No. 1. — Reports on the Dredging Operations off the West Coast of 
Central America to the Galapagos, to the West Coast of Mexico, 
and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, 
carried on hg the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross" 
during 1S91, LiEUT, Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., 
Commanding. XXIX. 
AND 
Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Tropical 
Pacific, in charge of Alexander AcxASSIZ, on the U. S. Fish 
Commission Steamer " Albatross " from August, 1899, to March, 
1900, Commander Jefferson T. Moser.U. S. N., Commanding. 
V. 
Reports on the Cephalopoda. By William E. Hoyle. 
The collection made by the "Albatross" during 1891 came into my 
hands in the year 1892. In the summer of 1893 I took the specimens to 
Copenhagen and spent some time studying them in the Zoological 
Museum of that city. I had then the pleasure and privilege of discuss- 
ing the more interesting forms with the doyen of students of Cephalopoda, 
Professor Steenstrup, and with his assistant, Dr. Posselt. Both these 
have since died, but the memory of their ready sympathy and helpful 
counsel remains and is hero gratefully acknowledged. I have also re- 
ceived assistance from my friend Dr. Georg Pfefter, for which I beg to 
tender him my sincere thanks. 
Some preparations of tlio luminous organs of Abndiopsis were exhibited 
at the meeting of tlie German Zo logical Society at Gotlingen in 1893, 
and also at the British Association in Nottingham in the same year, but 
after that, owing to tlie claims arising from the charge of a rapidly 
growing museum, no further progress was made for some years. 
The collection consists of thirty species (including a few forms to 
which I have not found it ])ossible to affix names), distributed in nine- 
teen genera, one of which (Froekenia) is new. Another {Pteri/giolcuthis) 
VOL. XLIII. — NO. 1 1 
2 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
was first found by the "■ Albatross," but its publication has been antici- 
pated by the description of au immature example by Dr. H. Fischer in 
1896. There are six species described as new. I have also proposed a 
new genus {Pyroteuthis) for the Enoploteuthis viaryaritifera of Euppell. 
In the preparation of the Plates I have utilized a number of water- 
color drawings made on the expedition by Mr. Agassiz and Mr. Magnus 
Westergren whilst the animals were still fresh and the colors of life 
retained. It would be well if this ])ractice had been followed on other 
expeditions, as the appearance of Cephalopoda changes very markedly 
after preservation in alcohol. The other figures are based upon my own 
sketches, carefully made to scale, and in making the finished drawings 
I have had the assistance of Miss Mabel B. Ede, Miss E. R. Dust, and 
Dr. J. H. Ashworth. 
In conclusion I have to express my gratitude to Mr. Agassiz for the 
opportunity of studying such an interesting collectiun. 
I subsequently received a smaller collection made by the " Albatross " 
during a cruise among the Pacific Islands in 1899-1900, which contained 
thirteen species, one of which was new to science and forms the type of 
a new genus, Cirrobrachium. 
LIST OF SPECIES. 
OCTOPODA. 
Cirroteutliidae 3 
1. Cinoteuthis, sp 4 
2. " sp 4 
3. Slaiiroieuthis hippocrepium, 
sp. II 
4. Fioekenia ctani, g. n., 
sp. n 7 
Alloposidne 8 
5. liolitn frill mirrocolyla . . 9 
Arf^onautiilne 11 
0. Artjonaitla hiana .... 11 
7. " argo .... 12 
8. " sp 12 
Tremoctopodidne 12 
0. Tremoctupuiipioyantis . 12 
10. " iirii/«>fiHs, sp. n. \'^ 
Polypodiilae 14 
11. Polypus occidrntaliii 14 
12. " orulif'rr, sp. n. . 1 } 
13. " pusiUus .... 10 
PAOB 
14. Pohipus tonganus? ... 17 
15. " jamiarii . . . . 18 
16. " macropusl ... 18 
17. " sp 18 
18. " sp 20 
19. " sp 20 
20. " sp 20 
21. Muscliites rotunda ... 21 
22. " verrucosa . . . 21 
2-j. FArdnnella diaphana . . 22 
24. Jiipetella prismatica . . . 23 
DECAPOD A. 
MvorsiDA. 
Sepiolidne 24 
25. Euprymnn sicnoductyla . 24 
Incertae eedis 28 
20. CIrrobrtichinm Jilifernm, 
g n., sp. n 28 
Loliginidne 29 
27. lAtlitio dioincdcat', ep. n. . 29 
28. Sipio:euthis lunulata . . 31 
HOYLE : REPORTS ON THE CEPIIALOrODA. 
