A REVISION OF THE WORLD SPECIES OF THE GENUS ENDOTRICHA ZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA : PYRALIDAE) By PAUL E. S. WHALLEY CONTENTS Page SYNOPSIS ............ 397 INTRODUCTION ........... 397 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......... 398 DEFINITION OF THE TRIBE ENDOTRICHINI ...... 398 Endotricha ZELLER, ITS SYNONYMY AND DEFINITION .... 398 AFFINITIES WITH OTHER GENERA IN THE ENDOTRICHINI .... 399 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : 399 Ethiopian and Madagascan region ....... 401 Palaearctic region . . . . . . . . . .401 Oriental region . . . . . . . . . .401 Australasian-Pacific region ........ 402 DEFINITION OF TERMS USED ......... 403 KEY TO THE MALES OF THE GENUS ....... 403 TAXONOMIC SECTION, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES . . . 409 SPECIES DESCRIBED IN, OR SUBSEQUENTLY PLACED IN, Endotricha, WHICH HAVE BEEN TRANSFERRED TO OTHER GENERA ..... 446 SPECIES DESCRIBED IN Endotricha WHICH ARE TRANSFERRED TO OTHER GENERA IN THIS WORK ......... 446 REFERENCES ........... 448 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . .451 SYNOPSIS The genus Endotricha Zeller (Lepid., Pyralidae) is redefined and its systematic position is discussed. A key to the males is given. Of the 151 species previously included in the genus, 67 are retained, 42 are synonymised, two species cannot be recognised from their descriptions, 40 are placed in other genera and 24 new species are described. An account of the distribution and affinites of the species is given. INTRODUCTION THE genus Endotricha was erected by Zeller (1847 : 593) for the common European species, Pyralis flammealis Schiffermuller. Subsequently many new species were described in it and other species transferred to it. Ragonot (1891 : 511) made it the type of a new subfamily, Endotrichiinae, which has now been reduced to a tribe of the Pyralinae (Whalley, 1961 : 733). Hampson (18966) revised the whole genus ; Shibuya (1928) revised the Formosan species and Inoue (1955) catalogued the Japa- nese species, but neither of the last two works were based on examination of the types. ENTOM. 13, II 21 3 g8 PAUL E. S. WHALLEY There has been confusion about the identity of particular species as well as doubt as to which species belonged in Endotricha. A definition of the genus based on the type species has been formulated (page 399). This produces a uniform genus which is distinguished from related ones primarily by certain diagnostic characters in the male genitalia. Ten types were not available for study. In a few cases where the identity of species is based on syntypes, this is stated in the text. In all other cases the identity of species has been established by examination of the type. A key to the males of the genus Endotricha is given (page 403) and terms used in the key are defined (page 403). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have sent specimens and allowed me to examine types which are under their care. I am grateful to the following for their assistance : Dr. H. G. Amsel ; Dr. L. A. Berger ; Dr. S. Bleszynski ; Mr. A. N. Burns ; Dr. H. Clench ; Dr. I. F. B. Common ; The Director, Queensland Museum ; Dr. A. Diakonoff ; Dr. W. Forster ; Dr. G. Friese ; Mr. G. F. Gross ; Dr. H. J. Hanne- mann ; Dr. H. Hone ; Dr. H. Inoue ; Dr. F. Kasy ; Dr. V. Kuznetzov ; Dr. E. G. Munroe ; Dr. R. Schonmann ; Professor H. Sachtleben ; Mr. E. Taylor ; Dr. L. Vari ; and to many others who have replied to my enquiries. To my colleagues in this Museum I am grateful for much advice on various aspects of the work. Plate ii was drawn by Mr. A. Smith. All the remaining drawings were made by Mr. M. Shaffer, who also assisted in sorting large quantities of accessions. DEFINITION OF THE TRIBE ENDOTRICHINI (ENDOTRICHIINAE, PARTIM, AUCT.) This tribe is part of the subfamily Pyralinae. Proboscis well developed. Maxillary palps present. Forewing with R 5 stalked with R^ and R 3 (PI. 12, fig. 156). Hindwing with the median vein non-pectinate, Rs anastomosing with Sc plus R v Chaetosema present. (Whalley, 1961 : 733). ENDOTRICHA ZELLER, ITS SYNONYMY AND DEFINITION Endotricha Zeller, 1847 : 593 Herrich-Shaffer, 1848 : 12. Guenee, 1854 : 218. Walker, 1859, 17 : 338. Lederer, 1863 : 344. Meyrick, 1884 : 77 and 283 ; id., 1890 : 471. Ragonot, 1891 : 522. Hampson, i8g6a : 132 ; id., 18966 : 481. Shibuya, 1928 : 17. Inoue, 1955 : 146. The following genera are synonyms of Endotricha Zeller : Doththa Walker, 1859, 17 : 285, (mesenterialis Walker, by monotypy). Messatis Walker, 1859, 19 : 918, (sabirusalis Walker, by monotypy). Pacoria Walker, 1865, 34 : 1255, (albifimbrialis Walker). This species has been used by Hamp- son in the genus Pacoria, but a type for this genus has never been designated. I designate albifimbrialis Walker as the type species of Pacoria Walker. Zania Walker, 1865, 34 : 1256, (unicalis Walker, by monotypy). Tricomia Walker, 1865, 34 : 1259, (auroralis Walker, by monotypy). Rhisina Walker, 1865, 34 : 1324, (puncticostalis Walker, by monotypy). Endotrichodes Ragonot, 1891 : 521, (perustalis Ragonot, by monotypy). Endotrichopsis Warren, 1895 : 467, (rhodopteralis Warren, by original designation). REVISION OF THE GENUS ENDOTRICHA ZELLER 399 Tegulae in male long and prominent. Male genitalia with a conspicuous sacculus process (PL 13, fig. 157) always present, free or partially fused to valve. Overall plan of male genitalia as in PL 13, fig. 157. Gnathus a simple flat plate articulating with the uncus by means of the " gnathus arms ". The gnathus may be reduced or absent, but the gnathus arms are always present. Uncus as in PL 13, fig. 157 with only slight variation in shape. Female genitalia with long ovipositor, extru- sible on four slender apodemes. Duct of bursa variously modified. Bursa with at least one signum (except in E. puncticostalis Walk.). The bursa may also have one or more patches of spines, in some cases they form a second signum. Type species of the genus, E.flammealis Schiffermiiller (by monotypy) . As defined above, many of the species formerly placed in the genus are now removed from it. The new definition limits the genus to species with a very constant plan in the male and female genitalia. AFFINITIES WITH OTHER GENERA IN THE ENDOTRICHINI The genus most closely related to Endotricha is Oeogenes Meyrick, with type 0. fugalis Felder which has a male genitalic structure almost identical with Endotricha, but lacks the gnathus and gnathus arms. The nearest approach to this form in Endotricha is in the species where the gnathus is reduced or absent, but in these the gnathus arms are always present. The female genitalia of the two genera are similar. The lack of the gnathus and gnathus arms is sufficient to place 0. fugalis in a separate genus. Many of the genera in the old subfamily Endotrichiinae have been moved to other subfamilies (Whalley, 1961 : 733). The true Endotrichini, which come within the definition on page 398, all show a similar genitalic pattern to Endotricha flammealis Schiff., and some are very similar externally. Biology Hardly anything is known of the biology of Endotricha. Buckler (1882 : 149 ; id. 1901 : 57) has recorded the life history of the common European species, E. flammealis Schiff., which feeds on flowers and leaves of Lotus sp., Salix sp. and other shrubs. The food plants of the other species in the genus have not been published. