", rump somewhat redder, sides somewhat paler and grayer. Conspicuous, whitish post-auricular patches are absent although a very few speci- mens have a minute patch of slightly paler hairs behind the ears. Around the eyes, the hairs lack gray bases so that the ochraceous subterminal bands form a more or less well-defined orbital ring of this color. The pale tips on the hairs of the belly are close to "pinkish buff", somewhat grayer on the throat and inguinal region. The tail is bicolored, dark above, buffy below, and the feet are rather evenly peppered with buffy and dark brownish hairs. Adults in the type series are very uniform in general color and two specimens from the Nyika Plateau show no significant differences. Younger specimens tend to be darker with a less contrasting rump, and have the first metatarsal darker than the rest of the foot. Compared with 0. angoniensis, which occurs in much the same area, uzungwensis may be distinguished externally by its better defined orbital ring, grayer color, and slightly more contrasting rump. Cranially, the double grooving of the lower incisors and small thickset skull with rounded dorsal profile and relatively heavy rostrum, are characteristic of this form. It differs from members of the jacksoni group in the flatter skull, the greater dorso-ventral depth of the rostrum in relation to the distance from the top of the orbit to the front of M 3 /, and the differently shaped nasals. These are short, rather broad, and flattened as far forward as the moderately well- defined angle which sets off the expanded, downward curving anterior 02 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology half. From 0. ti/pus, it may be distinguished by its relatively heavy rostrum, well pigmented incisors, and the presence of only seven laminae on M 3 /- Compared with 0. angoniensis, skulls of uzungwensis may be told by their somewhat more delicate appearance with narrower interorbital region and far more slender rostrum. The nasals, even in old individuals, are not inflated. Measurements. Measurements in millimetres of four full grown adults are given, those of two 9 9 (the type and M.C.Z. 26643) followed by those of two c? tf (M.C.Z. 26638 and 26646). Field measurements: head and body 155, 160, ISO, 195; tail 80, 80, 60 (apparently broken and healed), 90; hind foot 26, 25, 25, 25; ear 25, 25, 25, 20 mm. Skull measurements: greatest length 38.8, 38.4, 38.9, 38.9; condylo- basal length 36.7, 35.3, 36.6, br.; palatal length 20.6, 19.5, 20.0, 20.7; zygomatic width 19.1, br., 18.8, 18.8; mastoid width 12.9, 12.1, br., br. ; interorbital width 4.0, 4.1, 4.1, 4.4; width outside molars 7.1, 7.2, 7.1, 7.4; nasals 18.5 x 7.3, 16.8 x 7.4, 17.6 x 7.5, 17.S x 7.4; length of nasals is difficult to take accurately as the nasofrontal suture is often obliterated, particularly in old animals; for this reason length of rostrum was also measured on a line from the posterior margin of the antorbital foramen to the tip of the nasals; length of rostrum 13.8, 13.1, 13.9, 13.1; alveolar length of upper cheek teeth 9.2, 9.5, 9.4, 9.4; depth from highest point of orbit to front of M 3 / 13.0, 12.3, 12.7, 12.5 mm. Discussion. The type series was originally identified as percivali, a species with two well-marked grooves on the lower incisors, similar, but brighter, coloring, and creamy white post-auricular patches. The study of additional material now shows that uzungwensis has a much flatter skull and is a smaller, less brightly colored animal lacking the pale post-auricular patches which are such a conspicuous feature of percivali. While uzungwensis is apparently most closely related to the jacksoni group, it is interesting to note that the rather heavy rostrum and broad nasals of this southern species suggests angoniensis, while the slenderer rostrum and nasals of the northern forms of this group are reminiscent of the species tropicalis, itself a northern form. This may be evidence that two, widespread, rather plastic species, angoniensis and tropicalis, are gradually encroaching upon, and to a certain extent breeding with, the less plastic members of an older, jacksoni, group. LAWRENCE AND LOVERIDGE: NYASALAND MAMMALS 63 Parasites. A larval tick (Ixodes sp.) was preserved from one of the Xyika paratypes (M.C.Z. 43950). Otomys barbouri sp. now Oto?nys tropicalis elongis Allen & Lawrence (part, not of Wroughton), 1936, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 79, p. 106: Kaburomi and Madangi material only. Otomys aiigoniensis elassodon Allen & Lawrence (part, not of Osgood), 1936, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 79, p. 106: most, but not all, of the Kaburomi series. Type. M.C.Z., No. 31369, an adult male skin and skull from Kaburomi, 1°14' X., 34°31' E., 10,500 feet, Mount Elgon, Uganda. Collected by Arthur Loveridge, December 2S, 1933. Paratypes. M.C.Z. material examined, viz. Xos. 31371-2, 31421-5, 31438, being skins and skulls of 4 cT ."