PAGE 
CEgopsida 
Ommastrepliidae 31 
29. Ommastrephes, sp.? ... 31 
30. Symplcctotenthis oualaniensis 32 
31. Rhi/nchoteuthis chuni, sp. n. . 32 
Bathyteutliidae 33 
32. Bfithij tenth is ahyssicola . . 33 
Mastigoteuthidae 34 
33. Muslifjoleuthis dentatu, sp. n. 34 
Onychoteutliidae 35 
34. Oni/clioleuthis hanksi ... 35 
35. Teleoteuthis caribcea ... 35 
PAGE 
36. Onj'choteuthid.gen.et sp.? 3t> 
Enoploteutliidae 30 
.37. Abraliopsis hoylei ... 30 
38. " sp.? .... 38 
39. Pteri/ijioteuthis glarcli . . 39 
Histioteuthidae 42 
40. Calliteulkis reversa ... 42 
Cranchiidae 43 
41. Cranchin scahra .... 43 
42. Taoiiius, sp 44 
Incertae sedis 44 
43. Decapod, fam., gen. et sp.? 44 
Family CIEEOTEUTHIDAE. 
Cirroteuthidae, Keferstein, '66, p. 1447. 
This family was defined by its founder Keferstein ('66, p. 1447) as follows : 
" Kbrper mit rundlichen Flossen, von weicher Consistenz. Mantel rundum 
bis zur Trichterbasis mit dera Kopfe verwachsen. Eine knorpelige, breite 
innere Schule (wahrscheinlich als verwachsene Riickenknorpel anzuseben)." 
This definition still holds good in all essential points : there might be added to 
it the words, — " suckers in a single series alternating with paired cirri, raduli 
absent ; " and in view of the variety which has since been shown to exist in 
the form of the internal cartilage, the word " breite " might be advantageously 
omitted. 
Here are included at present the following genera : — 
Cirroteuthis. — Dorsal cartilage saddle-shaped ; umbrella present, intermedi- 
ate web present or absent. 
Stauroteuthis. — Dorsal cartilage horseshoe-shaped with the free ends 
directed towards the head ; umbrella present, intermediate web present. 
Froekcnia. — Dorsal cartilage horseshoe-shaped, the free ends directed 
towards the head ; umbrella absent. 
CIRROTEUTHIS. 
Cirroteuthis Eschriclit, '36, p. G27. 
The species of this genus hitherto known may be discriminated by the 
annexed key : — 
I Total length to brcadtli about 3:1 plena Verrill. 
' I Total length to breadtli more than 4:1.... 2. 
Length and breadth of fin equal to length and 
breadth of body meqaptera Vorrill. 
Length and breadth of fin less than length and 
breadth of body 3. 
bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
Interme<liate web absent parifica Hojle. 
Intermediate web present 4. 
( Internal cartilage longer than broad tiiUlleri Eschriclit. 
■ ( Internal cartilage broader than long magna Hoyle. 
Tlie characters of C. umhellata as given b}- Fischer ('83, p. 402) do not 
enable nie to discriminate between his species and those described by Verrill ; 
in fact, from the account of his two larger specimens it seems not unlikely that 
they ought to be referred to the genus Opisthoteuthis Yerrill ('83, p. 113). The 
phrase " le corps . . . etait tellement court qu'on ne distinguait, au premier 
abord, que le disque forme par les bras, et que I'animal rasseniblait en queltjue 
sorte k une asterie nioUe (Hymenaster)." A comparison of this description 
with the figures of 0. depressa given by Ijima and Ikeda ('95, p. 133) is, to say 
the least of it, very suggestive. 
Since the above was writteu I have seen Professor Joubin's important work 
(: 01) on the collections made by the " Princesse Alice," in which he records 
the capture of examples identified with C. umhellata. He does not seem very 
certain of this identification, for he speaks of having arrived at it " par exclusion 
successive," and adds that "les deux ou trois caracteres signales par P. Fischer, 
. . . s'appliquent bien a rechantillon de la Princesse Alice." It seems to 
me, however, that M. Joubin overlooks the important account of the general 
shape just alluded to. In any case a comparison of his figures and descriptions 
with those given below suggests very strongly that his specimens are the same 
as the species here called Stauroteuthis hippocrepium (see p. 6). 
1. Cirroteuthis, sp. 
HrtAtW. — Station 3414, off Tehuantepec, April 8, 1891; lat. 10° 14' N. ; 
long. 90° 28 W., 2232 fathoms ; green mn^l ; temperature, surface 82°, bottom 
35.°8; one specimen, No. 7945 A. [H. 33.] ^ 
But little is left of this specimen ; the bead and body have entirely disap- 
peared with the exception of one gill and one eye, and the arms "have lost nmst 
of their integument and of the umbrella connecting them. So far as can be 
seen, it agrees in many respects with C. pacifica from the "Challenger" 
Expe<lition (Hoyle, '86, p. 61), the only noteworthy difference being that the 
nodule wliich indicates the attachment of the web to the ventral side of the arm 
is rather less instead of rather more than halfway up the arm, Init as the dorsal 
cartilage was not preserved, it is impossible to say with certainty whether it 
belonged to the genus Cirroteuthis or to Stauroteuthis. 