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Endotricha is an Old World genus. Apart from North and South America and Hawaii, species occur in all other continents and most islands. The Australasian- Pacific region is the richest in species and may have been the centre of origin of the genus. Species of Endotricha occur in Tahiti and the Austral Islands, in Fiji and Samoa, the Marianas and Caroline Islands, the Philippines and the island chain from Australia to Malaya. I have not seen specimens from the Marshall Islands although species of the genus probably occur there also. Many Pacific and Oriental species show a high degree of speciation on islands and mountain ranges which suggests that geographic isolation plays an important part in the speciation of this group. This is particularly apparent in three species forming the rhodomicta species group, E. rhodomicta, E. aureorufa, and E. munroei, which 4 oo PAUL E. S. WHALLEY are similar externally (PI. 7, figs. 92, 93, 95 and 97) and have similar genitalia but appear to have differentiated on different mountain ranges in New Guinea. I prefer to regard them as members of a superspecies complex rather than subspecies of one species. The production of distinct species on islands is shown by the simplex species group where two species of Endotricha, very distinct in external appearance, have arisen in the Moluccas. The Palaearctic species, E.flammealis, is unusual for the apparent lack of geographi- cal subspeciation, although widespread over the whole region. It is very variable in colour but the individual variants are found over the whole range. The small island of Sao Thome off the coast of West Africa contains four endemic and very distinct species with a genitalic pattern which suggests that they were derived from the widespread African species, E. erythralis. This species, although variable to some extent, has not differentiated very much over the whole of the Ethiopian region. There is no apparent seasonal variation in the Sao Thome material and it seems probable, since the genitalia are identical, that the four species are in fact ecologically separated in some way. The mesenterialis species group contains some very widespread species and others with a restricted distribution. E. mesenterialis occurs from India to Australia with relatively small differences between specimens at the extremes of the range. In Samoa, the New Hebrides and Loyalty Islands there have arisen two distinct species (E. plinthopa and E. propinqua), which show distinct signs of affinity with the parent species (E. mesenterialis) in such morphological characters as antennal processes and the flattening of the crown of the head. Anatomically, the genitalia conform to the same pattern which characterises this group, but externally the species are distinct (PI. 5, figs. 61-68). The nominate subspecies of E. mesenterialis occurs in the New Hebrides alongside E. propinqua and, in Samoa, E. mesenterialis obscura occurs with E. plinthopa. Although some similarities exist between E. plinthopa and E. propinqua, I think that they both arose independently from E. mesenterialis. It would appear that both the New Hebrides and Samoa were subject to at least two " invasions " of E. mesen- terialis. After the first invasion the population was sufficiently differentiated, or ecologically separated, by the time the second invasion took place not to breed with the newcomers. E. sexpunctata and E. mariana from the Marianas Is. are separated from their nearest relative by over one thousand miles. However, while the male genitalia of both species are very similar to E. mesenterialis, their external appearance is unlike that of any other known species of Endotricha. The subspecies E. mesenterialis mahensis from the Seychelles is distinct externally from the mainland subspecies, but the genitalia are similar. The other subspecies, E. mesenterialis obscura, is not so clearly differentiated, but is generally larger and with the colour pattern more clearly defined. The genitalia are constant and similar to those of the nominate subspecies of which it represents the southern part of the range from the Orient. The species of the costaemaculalis species group all have the same type of " T ' shaped uncus. E. costaemaculalis can best be regarded as a superspecies. The REVISION OF THE GENUS ENDOTRICHA ZELLER 401 Palaearctic specimens differ distinctly on external characters from the North Indian. There is, however, a gradation of these characters through Tibet and China. There is a second North Indian species, E. eximia, which is very similar to E. costaemaculalis in general appearance but differs in some details. In order to clarify the situation, since E. eximia occurs in the same area as E. costaemaculalis fuscifusalis, it is de- scribed as a new species rather than a subspecies of E, costaemaculalis. In the following section the distribution of each species is summarised. Details of the known distribution will be found under " Material examined " for each species. In most cases previous accounts of the distribution are unreliable because of doubtful identification. Intensive collecting in limited areas (e.g., Assam, Khasi Hills) gives a somewhat one-sided impression of the distribution of the species in this genus. The regions used are modified from Sclater (1858, /. Linn. Soc. Lond., 2 : 130) as given by de Beaufort, 1951, p. 9 (Zoogeography of the Land and Inland Waters, Sidgewick Jackson Ltd., London). ETHIOPIAN REGION Continental Africa centripunctalis (p. 445) ; consobrinalis consobrinalis (p. 417) ; ellisoni (p. 418) ; erythralis (p. 421) ; niveifimbrialis (p. 418) ; rosina (p. 419) ; vinolentalis (p. 419). Madagascar consobrinalis meloui (p. 417) ; erythralis (p. 421). Socotra erythralis (p. 421). Sao Thome altitudinalis (p. 420) ; tamsi (p. 419) ; thomealis (p. 420) ; viettealis (p. 420). PALAEARCTIC SUBREGION consobrinalis consobrinalis (p. 417) ; consocia (p. 410) ; costaemaculalis costaemaculalis (p. 427) ; costaemaculalis fuscifusalis (p. 427) ; flammealis (p. 409) ; flavofascialis flavofascialis (p. 413) ; flavofascialis affinialis (p. 413) ; hcenei (p. 430) ; icelusalis (p. 413) ; kuznetzovi (p. 412) ; luteobasalis (p. 434) ; olivacealis (p. 422) ; portialis (p. 421) ; punicea (p. 414) ; ragonoti (p. 409) ; rogenhoferi (p. 417) ; similata (p. 426) ; theonalis (p. 410). ORIENTAL REGION Indian subcontinent ; India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Goa, Bhutan, Assam ; Ceylon and the Seychelles. albicilia (p. 437) ; ardentalis (p. 426) ; costaemaculalis fuscifusalis (p. 427) ; decessalis decessalis (p. 410) ; eximia (p. 428) ; fuscobasalis (p. 428) ; loricata (p. 415) ; luteogrisalis (p. 414) ; melanobasis (p. 429) ; mesenterialis mesenterialis (p. 423) ; mesenterialis mahensis (p. 423) ; nigromaculata (p. 429) ; olivacealis (p. 422) ; ragonoti (p. 409) ; rufofimbrialis (p. 434) ; ruminalis (p. 415^ ; similata (p. 426). 