> whose contagious enthusiasm for the world around him made the study of natural history an absorbing and fascinating task. Otomys kempi Dollman Otomys kempi Dollman, 1915, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 15, p. 152: Burunga, 6000 feet, Mt. Mikeno, Belgian Congo. 1 d>, 1 9,1 yng. (M.C.Z. 43948-9, 43966) Nyika Plateau, l-5.xi.48. Discussion. These three specimens resemble very closely the series of kempi previously reported (Allen & Loveridge, 1927, p. 437) from the Uluguru Mountains, Tanganyika Territory. Externally the very dark color with scarcely contrasting belly, blackish undersurface of the tail, and scantily haired, dark feet readily distinguish this species from its neighbors. The skulls of both series are characterized by their flat dorsal profile, long, parallel-sided interorbital region, the lateral compression of the expanded portion of the nasals, and the rather slender zygomatic arch. There is a single groove on the lower incisors, four laminae on M/ l5 and six laminae on M 3 /. The bullae of the Uluguru series are small, those of the Nyika individuals are slightly more inflated. This southwesterly extension of the range of kempi is of great interest, indicating as it does that the species spread south from the Kivu region and then northeasterly as far as the Uluguru Mountains. It may even have reached the Usambara Mountains, if Otomys denti sungac actually is conspecific as the author supposes — in spite of its paler belly, bicolored tail, and the double grooves on the lower incisors. The close relationship of denti and kempi with anchietae has been discussed by Allen & Loveridge (1933, p. 121) who supposed that the two former were northern representatives, and the latter a southern, of a dark Congo basin form. The Nyasaland records indicate that the eastward spread of the Angolan species, as shown by the distribution of anchietae lacustris, has cut across the southern extension of the northern form, apparently isolating the Uluguru colony. The extra- ordinary plasticity of the genus and the tendency of isolated colonies of other species to develop peculiar local characteristics, makes it all the more surprising to find no significant differences between these two widely separated populations of kempi. Enemies. Remains of Otomys, either this species or uzungicensis, were present in the stomachs of a harrier (Circus macrourus) and grass owl ( Tyto c. eapejisis), and formed the bulk of a leopard's feces. 66 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Otomys angoniensis angoniensis Wroughton Otomys irroratus angoniensis Wroughton, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 18, p. 274: M'Komhhuie, Angoniland, Nyasaland. Otomys irroratus nyikae, Wroughton, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 18, p. 276: Nyika Plateau, Nyasaland. 2^(^,4 9 9,4 yng. (M.C.Z. 43952-7, 43967-701) Misuku Mtns. 24.ix-15.x.48. 1 cf\ 1 yng. (M.C.Z. 43946, 43965) Nchenachena. 20.xi.48. cf (M.C.Z. 43951) Vipya Plateau. 18.ix.48. 2^,2 9 9,3 yng. (M.C.Z. 43958-61, 43971-3) Zomba Plateau. 2-8.ix.48. tf yng. (M.C.Z. 44176) Cholo Mtn. ll.iii.49. 1 cf, 1 9,1 yng. (M.C.Z. 43962-4) Lichenya Plateau. 12-21. viii.48. Native names. Mende (Ngoni); ngusuka (Misuku); tiri (Manganja and Nguru). Type Locality. With regard to the locality "M'Khombuie, Angoni- land," Loveridge suggested it was possibly a variant of Whyte's locality in the Misuku Mountains which has been spelled variously "Kombe, Kombi, and Kekombe," as in earlier days the Angoni ranged widely over the country. We appealed to Mr. C. W. Benson, the District Commissioner and ornithologist, who at one time or another has served in most of the area concerned. The gist of his reply, written on March 16, 1950, was as follows: "I consider it most unlikely that 'M'Kombwe, Angoniland' is in the Misuku Mountains. There are certainly no Angoni there today and I do not think they ever penetrated the Misuku, even though it is known that the ancestors of the Angoni now living in Mzimba