402 PAUL E. S. WHALLEY Burma, Malaya, Nicobar Islands, Andaman Islands albicilia (p. 437) ; borneoensis (p. 431) ; decessalis decessalis (p. 411) ; decessalis major (p. 411) ; flavifusalis (p. 434) ; mesenterialis mesenterialis (p. 423) ; nicobaralis (p. 441) ; olivacealis (p. 422) ; ruminalis (p. 415) ; semirubrica (p. 435) ; similata (p. 426) ; trichophoralis (p. 414). Borneo including Sarawak and Pulo Laut Java and Sumatra affinitalis (p. 415) ; approximate (p. 440) ; borneoensis (p. 431) ; decessalis major (p. 411) ; denticostalis (p. 436) ; flavifusalis (p. 434) ; mesenterialis mesenterialis (p. 423) ; olivacealis (p. 422) ; portialis (p. 421) ; rufofimbrialis (p. 434) ; sandaraca (p. 435) ; semirubrica (p. 435) ; suavalis (p. 426) ; trichophoralis (p. 414). Formosa consocia (p. 410) ; costaemaculalis formosensis (p. 427) ; metacuralis (p. 430) ; olivacealis (p. 422) ; portialis (p. 421) ; ruminalis (p. 415) ; theonalis (p. 410). Philippines wilemani (p. 416) ; approximalis (p. 440). AUSTRALASIAN-PACIFIC REGION Australia, including one species recorded from New Zealand, marked " * " approximalis (p. 440) ; chionocosma (p. 437) ; dispergens (p. 440) ; euphiles (p. 432) ; hemicausta (p. 411) ; ignealis (p. 422) ; lobibasalis (p. 442) ; melanochroa (p. 412) ; mesenterialis obscura (p. 424) ; occidentalis (p. 411) ; psammitis (p. 441) ; puncti- costalis (p. 416) ; Pyrosalis* (p. 440) ; pyrrhocosma (p. 444). New Guinea, Dampier I., Louisiade Archipelago, Moluccas, Bismarck Archipelago, Bali approximalis (p. 440) ; aureorufa (p. 433) ; borneoensis (p. 431) ; chionosema (p. 442) ; conchylaria (p. 436) ; coreacealis (p. 441) ; cruenta (p. 438) ; encaustalis (p. 440) ; faceta (p. 431) ; fastigia (p. 429) ; flavifusalis (p. 434) ; fuliginosa (p. 437) ; gregalis (p. 421) ; lobibasalis (p. 442) ; melanochroa (p. 412) ; mesenterialis mesenterialis (p. 423) ; mesenterialis obscura (p. 424) ; munroei (p. 433) ; murecinalis (p. 421) ; persicopa persicopa (p. 432) ; persicopa paliolata (p. 432) ; pyrrhaema (p. 443) ; pyrrhocosma (p. 444) ; thermidora (p. 444) ; rhodomicta( p. 432) ; simplex simplex (p. 439) ; simplex rosselli (p. 439) ; variabilis (p. 439). Solomon Is., New Hebrides, Loyalty Is., Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, New Caledonia, Kermadec Is., Norfolk I., Tahiti, Marianas Is., Caroline Is. approximalis (p. 440) ; argentata (p. 425) ; borneoensis (p. 431) ; bradleyi (p. 444) ; capnospila (p. 437) ; dyschroa (p. 442) ; luteopuncta (p. 442) ; mariana (p. 444) ; mesenterialis mesenterialis (p. 423) ; mesenterialis obscura (p. 424) ; peterella (p. 443) ; plinthopa (p. 424) ; propinqua (p. 424) ; thermidora (p. 444) ; separata (p. 445) ; sexpunctata (p. 425) ; wammeralis (p. 445). REVISION OF THE GENUS ENDOTRICHA ZELLER 403 DEFINITION OF TERMS USED Basal process of valve. A digitate process at the base of the valve (PL 13, fig- 157)- Bursa. Includes ductus bursa and bursa copulatrix. Chaetosema. Small pad with hair-like scales on dorsal side of head, one chaeto- sema posterior to each eye. Coremata. Large scale tufts on the last segment of the abdomen of the male. Cornutus (-4}. Spine or spines on vesica inside the aedeagus, only clearly seen when vesica has been everted. Costal hairs (usually used as the term " reflexed costal hairs "). PL 13, fig. 157. These are modifications of from two to six scales on the costal margin of the valve in the male genitalia. In some specimens the hairs may be broken off but the enlarged socket where they were attached is always visible. Fine reflexed hairs are often present on the costa of the valve but they are lightly attached to the valve and their sockets are minute. These fine hairs are usually removed in the ordinary course of making a microscope mount. Gnathus. PL 13, fig 157. Gnathus arms. PL 13, fig. 157. Juxta. PL 13, fig. 157. Patagia. Collar of scales immediately posterior to the head. Sacculus process. PL 13, fig. 157. Large, spine-like process at ventral margin of valve which may be variously modified. Signum. A definite patch of spines, usually circular or oval, on the bursa of the female. Socii. PL 13, fig. 157. Subscaphium. A sclerotised portion of the ventral part of the anal tube. Tegulae. Long, backward projecting scale-tufts on the tegular plates. Uncus. PL 13, Fig. 157. Uncus process. PL 13, fig. 157. This may be absent, but, when present, it is always paired and may take the form of a single pair of spines, several small spines or two raised papillae covered with spines. Wing " x mm.". Mean wing measurement taken from apex of fore wing to centre of mesothorax. Wingspan. Largest possible total expanse of both forewings. KEY TO THE MALES OF THE GENUS The definition of terms used in this key are given above. The following species are known from the female only and are thus not included in the key : affinitalis Hering, ardentalis Hampson, chionocosma Turner, sondaicalis Snellen, wilemani West. 1 Costa strongly concave, apex of wing very pointed, as in PI. 7, fig. 91 fastigia (p. 429) Costa not as strongly concave as PL 7, fig. 91 . . . . . . 2 2 (i) Underside of forewing with oval white patch of scales in anal area. Hindwing with a large white patch over cell ..... chionosema (p. 442) No oval white patch in anal area of fore wing. No white over cell in hindwing 3 404 PAUL E. S. WHALLEY 3 (2) Labial palps extending well above vertex of head (PI. n, fig. 153) . portialis (p. 421) Labial palps not extending above vertex of head ..... 4 4 (3) Costal margin of forewing with basal part enlarged . . lobibasalis (p. 442) Basal part of costal margin of forewing not enlarged ..... 5 5 (4) Basal part of costa of forewing with strongly modified scale-tuft projecting beyond costa, outer part of costa unmodified . . . trichophoralis (p. 414) Basal part of costa of forewing unmodified, without scale-tufts or entire costal margin toothed ........... 6 6 (5) Costal margin of forewing with scales modified along the edge giving a strongly toothed appearance to costa ...... denticostalis (p. 436) Costa of forewing not toothed ......... 7 7 (6) Apex of forewing distinctly truncate (PI. 9, fig. 123) . . dispergens (p. 440) Apex of forewing not distinctly truncate ....... 8 8 (7) Large, black, sharply defined, rectangular patch in posterior part of basal area of forewing (PL 6, fig. 84) ..... nigromaculata (p. 429) No black rectangular patch in basal area of forewing ..... 9 9 (8) Large black patch in cell on underside of forewing. Long, yellow, hair-like scales in anal area on underside of forewing . . . fuliginosa (p. 437) Forewing without black patch or modified scales . . . . . . 