District did go as far north as the south end of Lake Tanganyika. I have read much of the early history of what is now the Karonga District and though the Angoni did visit the Karonga lake littoral there is no record of them entering the Misuku country. Furthermore, travellers and collectors in Nyasaland in the nineties of the last century and the first decade of the present one would never have referred to the Misuku area as in Angoniland. "There are two Angonilands in Nyasaland: — (a) North Angoniland, consisting chiefly of all the Vipya country as far north as Njakwa, and as far south as about 12°45'. (b) South Angoniland embracing the greater part of the Dedza and Ncheu Districts. I have been enquiring in Dedza and find there is a Kombe village about 15 miles N.N.E. of Dedza boma at an altitude of 5,000 feet. There is also a Khombe village near the shore of Lake Nyasa, about 25 miles N.E. of Dedza LAWRENCE AND LOVERIDGE: NYASALAND MAMMALS 67 boma and 1600 feet a.s.l. Both villages are said to have been already settled in approximately these positions by 1900." Discussion. In 1906 Wroughton described two races of Otomys from Nyasaland, irroratus angoniensis, a southern form from M'Kombhuie, Angoniland (see the above discussion of the type locality), and i. nyikae, a northern one from the Nyika Plateau. He gave as diag- nostic characters of the latter the "extraordinary broad, flat, spatulate nasals," differentiating it further on the basis of its shorter hind foot and smaller bullae. Dollman (1915a, p. 165) further says that nyikae is a rather smaller animal, and gives each specific rank, although he believes them to be closely related, and indicates that the ranges are not overlapping. Of our series, the smallest is a specimen from Lichenya Plateau at the extreme south, the largest a near topotype of nyikae from the lower slopes of that mountain, while specimens from Zomba in the south resemble most closely those from the Misuku Mountains in the north. Zomba and Lichenya are rather close together geographically. The former, according to Dollman (1915a, p. 163), is within the range of typical angoniensis. The largest of our series from Zomba, an old individual with strongly ridged skull, agrees closely with Wroughton's description and Doll- man's (1915a, p. 163) further account of the type. It differs only in its slightly smaller size, length of skull 40.8 mm. instead of 42.0 mm., and shorter nasals, 17.7 mm. long and 8.9 mm. wide as against 19.7 mm. long and 8.9 mm. wide. The specimen from Nyika is even closer to angoniensis in cranial measurements with the large hindfeet of this form. The nasals, although broader than in angoniensis, being 9.6 mm. wide, are strongly inflated on each side of the mid-line, instead of flattened as described for nyikae, and the bullae are not significantly smaller than those of our southern specimens. The broken skull of an Otomys from the near-by Vipya Plateau is almost as large with slightly narrower, but otherwise similar, nasals. Width and inflation of the nasals increases tremendously with age in these Otomys. The parietal ridges develop early so that young skulls have a deceptively full grown appearance. Of our series of fourteen adults three have probably reached maximum size and resemble each other as noted above. Comparing the others within their age group, such differences as were found were very slight and cut across any division into northern and southern races. Apparently we are dealing with a widespread species which tends to form well defined local populations and in which adjacent populations 68 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology often differ more from each other than they do from more distant groups. In this connection it is interesting to note that two specimens from the Uzungwe Mountains (Allen & Loveridge, 1933, p. 119) resemble a series of angoniensis elassodon from Nairobi more closely than they do typical angoniensis. The point is further illustrated by the apparently random, but not overlapping, distribution of angoni- ensis elassodon and nyikae canescens as plotted from identifications by Osgood, Hollister, Dollman and Allen. The type localities of these forms are within a very few miles of each other and the type series certainly show the characters described by Osgood. For this reason it has generally been assumed that two species of broad-nosed Otomys occur over the same general area in East Africa. Enough material has now been accumulated to show that the situation is rather different. In series which I have examined from Molo, Lake Elementeita, Gilgil, Naivasha, Kijabe, Nairobi and the Fort Hall region, the supposed specific characters are overlapping. Further, comparison of long series from Kenya Colony with series from Nyasaland shows that all of the northern specimens resemble each other more closely than any of them resemble the southern ones. These latter tend to be somewhat smaller with proportionately shorter, broader rostra, and more heavily ridged skulls, while the shape of the nasals is conspicuously different. In old individuals of typical angoni- ensis the nasals are very broad and separately inflated with a median sulcus along the internasal suture. In the northern form they are narrower, tend to be domed in the mid-line at the point where the anterior portion is bent downward, and the internasal sulcus is usually absent. Apparently, instead of having two species, angoniensis and nyikae, each with northern and southern races, there is a single very distinct species, angoniensis, with an as yet undeterminable number of races. This species differs from the Anehoiomys and jacksoni groups, with which it shares some of its range, in a number of ways. Externally the harsher, rather coarsely streaked, fur is characteristic. Cranially the greater development of the rostrum is the most conspicuous feature. The incisors are heavy, the trumpet-shaped nasals broadly expanded, and the antorbital plate is wide. In profile the skull is deep dorso- ventrally so that an extension of the alveolar margin falls below the bullae, and the development of the interorbital ridges gives it a slightly arched appearance. LAWRENCE AND LOVERIDGE: NYASALAND MAMMALS 69 BATHYERGIDAE Cryptomys hottentotus whytei (Thomas) Georychus whytei Thomas, 1897, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 432: Karonga, Lake Nyasa, Nyasaland. 5 cf cf , 2 9 9, 1 yng. (M.C.Z. 43797-802, 43814, 44245) Misuku Mtns. 1-13.X.48. X alive name. Tunco (Misuku). Discussion. This series is very uniform in color. Compared with the specimens of whytei from the Rungwe and Poroto Mountains described by Allen and Loveridge (1933, p. 124) they average slightly darker on the ventral surface, and the degree of taper of the ends of the nasals is a little more variable. Otherwise these Misuku blesmols closely resemble those from the mountains to the north of Lake Nyasa. Size. d\ 152. 24. 24. mm.; 9 . 145. 19. 22. mm. Breeding. On October 6 a nestling d 71 measured only 65. 8. 8. mm. Heliophobius argenteocinereus argenteocinereus Peters Heliophobius argenteocinereus Peters, 1S46, Ber. fiber Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 259: Tete, Mozambique. 4 rfd" (M.C.Z. 43813, 43917-9) Mtimbuka. 14-28.ii.49. Native name. Uko (Yao). Discussion. This series from near Fort Johnston averages slightly smaller, both cranially and externally, than angonicus. Of three unbroken skulls, one has the relatively parallel-sided interorbital region (width across postorbital processes 8.7; interorbital width 8.2 mm.) said by Thomas (1895, p. 241) to be typical of argenteocinereus . The others have a more pronounced interorbital constriction, and are comparable in these dimensions to the narrowest of the Nchisi speci- mens (width across postorbital processes 9.9 and 9.5 mm.; interorbital width 7.6 and 7.8 mm.). The most striking external difference between the Mtimbuka series and angonicus is the uniformity in color of the former from young to old. Adult, young adult, and young are all represented, and all have the same rather long "fawn" colored tips to the hairs. In the case of the two youngest this is in sharp contrast to the slaty young of the higher altitude race, angonicus. Rodney C. Wood found Heliophobius common in the hills near Cholo and Chiromo, and Kershaw (1922, p. 192) identified Wood's series as typical argenteocinereus. The series at hand, however, seems to show 70 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology that the Cholo animal is not separable from angonicus, but that a very distinct race does occur at Fort Johnston, to which the name argenteocinereus probably should be applied. Size. & (M.C.Z. 43917), 152. 14. 30. mm. Heliophobius argenteocinereus angonicus Thomas Heliophobius angonicus Thomas, 1917, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (8), 20, p. 314: Bua River, Central Arigoniland, Nyasaland (Moreau et al, 1946, p. 428). 3 9 9 (M.C.Z. 43795-6, 43815) Nyika Plateau. 