10 10 (9) Black, oval patch covering base of veins Cu la and M 8 in upper side of hind- wing ........ . capnospila (p. 437) Hindwings without black basal patch . . . . . n 11 (10) Large yellow spot in forewing between veins \A and Cu lb . luteopuncta (p. 442) No yellow spot between veins lA and Cw 16 . . . . . . . 12 12 (n) Yellow spot in forewing at apex of cell .... kuznetzovi (p. 412) Forewing without yellow spot at apex of cell . . . . . . 13 13 (12) Basal process on valve of male genitalia prominent . . . . . 14 No basal process on valve . . . . . . . . . .22 14 (13) No reflexed hairs on costal margin of valve . . . . . . . 15 Reflexed hairs present . . . . . . . . . .16 15 (14) Uncus process a group of spines on each side. Juxta with central keel. Basal process long, curved (PL 20, fig. 199) .... melanobasis (p. 429) Uncus process one spine on each side (PL 19, fig. 191). Juxta simple, basal process not curved ....... olivacealis (p. 422) 16 (14) Silvery-grey species. Sacculus process truncate (PL 18, fig. 189) argentata (p. 425) Otherwise coloured. Sacculus process pointed or truncate . . . . 17 17 (16) Two large hyaline areas on each forewing, large oval hyaline area on each hind- wing. Sacculus process truncate (PL 18, fig. 188) . . sexpunctata (p. 425) Otherwise coloured. Sacculus process truncate or pointed . . . . 18 *8 (17) Juxta pitted all over .......... 19 Juxta smooth except for a few spines in the centre of the posterior margin . 20 19 (18) Dark reddish species with prominant median white area. Sacculus as in PL 19, fig. 195 - propinqua (p. 424) Pale coloured species. Median white area not sharply defined. Sacculus process as in PL 19, fig. 192 ...... plinthopa (p. 424) 20 (18) Wing span 18-5 mm. or over .... mesenterialis obscura (p. 424) Wing span less than i8'5 mm. . . . . . . ..... 21 REVISION OF THE GENUS ENDOTRICHA ZELLER 405 21 (20) Fore- and hind wings with white, clearly denned median area tnesenterialis mahensis (p. 423) Fore- and hindwings with median area yellowish, not sharply denned mesenterialis mesenterialis (p. 423) 22 (13) Reflexed hairs present on costal margin of valve . . . . . . 23 Reflexed hairs absent . . . . . . . . . .52 23 (22) Sacculus process simple .......... 29 Sacculus process enlarged (PL 27, figs. 238-242) or truncate (PL 23, fig. 217) . 24 24 (23) Sacculus process truncate (PL 23, fig. 217). Cornutus as in PL 23, fig. 217 conchylaria (p. 436) Sacculus process not truncate. Cornutus not as in PL 23, fig. 217 ... 25 25 (24) Forewings with conspicuous, white, zig-zag, post-median fascia. General colour of forewings dark brown and black with prominent white median area. Cornutus as in PL 28, fig. 246 ....... mariana (p. 444) Forewing colour not as above. Cornutus not as in PL 28, fig. 246 . . 26 26 (25) Basal and median area of forewings reddish purple. Rest of forewings and hindwings almost unmarked, dirty white. Cornutus as in PL 28, fig. 247 bradleyi (p. 444) Forewings otherwise coloured . . . . . . . . .27 27 (26) Basal area of hindwings deep chestnut red. Median area of hindwing whitish. Cornutus as in PL 28, fig. 245 ..... pyrrhocostna (p. 444) Hindwings otherwise coloured . . . . . . . . .28 28 (27) General colour reddish brown. Median area not conspicuously demarcated. Large species, over 14 mm. wingspan. Cornutus as in PL 28, fig. 243 thertnidora (p. 444) Smaller species, under 14 mm. wingspan. Hindwing with broad yellow median area, narrowing posteriorly. Cornutus as in PL 28, fig. 244 . separata (p. 445) 29 (23) Underside of forewings with conspicuous brown scales over base of veins Cu lb and Cu la ......... coreacealis (p. 441) No. brown scales as above .......... 30 30 (29) Underside of forewing with purplish patch along costal margin, demarcated by the veins .......... pyrosalis (p. 440) Not as above . . . . . . . . . . . .31 31 (30) Cornutus very long and spiny (PL 25, fig. 231 and PL 26, fig. 237) ... 32 Cornutus not long and spiny . . . . . . . . -33 32 (31) Pinky red species. Gnathus apparently absent. Genitalia as in PL 26, fig. 237 pyrrhaema (p. 443) Grey brown species. Gnathus present. Genitalia as in PL 25, fig. 231 peterella (p. 443) 33 (31) Manica of aedeagus with prominent spines. Genitalia as in PL 24, fig. 225 encaustalis (p. 440) No prominent spines on manica ......... 34 34 (33) Uncus process present .......... 35 Uncus process absent . . . . . . . . . .38 35 (34) Genitalia as in PL 26, fig. 235 ...... approximalis (p. 440) Genitalia not as in PL 26, fig. 235 ........ 36 36 (35) Wingspan 20 mm. or over ........ albicilia (p. 437) Wingspan less than 20 mm. ......... 37 406 PAUL E. S. WHALLEY 37 (36) Sacculus process short. Uncus processes widely separate. Gnathus blunt (PI. 18, fig. 187) rogenhoferi (p. 417) Sacculus process long. Uncus process joined in mid-line. Gnathus pointed (PI. 26, fig. 234) ........ nicobaralis (p. 441) 38 (34) Base of sacculus very spiny (PI. 18, fig. 184) . . niveifimbrialis (p. 418) Base of sacculus not spiny ......... 39 39 (38) Aedeagus with cornutus consisting of 5 or 6 spines. Forewing with R 3 arising before R & on common stem of R 3 + 4 + 6 . . . . ignealis (p. 422) Cornutus not as above. R 3 arising after R s on common stem of R 3 + 4 + 6 . 40 40 (39) Cornutus minute, vesica covered with small spines. Sacculus process upturned (PI. 16, fig. 175) vinolentalis (p. 419) Cornutus large. Sacculus process straight or upturned . . . . 41 41 (40) Specimens from Ethiopian or Madagascan Region ..... 42 Specimens from other zoogeographical regions . . . . . . 46 42 (41) Cornutus rounded, short. General colour of wings purplish-red erythralis (p. 421) Cornutus slightly hooked. (PI. 17, fig. 176). Wings variously coloured . 43 43 (42) Prominent zig-zag fascia across forewing ....... 44 No zig-zag fascia across forewing ........ 45 44 (43) General colour of forewing brown ..... altitudinalis (p. 420) Forewings olive-green ....... thomealis (p. 420) 45 (43) Forewings chololate brown. Prominent white patch near inner edge of hind margin of forewing ........ tamsi (p. 419) Forewings pale pinky-red with thin, almost obscure, white median fascia viettealis (p. 420) 46 (41) Cornutus hooked, genitalia as in PL 17, fig. 178 . . . murecinalis (p. 421) Cornutus not hooked ..... ..... 47 47 (46) Underside of hindwing with black ante- and post-median fascia, very con- spicuous. Wingspan 28-30 mm. ..... variabilis (p. 439) Otherwise coloured ........... 48 48 (47) Sacculus process strongly upturned (PI. 17, fig. 179). General colour of fore- wings grey .......... gregalis (p. 421) Sacculus process straight or only slightly upturned. Forewings not grey . 49 49 (48) Circular patch of yellow or white scales in anal area on underside of forewing simplex rosselli (p. 439) Not as above ............ 50 50 (49) Bright red and yellow species. Wingspan under 20 mm. . . cruenta (p. 438) Not as above. Wingspan over 20 mm. . . . . . . .51 51 (50) Wingspan over 25 mm. Genitalia as in PI. 24, fig. 220 . . simplex (p. 439) Wingspan less than 25 mm. Genitalia as in PI. 25, fig. 228 . . dyschroa (p. 442) 52 (22) Uncus process present .......... 