9-17.xi.48. 5 yng. c?o\ 12 9 9 (M.C.Z. 43784-94, 43816-21) Nehisi Mtn. 26.xi-13.xii.48. 9 (M.C.Z. 43783) Zomba Plateau. 10.xi.48. c? (M.C.Z. 43812) Ruo R., Mlanje Mtn. l.iv.49. 2 (M.C.Z. 44293) 15 miles NW. of Fort Hill. Discussion. The bright ochraceous coloring of the anterior parts contrasts strongly with the gray rump and thighs. On the shoulders, and the sides immediately behind the shoulders, the color is deepest, and is further accentuated by the absence of well-defined, subterminal, black rings on the hairs. In front of the eyes are patches of white- based, buffy-tipped hairs which contrast with the rest of the face and suggest the conspicuous white preorbital patches which are character- istic of the more easterly race aceratos, and lacking in centralis. Remarks. This museum skin was presented by C. W. Benson, Esq. as Loveridge met with klipspringers only on the rock-strewn sides of Nchisi Mountain, and failed to secure any. Raphicerus sharpei ?sharpei Thomas Raphiceros sharpei Thomas, 1S97, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1896, p. 796, pi. xxxix: Southern Angoniland, Nyasaland. yng. (M.C.Z. 44292) Nthalire, Karonga District. 27.iv.47. yng. 9 (M.C.Z. 43888) near Tete, M. 6.L49. Native name. Kasenyi (Nyungwe). Discussion. Both of these steinbok probably belong to this race although they are too young for positive identification, and the dark marking on the head is more extensive than described and figured by Thomas in the type. Size. juv. 9 . 460. 40. 140. 78 mm. Remarks. The Nthalire specimen was presented by C. W. Benson, LAWRENCE AND LOVERIDGE: NYASALAND MAMMALS 75 Esq., while the other was brought in alive, indicating that the young are dropped in Zambezia in early January. Redunca arundinum arundinum (Boddaert) Antilope arundinum Boddaert, 1785, Elenchus Animalium, p. 141: Cape of Good Hope. 9 & fetal 9 (M.C.Z. 44294, 44309) Vipya Plateau. 18.ix.48. Native names. Mpoyo (Timbuka); shangu (Ngoni). Discussion. The adult is rather more strongly fulvous than the average of our series of this race from southern Tanganyika and the Transvaal. Size. 9 . 1550. 270. 400. 163 mm.; fetal 9 . 540. 100. 210. 80 mm. Breeding. The gravid 9 was shot from a party of three does accompanying a buck. On the Nyika only solitary reedbuck were seen in November and they were uncommon and excessively timid. Strepsiceros strepsiceros strepsiceros (Pallas) Antilope strepsiceros Pallas, 1766, Miscellanea Zool., p. 9; 1767, Spicilegia Zool., pt. 1, p. 17; 1777, pt. 12, pp. 19, 67: Cape of Good Hope. 9 (M.C.Z. 44306) near Tete, M. 20.U9. Native name. Ngoma (Nyungwe). Discussion. This adult 9 clearly belongs to the typical southern subspecies rather than to the grayer race frommi of southern Tanganyika. Size. 9 . 1300. 360. 500. 222 mm. Habitat. Not infrequently we came on fairly fresh spoor of small parties of Greater Kudu in the low hills to the south of Kasumbadedza. Apparently it was one of these animals that had been harried by a native huntsman and his dogs and driven into the Zambezi. She was a third of the way across when I first saw her swimming strongly despite the current and the sinister snouts of several watchful croco- diles. Later, followed by three crocodiles, she returned to shallow water but was prevented from landing on Mwanza rocks by the vociferously barking collection of curs gathered on the narrow fore- shore. She was killed instantly with a bullet through the brain. 76 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology Tragelaphus scriptus ornatus Pocock Tragelaphus scriptus ornatus Pocock, 1900, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 5, p. 94: Linyante, swamps of the Chobi, between Lake Ngami and the Zambezi, northern Bechuanaland. 9 (M.C.Z. 44315) Lichenya Plateau. 9.viii.48. Native name. Mbawala (Chewa; Ngoni; Nyanja; Yao). Discussion. This specimen differs from s. massaicus to the north by its brighter, richer coloring, more numerous spots on the flanks and along the belly, and in the presence of eight obsolescent transverse stripes. Size. 9 . 1180. 95. 290. 115 mm. Breeding. She held a fetus (preserved) measuring about 105. 14. 45. ? 25 mm. Remarks. This bushbuck was shot at the edge of a large coppice at 7:00 A.M. When we went to pick her up there was a noise in the bushes thirty feet away as if another animal was making off. At noon we disturbed a pair feeding on the outskirts of a patch of closed forest beyond Chingwe's Hole, Zomba Plateau. Taurotragus oryx livingstonii (Sclater) Oreas livingstonii P. L. Sclater, 1S64, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 105: Left bank of the Zambezi near the Kafue, Rhodesia. 