53 Uncus process absent .......... 80 53 (52) Basal process present ....... melanobasis (p. 429) No basal process ........... 54 54 (53) Uncus process simple on each side or uncus process absent 55 Uncus process a group of spines on each side ...... 61 55 (54) Cornutus bifurcate, Y-shaped. Manica with strong spines .... 56 Cornutus not Y-shaped, or cornutus absent ...... 57 REVISION OF THE GENUS ENDOTRICHA ZELLER 407 56 (55) Fore wings dark. Thin, indistinct yellow median fascia flavofascialis affinialis (p. 413) Forewings reddish with broad median yellow fascia flavofascialis flavofascialis (p. 413) 57 (55) Uncus " T "-shaped. Sacculus process strongly reflexed (PI. 23, fig. 215) semirubrica (p. 435) Uncus not " T "-shaped. Sacculus process not reflexed . . . . 58 58 (57) Cornutus large and conspicuous ......... 59 Cornutus small or absent .......... 60 59 (58) Sacculus process wavy, prominent crosspiece (PL 26, fig. 236) psamtnitis (p. 441) Sacculus process straight, upturned at end, no crosspiece . decessalis (p. 410) 60 (58) Broad yellow median area in hindwing. Sacculus process straight. Valve outline wavy (PI. 15, fig. 168) ..... icelusalis (p. 413) Median area of hindwing narrow. Sacculus process with small projection at end. Valve outline not wavy (PI. 16, fig. 172) ..... loricata (p. 415) 61 (54) Juxta with a prominent pair of spiny apical processes (PI. 19, fig. 193) fuscobasalis (p. 428) No spiny processes at apex of juxta ........ 62 62 (61) Sacculus with two pairs of arms (PI. 20, fig. 201) . . . borneoensis (p. 431) Sacculus process simple .......... 63 63 (62) Sacculus process truncate. Genitalia as in PL 20, fig. 200 . . Jaceta (p. 431) Sacculus process not truncate. Process either straight or recurved . . 64 64 (63) Sacculus process straight or wavy, end of process straight or slightly upturned, never recurved . . . . . . . . . . .71 Sacculus process strongly recurved on itself ...... 65 65 (64) Dark coloured species never pinky red and yellow. Socii pointed. Genitalia as in PL 20, fig. 197 ........ similata (p. 426) Otherwise coloured. Socii not pointed. Genitalia different from PL 20, fig. 197 . 66 66 (65) Hindwings with reddish purple patch covering, at least, terminal area enclosed by Sc to Mj 67 No reddish purple in this position on hindwing, most of hindwing yellow with reddish median fascia .......... 69 67 (66) Reddish purple fascia covering terminal part of all hindwing veins except $A 68 Reddish purple terminal fascia of hindwing ending at M 3 , occasionally reaching Cu la ........ persicopa persicopa (p. 432) 68 (67) Uncus " T "-shaped (PL 21, fig. 205) euphiles (p. 432) Uncus not " T "-shaped (PL 21, fig. 207) . . . persicopa paliolata (p. 432) 69 (66) Juxta without any keels (PL 22, fig. 210) .... . munroei (p. 433) Juxta with keels (PL 22, figs. 208 and 209) ....... 70 70 (69) Juxta with one median keel (PL 22, fig. 209) . . . aureorufa (p. 433) Juxta with two lateral keels (PL 22, fig. 208) . . . rhodomicta (p. 432) 71 (64) Juxta strongly constricted (PL 19, fig. 194) hcenei (p. 430) Juxta simple, no constriction ......... 72 72 (71) Uncus not " T "-shaped. Sacculus process upturned, ending in a fine point (PL 21, fig. 204) ........ metacuralis (p. 430) Uncus " T "-shaped ........... 73 73 (72) Aedeagus with two cornuti. Genitalia as in PL 22, fig. 213 . sandaraca (p. 435) Genitalia not as in PL 22, fig. 213 . . . . . . . . 74 408 PAUL E. S. WHALLEY 74 (73) Pinky red and yellow species . . . . ..... 75 Otherwise coloured ........... 76 75 (74) Uncus process as in PL 23, fig. 214. No cornutus . . flavifusalis (p. 434) Uncus process as in PI. 22, fig. 211. Cornutus present . rufofitnbrialis (p. 434) 76 (74) Large species, wingspan over 20 mm. Broad, white, median fascia in fore, and hind wings. Genitalia as in PI. 20, fig. 198 .... suavalis (p. 426) Not as above ............ 77 77 (76) Hindwings whitish. Cornutus a row of spines, PI. 21, fig. 202 . exitniu (p. 428) Not as above ............ 78 78 (77) Gnathus truncate, PI. 22, fig. 212. Genitalia as in PI. 22, fig 212 luteobasalis (p. 434) Gnathus pointed, PL 20, fig. 196. Genitalia as in PI. 20, fig. 196 ... 79 79 (78) Forewings with narrow median white line enlarged on costal margin. General colour purplish red . . . costaemaculalis costaemaculalis (p. 427) Indistinct median white line on fore wings. General colour blackish grey-brown costaemaculalis fuscifusalis (p. 427) and costaemaculalis formosensis (p. 427) 80 (52) Base of sacculus process enlarged and strongly spiny, PL 16, figs. 173, 174 . 81 Base of sacculus process simple, no spines . . . . . . .82 8 1 (80) Base of sacculus process short and broad, process short (PL 16, fig. 174) rosina (p. 419) Base of sacculus process long and narrow, process long and upturned (PL 16, fig. 173) ellisoni (p. 418) 82 (80) Sacculus process broad, truncate ........ 83 Sacculus process pointed, never truncate ....... 84 83 (82) Large cornutus theonalis (p. 410) No cornutus punicea (p. 414) 84 (82) Cornutus small and inconspicuous ........ 85 Cornutus large and conspicuous ......... 86 85 (84) Sacculus process short (PL 18, fig. 183) . . . .puncticostalis (p. 416) Sacculus process long and thin (PL 18, fig. 182) consobrinalis consobrinalis (p. 417) 86 (84) Hindwings yellow hemicausta (p. 411) Hindwings not yellow . . . . . . . . . .87 87 (86) Basal area of forewing black, hindwings unmarked . . melanochroa (p. 412) Not as above ............ 88 88 (87) Genitalia as in PL 14, fig. 160 ....... consocia (p. 410) Genitalia not as in PL 14, fig. 160 ........ 89 89 (88) Fore- and hindwings with a distinct, clearly defined, broad median fascia . 90 Fore- and hindwings not as above . . . . . . . .91 90 (89) Fore- and hindwing median fascia pale lemon yellow. Oriental species luteogrisalis (p. 414) Fore- and hindwing fascia not pale lemon yellow, Madagascan species consobrinalis tneloui (p. 417) 91 (89) Sacculus process strongly upturned (PL 14, fig. 163) . . occidentalis (p. 411) Sacculus process more or less straight ........ 92 92 (91) Median area in hindwing white. Genitalia as in PL 14, fig. 159 . ragonoti (p. 409) Median area in hindwing not clear white ....... 93 93 (92) Cornutus short and broad (PL 16, fig. 171). Intense, conspicuous black post- median line in hindwing ruminalis (p. 415) Cornutus long and pointed (PL 14, fig. 158). Wings variable in colour from black to pale straw yellow ...... flammealis (p. 409) REVISION OF THE GENUS ENDOTRICHA ZELLER 409 TAXONOMIC SECTION WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES The type locality of each species is given in brackets after the reference. All the specimens are in the British Museum (Natural History) unless otherwise stated. THE FLAMMEALIS SPECIES GROUP This consists of the next three species. The first two species are more closely related to one another than to the third. i. Endotricha flammealis (Denis and Schiffermuller) (PL i, figs, i and 4, and PI. n, fig. 152) Pyralis flammealis Denis and Schiffermuller, 1775 : 123 (Vienna District). Thetypeof this species was destroyed with the rest of the Schiffermuller collection. (Horn and Kahle 1935-37 : 243.) E. flammealis carnealis de Lattin, 1951 : 66 (Turkey). Type <$ in Zoological Institute, Univ. of Saaland, Saabrucken, syn. n. This is a widespread species in the Palaearctic region. The coloration of the wings is variable over the whole region. The genitalia are constant and there has been no apparent subspeciation over the whole of its range. Most of the other widely distributed species of the genus tend to form subspecies when spread over a wide area. E. flammealis Denis and Schiff. var. adustalis Turati, 1905 : 48 (Sicily). E. flammealis Denis and Schiff. var. lutealis Turati, 1905 : 48 (Sicily). We have the original series of both these varieties in the British Museum (ex. Ragusa coll.) The degree of variation within each series is large and I do not think that these variety names have any significance. E. flammealis Denis and Schiff. var. montanalis Krulikovosky, 1907 : 32 (Cau- casus). Type not traced (? in Kiev). I have only examined a few specimens from the type locality but these do not differ from specimens from the rest of the range of E. flammealis. Genitalia. <$, PL 14, fig. 158. $, PL 29, fig. 252. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ENGLAND AND WALES, 25 ^, 18 $ ; SCILLY Is., i < ; FRANCE, 9 & 8 $ ; HUNGARY, 28 , PI. 29, fig. 255. MATERIAL EXAMINED. CEYLON, 2 <$, 3 $ ; BURMA, 2 <^, 8 $ ; SEYCHELLES, i $. Endotricha decessalis major subsp. n. (PI. i, fig. 9) o*. Wing ii mm. Head grey, thorax grey-brown. Forewing. Unicolorous orange-yellow irrorate with brown. Terminal area with a pinky suffusion . Hindwing. Similar, median area yellower than margin. Margin with a pinky suffusion. Underside. Forewings paler than upperside with smoky suffusion. Hindwings with clear ante- and post-median fascia. $. Darker than . Median area on upperside of hind wings distinct. This subspecies is larger and a more orange yellow (instead of brown) than the nominate subspecies. Genitalia. As nominate subspecies. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype <, SARAWAK, " Sarawak ", Brit. Mus. slide No. 4791, in B.M. Paratypes. SARAWAK, 2 <$ (data as type). Other material. ANDAMAN Is., 2 $. THE OCCIDENTALIS SPECIES GROUP The next three species are Australian. They show some similarities in genitalia structure to the species in the two preceding groups. This group contains the only known Australian species which lack the reflexed costal hairs. 6. Endotricha occidentalis Hampson (PL I, fig. 10) E. occidentalis Hampson, 1916 : 361. (W. Australia.) Holotype <$ in B.M. This species is known only from the type specimen. Genitalia. $, PL 14, fig. 163. MATERIAL EXAMINED. AUSTRALIA, i $ (type). 7. Endotricha hemicausta Turner (PL i, fig. 12) E. hemicausta Turner, 1904 : 184. (N. Australia.) Holotype <$ in C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, Australia. ENTOM. 13, II 22 4 i2 PAUL E. S. WHALLEY This species is known only from the type specimen. Genitalia. $, PL 15, fig. 164. MATERIAL EXAMINED. AUSTRALIA, i $ (in C.S.I.R.O. coll.). 8. Endotricha melanochroa Turner (PI. i, ng. 13) E. melanochroa Turner, 1911 : 121. (N. Australia.) Holotype ? in C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, Australia. E. sareochroa Hampson, 1916 : 362. (W. Australia.) Holotype $ in B.M. syn. n. This species is variable in colour. Specimens from W. Australia are a sandy colour whereas those from the north tend to be greyer. Genitalia. $, PI. 15, fig. 165. ?, PL 29, fig. 257. MATERIAL EXAMINED. AUSTRALIA, 2 $, i $ ($ type in Canberra) ; BALI, i . THE ICELUSALIS SPECIES GROUP The next four species have a forked cornutus in the aedeagus. The first three species are very similar externally and have often been confused. A yellow spot in the forewing separates E. kuznetzovi sp. n. from the other species in the group. The last species has similar genitalia to the rest of the group but is distinct externally. 9. Endotricha kuznetzovi sp. n. (PL 2, figs. 16 and 19) (J. Wing 8*5 mm. Head orange-brown. Thorax orange-brown with white scales scattered throughout. Forewing. Fringe white, outer margin with thin interrupted black line along edge. Terminal area reddish brown. Two parallel slightly sinuous lines subterminally. Sub terminal area reddish brown suffused with black. A bright yellow discal spot. Yellow median band edged with white, antemedial line black, incomplete anteriorly. Sub-basal and basal area brick red. Costal margin black interrupted by clear white marks. Hindwing. No subterminal line. Median area white with yellow centre edged on outer and inner margin with black. Rest of wing red. $. Similar. Genitalia. $, PL 15, fig. 166. ?, PL 29, fig. 258. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype <$, MANCHURIA, " Manchuria ", Brit. Mus. slide No. 4852, in B.M. Paratypes. MANCHURIA, 2 <, " Sidemi, (Jackowski), 1882 " ; 4 <, " Moers- chan, 100 km. (Charbin) " ; i J, " Hsioling Prov. (Kirin), 6.viii.39"; i cJ, " Yablonga, 23.vii.37 ", (all in Munich Museum) ; 2 $, (ex Paravicini coll). EAST SIBERIA, i $, i $, " Amur, coll. Kalchberg ", (in Nat. Hist. Mus., Vienna) ; 2 <, 2 ?, " Narva, S. Ussuri " ; I , " Gensan, 1887, (Leech) ". Other material. JAPAN, 2 <$, i $, " Chigasaki, 23.viii.56, (Inoue) ", (in coll. Inoue). It is possible that the Japanese specimens represent a new subspecies. The number of " arms " of the cornutus is larger than in any other specimens examined. This species is related to E. flavofascialis Bremer. 10. Endotricha flavofascialis (Bremer) The hooked sacculus process of the male of this species separates it from all other species in this group. Endotricha flavofascialis flavofascialis (Bremer) Rhodaria flavofascialis Bremer, 1864 : 65. (East Siberia.) Holotype ? in Leningrad Museum. E. icelusalis Walker ; Hampson nee Walker, 18966 : 484. The moth is not figured, all the specimens examined were too poor to photograph. This subspecies differs from subspecies affinialis (PL 2, fig. 24) in the presence of a clearly defined yellow band in the forewing of the nominate subspecies. Genitalia. $, PI. 15, fig. 167. $, PI. 30, fig. 259. MATERIAL EXAMINED. EAST SIBERIA, 2 $, i ?. Endotricha flavofascialis affinialis South, stat. n. (PI. 2, fig. 2 4 ) E. affinialis South, 1901 : 418. (Japan.) Holotype <$ in B.M. Scenedra affinialis South ; Inoue, 1955 : 147. The median area of the forewing which is clearly defined in the nominate subspecies has almost disappeared in this subspecies. There is also a slight difference in the shape of the valve process which is more strongly upturned than in the nominate subspecies. Genitalia. As nominate subspecies. MATERIAL EXAMINED. JAPAN, 4 <. 