9 (M.C.Z. 44303) Nyika Plateau, ll.xi.48. Native name. Nchefu (Ngoni). Size. 9 . 2800. 620. 520. 160 mm. Parasites. Bots from the stomach were preserved. Habits. This fine animal was leading a herd of about 25 eland in which there were two bulls. The day before I had sighted a herd numbering about 80 or 85 animals, irrespective of a dozen zebras which seem to accompany every herd of eland on the plateau. Doubt- less the eland derive additional protection from the zebras' habit of grazing along the skyline. EQUIDAE Equus burchelli crawshaii de Winton Equus burchelli crawshaii de Winton, 1S96, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 17, p. 319: Henga, highlands west of Lake Nyasa, Nyasaland. o^ 9 (M.C.Z. 44304-5) Henga Highlands, Nyika Plateau. 3 & 9.xi.48. LAWRENCE AND LOVERIDGE: NYASALAND MAMMALS It Native name. Mbidzi (Ngoni). Discussion. Cabrera (1936), in his excellent review of the Burchell zebras, discusses in detail the tremendous amount of individual variation in this group and concludes that only four of the many described forms represent valid races. He further makes crawshaii, of which our two specimens are topotypical, a synonym of the East African form huh mi, stating in part: "specimens mentioned under that name [crawshaii] in some cases are identical with the latter form [bohmi], and in others belong to the narrow-striped Zambesian race for which selousi seems to be the valid name." Antonius (1951, p. 21) follows him in considering crawshaii to be a synonym of bohmi but recognizes foai Prazak and Trouessart from the lower Zambezi as a distinct race, intervening between selousi in the south and bohmi in the north. The pair of topotypes at hand show the situation to be somewhat different. As Miss St. Leger (1932b, p. 590) supposed, the northern Nyasaland zebra is not the same as the East African bohmi, the numerous narrow stripes in our Henga specimens show that it is more closely related to selousi. Supposing Antonius is correct in assuming the distinctness of a Zambesian race, our material is inadequate to show whether it differs from crawshaii. The evidence suggests that the two are the same, in which case crawshaii, 1896 takes precedence over foai, 1899. Size, c? . 2400. 450. 430. 190 mm. ; 9 . 2410. 400. 425. 180 mm. Breeding. On November 9 a well-grown foal was running with the two mares accompanying the stallion when he was shot. Two days later a lone roan antelope (which I had frequently seen on the plateau) attached himself to the little party and remained with them for at least a week. Parasites. Some worms (Cylicocercus alveatus; Cylicocylus insignis; and Cylindropharynx sp., probably intermedia) were identified by Dr. J. T. Lucker. Habitat. Crawshay's zebras were not plentiful, but by no means uncommon, on the corner of the Nyika Plateau on which we were camping. Small parties of zebra accompanied the wandering herds of eland while others seemed to keep much to themselves; all were remarkably wary. 78 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology BIBLIOGRAPHY of papers referred to in the text Allen, G. M. 1939. "A Checklist of African Mammals." Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 83, pp. 1-763. Allen, G. M. and B. Lawrence 1936. "Scientific Results of an Expedition to Rain Forest Regions in Eastern Africa. III. Mammals." Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 79, pp. 29-126, pis. i-v. Allen, G. M. and A. Loveridge 1927. "Mammals from the Uluguru and Usambara Mountains, Tangan- yika Territory." Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 38, pp. 413-441. 1933. "Reports on the Scientific Results of an Expedition to the South- western Highlands of Tanganyika Territory. II. Mammals." Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, pp. 45-144, pi. i. 1942. "Scientific Results of a Fourth Expedition to Forested Areas in East and Central Africa. I. Mammals." Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 89, pp. 145-216, pis. i-v. Antonius, Otto 1951. "Die Tigerpferde. Die Zebras." Monographien der Wildsauge- tiere (Frankfurt/ Main). 11, pp. 3-148, this. 1-4, pis. i-xlvi. Cabrera, Angel 1936. "Subspecific and individual Variation in the Burchell Zebras." Journ. Mammalogy, 17, pp. 89-112, figs. 1-21, map. Dollman, Guy 1910. "Two New African Mammals." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 6, pp. 226-230. 1915a. "On the Swamp-Rats (Otomys) of East Africa." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 15, pp. 149-170. 1915b. "On the African Shrews belonging to the genus Crocidura." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 15, pp. 507-527. Ellerman, J. R. with R. W. Hayman and G. W. C. Holt 1941. "The Families and Genera of Living Rodents. Volume II." London, pp. xii + 690, figs. 1-50. Hollister, Ned 1919. "East African Mammals in the United States National Museum. Part II". Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 99, pp. x + 184, fig. 1, pis. 1-44. Johnston, Sir Harry 1897. "British Central Africa; an attempt to give some account of a portion of the territories under British influence north of the Zambezi." (London), pp. 1-544, figs. 1-223, maps 1-6. LAWRENCE AND LOVERIDGE: NYASALAND MAMMALS 79 Kershaw, P. S. 1922. "On a Collection of Mammals from Chiromo and Cholo, Ruo, Nyasaland, made by Mr. Rodney C. Wood with Field Notes by the Collector." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), 10, pp. 177-192. Lawrence, Barbara 1945. "Notes on Leggada musculoides (Temminck)." Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 23, pp. 85-98. Lawrence, B. and S. L. Washburn 1936. "A new Eastern Race of Galago demidovii." Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,, 8, pp. 255-266. Moreau, R. E., G. H. E. Hopkins and R. W. Hayman 1946. "The Type Localities of some African Animals." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 115, pp. 387-447. Osgood, Wilfred H. 1910. "Diagnoses of New East African Mammals, Including a New Genus of Muridae." Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 10, pp. 5-13. Peters, W. C. H. 1852. "Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique, Zool. 1, Saugethiere." (Berlin), pp. xvi + 202, pis. i-xliv. Pocock, R. I. 1932. "The Leopards of Africa." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 543-591, figs. 1-9, pis. i-iv. 1944. "The Wild Cat (Felis lybica) of northern Benguella, Angola." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11), 11, pp. 130-133. Ridgway, Robert 1912. "Color Standards and Color Nomenclature." (Washington). pp. iv + 44, col. pis. i-liii. St. Leger, Jane 1932a. "On Mammals from North- West Damaraland, South- West Africa, obtained during Captain Shortridge's Sixth Percy Sladen and Kaffrarian Museum F^xpedition." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 957-974, pi. i. 1932b. "On Equus quagga of South-western and Eastern Africa." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), 10, pp. 587-597. 1936. "A Key to the Species and Subspecies of the Subgenus Cepha- lophus." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 209-228. 80 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology Schwa rz, Ernst 1926. "Die Meerkatzen der Cercopithecus aethiops-Gruppe." Zeitschr. f. Saugetierkunde, 1, pp. 28-47. 1931. "On the African Long-tailed Lemurs or Galagos." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (10), 7, pp. 41-66. SwYNNERTON, G. H. 1945. "A Revision of the Type-localities of Mammals occurring in the Tanganyika Territory." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 115, pp. 49-84. Thomas, Olefield 1895. "On African Mole-rats of the Genera Georychus and Myoscalops." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 16, pp. 239-241. 1897a. "New African Mammals." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 430-436. 1897b. "On the Mammals obtained by Mr. A. Whyte in Nyasaland, and presented to the British Museum by Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.B., being a fifth contribution to the Mammal-fauna of Nyasaland." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 925-939, pi. liv. 1918. "A Revised Classification of the Otomyinae, with Descriptions of new Genera and Species. Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist, (9), 2, pp. 203-21 1. Thomas, O. and R. C. Wroughton 1905. "1. The Rudd Exploration of S. Africa.— N. List of Mammals collected by Mr. Grant near Tette, Zambesia." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 535-552. Wroughton, R. C. 1906. "Notes on the Genus Otomys" Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist, (7), 18, pp. 264-278. 1910. "Two new Duikers related to Cephalophus abyssinicus and a new Dendromus from Mt. Elgon." Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist, (8), 5, pp. 273-275.