11. Endotricha icelusalis (Walker) (PI. 2, figs. 17 and 20) Pyralis icelusalis Walker, 1859, 19 : 900. (North China.) Holotype $ in B.M. Pyralis rosealis Walker, 1865, 34 : 1236. (North China.) Holotype $ in B.M. Endotricha icelusalis Walker form rosealis Walker, auct. E. icalusalis Walker ; Caradja and Meyrick, 1936 : 149 (mis-spelling). E. icelusalis var rosealis Walker ; Caradja, 1932 : 121. There is considerable variation in the brick-red ground colour of this species. This species varies in size and is generally larger than E. flavofascialis which it 4 i4 PAUL E. S. WHALLEY externally resembles, (icelusalis, wing, 9 mm. ; flavofascialis , wing, 8 mm.). The lack of the yellow discal spot separates this species from kuznetzovi and the straight subterminal line on the fore wing separates it from flavofascialis. Genitalia. <, PL 15, fig. 168. ?, PL 30, fig. 260. Curious pores are visible in the bursa copulatrix near the signum in the female. I have not seen them in any other species, their position does not appear to be constant. MATERIAL EXAMINED. CHINA, 5 $, n $ ; JAPAN, 5 $, 3 $ (including i $ in Canadian National coll.). 12. Endotricha trichophoralis Hampson (PL i, fig. 14) E. trichophoralis Hampson, 1906 : 209. (Singapore.) Holotype $ in B.M. This species is only known from the damaged type and a single female specimen, which lacks an abdomen. Genitalia. 3, PL 15, fig. 169. MATERIAL EXAMINED. MALAYA, i $ ; BORNEO, i . THE LUTEOGRISALIS SPECIES GROUP The next nine species show some features in common, particularly the tendency for a reduction in the size of the cornutus in the aedeagus, which may even be absent. There is also a general similarity in pattern between the species in this group. The group is not a natural one, the similarities probably being due to convergence. 13. Endotricha luteogrisalis Hampson (PL 2, fig. 23) E. luteogrisalis Hampson, 1896^ : 136. (Bhutan.) Holotype $ in B.M. Genitalia. <, PL 16, fig. 170. MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIAN SUBCONTINENT (North), 2 <$. 14. Endotricha punicea sp. n. (PL i, fig. 15) cJ. Wing 8 mm. Head brown tinged with pink. Thorax with prominent tegulae of yellowish scales suffused with pink. Abdomen, yellow dorsally, suffused with pink, pink laterally. Coremata yellowish. Forewing. Pinky red with broad yellow band. Apical ^ of fringe yellow with brown base, rest pink with yellow tips. Dark brown terminal line, continuous. Terminal area deep rose pink. Subterminal line irregularly sinuous. Broad subterminal band pink suffused with black scales. Black discal spot. Median band bright yellow. Sub-basal and basal areas pinky red suffused with black. REVISION OF THE GENUS ENDOTRICHA ZELLER 415 Hindwing. Fringe pink, dark line through centre, white tipped. Terminal area brown, narrow. Colour and pattern as forewing. Underside. Forewings mostly pink suffused with black. Yellow patch on anterior ^ of median area. $. Similar. Genitalia. <$, PL 18, fig. 186. ? PI. 30, fig. 262. This species resembles E. flavifusalis Warr., but the genitalia are distinct. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Hole-type <$, TIBET, " Tay-Tou-Ho, Chasseurs Thibetain, 1896 ", Brit. Mus. slide No. 4594, in B.M. Paratypes. TIBET, 3 , 6 $, (data as type). 15. Endotricha ruminalis (Walker) (PI. 2, fig. 2 7 ) Agrotera ruminalis Walker, 1859, 17 : 387. (North Hindustan.) Holotype <$ in B.M. Endotricha ruminalis Walker ; Hampson, 18966 : 484. Pyralis ibycusalis Walker, 1859, 19 : 899. (N. India.) Holotype $ in University Museum, Oxford. Endotricha symphonialis Hampson, 1893 : 161. (Ceylon.) Holotype $ in B.M. This species is variable in colour over its whole geographic range but the genitalia are constant. Hampson gives Burma and East Pegu as localities for this species (18960 : 135 and 18966 : 484) but I have not seen these specimens. Genitalia. <, PL 16, fig. 171. $, PL 30, fig. 261. MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIAN SUBCONTINENT (North), 3 $ ; CEYLON, i . 17. Endotricha affinitalis Hering (PL 2, fig. 26) E. affinitalis Hering, 1901 : 45. (Sumatra.) Lectotype selected, labelled " 1889, Sumatra Jeli, Sta.", in Warsaw Museum, Poland. 416 PAUL E. S. WHALLEY This species is known only from the lectotype, the remaining specimens having been lost. There are slight differences between this species and E. loricata Moore Genitalia. ?, PI. 30, fig. 264. MATERIAL EXAMINED. SUMATRA, i $ (in Warsaw Museum coll.). 18. Endotricha punctico stalls (Walker) (PL 2, figs. 22 and 25) Rhisina puncticostalis Walker, 1865, 34 : 1324. (Australia.) Holotype <$ in B.M. Endotricha ustalis Snellen, 1880 : 201. (Celebes.) Lectotype ; Tanganyika, 5 $ (in Munich Mus. coll.) ; EGYPT, 4 <, 2 $ ; SUDAN, 2 $ ; W. AFRICA, Ghana, x ; TAHITI, 3 , (data as type) ; 3 g, 3 $, " Erromanga, 1930 (Cheesman) " ; LOYALTY Is., 2 (J, i ?, " E. Lifu, Cap des Pins, 1950 (Chees- man) " ; NEW CALEDONIA, i $, " Tinchialit, 1949 (Cheesman) ". 38. Endotricha plinthopa Meyrick (PL 5, figs. 68 and 71) E. plinthopa Meyrick, 1886 : 214. (Samoa.) Holotype $ in B.M. Genitalia. <$, PL 19, fig. 192. $, PL 32, fig. 277. MATERIAL EXAMINED. SAMOA, 3 <, 6 $. REVISION OF THE GENUS ENDOTRICHA ZELLER 425 39. Endotricha sexpunctata sp. n. (PL 5, fig- 74) grey. Posterior margin as far as zA black with a few red scales near tornus. Rest of wing between Cu la and zA white. Ante- and post-medial fascia lightly demarcated with black scales. Underside. Forewing : greyish brown, prominent line of long yellow scales along Cu lb . Some large raised scales over base of cell. Hindwing, anterior margin with yellowish scales, area anterior to M t grey. Dark patches of scales over marginal part of Cw 2 and iA. Wing crossed by two zig-zag dark lines from ^ distance from apex to near tornus. A few reddish scales along Sc, R, Rs, and M^ $ i. Forewing. Costa yellow and black alternate patches. Fringe white, base of fringe black. Terminal line interrupted blackish. Subterminal line sinuous yellowish white. Median area yellowish, rest of wing reddish brown, irrorate with black. Hind wing. Similar, paler. Underside silvery grey, irrorated with black. $2. Forewing. No median band. General colour orange brown, reddish purple in terminal area. Hindwings. Similar, paler, irrorated with red. These two forms of the female of this species are the extremes. Intermediates occur where the median area is just demarcated. Genitalia. 43. Endotricha ardentalis Hampson (PL 6, fig. 88) E. ardentalis Hampson, 18960 : 135. (N. India.) Holotype $ in B.M. This species is known only from the type. I have examined a large number of N. Indian specimens without being able to match the genitalia of this species. It is possible that the curious structure at the opening of the bursa is a teratological condition. However, externally there are some slight differences between this species and E. similata Moore, so that I am retaining ardentalis as a good species. Genitalia. , PL 33, fig. 284. MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIAN SUBCONTINENT (North), i $. REVISION OF THE GENUS ENDOTRICHA ZELLER 427 44. Endotricha sondaicalis Snellen (PL 2, fig. 30) E. sondaicalis Snellen, 1880 : 200 (Celebes.) Holotype ? in the Leiden, Holland. E. similata Moore ; Hampson nee Moore, 18966 : 484. I have been unable to place this species, which is known from the type $ only. It may be related to E. melanobasis Hampson. Genitalia. $ PL 33, fig. 285. MATERIAL EXAMINED. CELEBES, i $ (in Leiden Mus. coll.). 45. Endotricha costaemaculalis Christoph I have not seen the type of this species but have examined specimens which have been compared with the type by Dr. Kuznetzov. This species is almost identical with E. fuscifusalis Hampson from N. India. I have so little material available that I am placing E. fuscifusalis Hampson as a subspecies and describing a new, but closely related species, (E. eximia sp. n.) from N. India. The Russian, Chinese and Formosan specimens of E. costaemaculalis have small pits in the juxta of the male, whereas the Indian specimens have a smooth juxta. Intermediates occur in S. Tibet where, although the external appearance resembles that of the Indian subspecies, the juxta is slightly pitted. Endotricha costaemaculalis costaemaculalis Christoph. (PL 6, figs. 77, 79 and 80) E. costaemaculalis Christoph, 1881 : 4. (E. Siberia.) Holotype $ in Leningrad Mus. E. fuscobasalis Ragonot ; Hampson nee Ragonot, 18966 : 484. Genitalia. <, PL 20, fig. 196. , PL 32, fig. 278. MATERIAL EXAMINED. EAST SIBERIA, 2 <$, 4 $ ; KOREA, i $ ; CHINA, i $. Endotricha costaemaculalis formosensis Hampson. stat. n. (PL 6, fig. 76) E. formosensis Hampson, 1916 : 363. (Formosa.) Holotype . Endotricha costaemaculalis fuscifusalis Hampson. stat. n. (PL 6, figs. 78 and 81) E. fuscifusalis Hampson, i896a : 134. (N. India.) Holotype <$ in B.M. ENTOM. 13, ii 23 428 PAUL E. S. WHALLEY The subterminal line is straight and lacks the " elbow " present in the nominate subspecies. Usually slightly larger than the nominate subspecies, it lacks the pitting on the juxta of the male. The genitalia are otherwise similar to the nominate subspecies. MATERIAL EXAMINED. INDIAN SUBCONTINENT (North), 4 <^, 5 ? ; TIBET (South), 3 $ ; CHINA (South), 1^,1$. 46. Endotricha eximia sp. n. (PI. 6, figs. 82 and 85) cJ. Wing 9 mm. Head light grey-brown. Thorax grey-brown with white tegulae. Abdo- men grey-brown suffused with black. Forewing. Subapical part of fringe white, rest smoky grey. Terminal margin with small black dots. Terminal area reddish brown suffused with black. Subterminal line white edged with black, in costal quarter turns away from terminal margin of wing then descends downwards to hind margin of wing. Subterminal area blackish brown, lighter in costal quarter. Median band white, curved, edged with black. Sub-basal area suffused with orange-brown scales, inter- mixed with black. Basal area brown, irrorate with black. Costal margin black, interrupted with white semilunar marks, each with a darker central spot. Hindwing. Ground colour off-white. Usually two white sinuous median lines edged with black, becoming very faint anteriorly. Underside. Paler, distinct discal spot. Subterminal line conspicuous, black. Hindwings crossed by two prominent, black, slightly sinuous lines. $. Similar, basal area of forewing light brown with less black suffusion. Genitalia. <$, PL 21, fig. 202. ?, PL 33, fig. 279. This species is related to E. costaemaculalis fuscifusalis Hampson. It differs in the smaller size and paler hind wings. The male genitalia differ in the shape of the juxta and the presence of a thin line of spines in the aedeagus (there is a plate of spines in subsp. fuscifusalis Hamps.). The subterminal line of eximia Whalley varies in different specimens, and may be broken or heavily irrorate with black scales. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype #, INDIAN SUBCONTINENT (North), " Khasis, 1897 " Brit. Mus. slide No. 4654, in B.M. Paratypes. INDIAN SUBCONTINENT (North), 4 <$, i $, (data as type) ; i $ " Sikkim ", in Warsaw Museum. 47. Endotricha fuscobasalis Ragonot (PL 6, figs. 83 and 86) E. fuscobasalis Ragonot, 1891 : 526. (Punjab, Pakistan.) Holotype <$ in Paris Mus. E. costaemaculalis Christoph. ; auctt. (misidentification.) The type specimen has a label in Meyrick's handwriting: "seems to be aethiopa [i.e. E. aethopa Meyrick] but specimen is too worn ". In fact this is a very distinct species as can be seen from the genitalia. The large black patches on the anterior margin of the hind wing of E. fuscobasalis are particularly conspicuous. The $ is unknown. Genitalia. , PI. 34, fig. 287. This is a very striking species and shows some similarities in the $ genitalia with E. rhodomicta Hampson. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype <$, NEW GUINEA, " Mt. Goliath, about 130 long., Feb., 1911, (Meek) ", Brit. Mus. slide No. 4784, in B.M. Paratypes. NEW GUINEA, 6 <, i ?, (data as type) ; I ?, " Mt. Tafa, 8,500 ft., Mar. 1934 (Cheesman) ". 54. Endotricha borneoensis Hampson (PI. 7, fig. 100) E. borneoensis Hampson, 1916 : 365. (Sarawak.) Holotype $ in B.M. Doththa mesenterialis var. Walker, 1859, 19 : 920. The type of borneoensis is badly damaged and lacks an abdomen. This species is similar externally to E. persicopa Meyrick, from which it can be distinguished by the hindwing having only a trace of dark red at the apex of the wing, instead of all down the margin as in persicopa. The genitalia are very distinct. The Malayan specimens are slightly larger than the more southern specimens and may represent a new subspecies. Genitalia. $, PI. 20, fig. 201. ?, PI. 34, fig. 288. MATERIAL EXAMINED. SARAWAK, i $ ; SOLOMON Is., i $ ; NEW GUINEA, 3 $ ; MALAYA, i <. THE RHODOMICTA SPECIES GROUP The genitalia of the species in this group and their very similar external appearan- ces suggests that they are closely related. The last three species (aureorufa, rhodo- micta and munroei) are sibling species. They appear to be geographically isolated in New Guinea but further collecting may show that their distribution overlaps. 432 PAUL E. S. WHALLEY 55. Endotricha persicopa Meyrick This is a bright pink and yellow species, easily separated from most other species in the genus. It is very constant in colour over its whole geographic range. The female of this species is peculiar in the genus Endotricha in having a stout spine on the signum of the bursa which projects into the cavity of the bursa itself. Endotricha persicopa persicopa Meyrick (PL 7, fig. 103) E. persicopa Meyrick, 1889 : 506. (New Guinea.) Lectotype $ selected from syntypes ex. Meyrick coll. labelled, " New Guinea, S., [i8]88 ", in B.M. E. buralis Holland, 1900 : 582. (Buru I.) Holotype $ in Pittsburg, U.S.A., syn. n. Genitalia. $, PI. 21 , fig. 206. $, PI. 34, fig. 289. MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEW GUINEA, 18 ^, 23 $ ; NEW IRELAND, i , PI. 36, fig. 305. MATERIAL EXAMINED. MOLUCCAS Is., 4 <, 3 . (2 J and 2 $ in Transvaal Mus.). Endotricha simplex rosselli subsp. n. (PL 9, fig. 127)