2. Cirroteuthis, sp. 
Hahitnt. — Stition .33.')S ; off Cape Mala; F.bniary 2t, 1891 ; lat. 0° 30' N., 
long. 81° 44' \V., :>.*>.') fathoms ; temperature, surface 83°, bottom, 4().°2 ; green 
sand. 
* Tl)e ntimbors in sqiinrc brackets preceded by " H " ri'fcr to my own register 
of specimens examined. 
HOYLE : REPORTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 5 
On the margin of the drawing of specimen 7961 is a memorandum to the 
effect that the " wire came up with a large film of the violet membrane of ten- 
tacles : must have been a large specimen at least X 20 this one." No further 
record is to be found, and the fragments do not appear to have been preserved. 
STAUROTEUTHIS. 
Stauroteuthis Verrill, '79, p. 468; '81, p. 382, Plate 32, Figs. 1-5. 
In the " Challenger " Report (Hoyle, '86, p. 61), I ventured to throw some 
doubt on the validity of this genus. The examination of the "Albatross" 
collection has, however, led me to believe that these doubts were ill foundeil. 
The genus presented many obvious resemblances to Cirroteuthis, and it ap- 
peared quite possible that the recorded differences were due to defects in tlie 
preservation of the specimens. The chief points of distinction seemed to be 
the form and position of the dorsal cartilage and the attachment of the web to 
the tips of the arms. 
With respect to the former I have now no doubt whatever that the horizon- 
tal position of the horseshoe-shaped cartilage is normal. This was unquestion- 
ably the case in the specimen (No. 7942), which forms the type of S. 
hippocrepium below : it was seen too in the young specimen figured in the 
" Challenger " Report ('86, p. 65, Plate 13, Figs. 5, 6). In that particular 
instance I regarded it as a juvenile character, for in the example, which was 
taken to be a more mature one of the same species, the cartilage seemed to be 
placed vertically. That specimen was, however, much distorted, and I now 
incline to the view that the horseshoe-shaped cartilage is normally horizontal, 
as Professor Verrill has figured it in the type of his genus. 
To the genus Stauroteuthis I should now refer the following species which 
may be thus diagnosed : — 
1. S. syrtenns : "cartilage forming a median angle, directed backward": 
fins triangular ; umbrella reaching equally up dorsal and ventral aspects of 
the arm; no nodule where the free edge of the web joins the ventral aspect 
of the arm ; intermediate web present.^ 
2. S. meangensis: cartilage horseshoe-shaped with angular process on the 
outer aspect of the curve ; fins'long, narrow, and pointed ; umbrella extending 
only four-fifths up the ventral aspect of the arm and provided with a nodule 
where it joins the arm ; intermediate wch absent. 
3. (S. hippocrepium : cartilage horseshoe-siiaped, smooth externally ; fins 
paddle-shaped ; umbrella extending nearly halfway up the ventral a.-'pect of 
the arm, and provided with a nodule at the point of union ; intermediate wcb 
absent. 
1 By "intermediate" web is meant a membrane which joins the arms to the 
umbrella. 
6 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
3. Stauroteuthis hippocrepium, sp. n. 
(Plate 1, Fig. 1 ; Plate 2, Fig. 1 ; Plate 3, Figs. 1-4.) 
Habitat. — Station 3374, southwest of Malpelo Island ; March .3, 1891 ; lat. 
20 35' N., long. 83" 53' W., 1823 fathoms ; green ooze ; temperature, surface BO®, 
bottom 36.°4 ; one specimen, No. 7942. [H. 47.] 
The Body is ovoid, about half as long again as broad ; the mantle-opening, as 
usual in the genus, closely surrounds the base of the siphon, which is com- 
paratively small and subulate. What remains of the fins (Plate 3, Fig. 2) is 
muscular, flattened, pointed, and directed outwards and forwards ; at the base 
of each is a gently hollowed, subtriangular surface, which during life articulated 
with the external surface of the anterior end of the dorsal cartilage (Plate 3, 
Fig. 3). There are, however, traces of a membranous expansion on the ante- 
rior edge of the fin. The dorsal cartilage is horseshoe-shaped (Plate 3, Fig. 1) 
and disposed in the horizontal plane of the body, with the concavity directed 
forwards : its surface is smooth, without any characteristic markings or 
prominences. 
The Head is so macerated that no description of it is possible. 
The Arms are subequal, and rather stout, soft, and tapering, rounded on the 
aboral aspect, wedge-shaped on the oral, the row of suckers occupying the 
narrow end of the wedge. All have lost their tips so the measurements given 
are merely approximate ; their original length, however, would be from 5 to 
10 mm. greater than the dimensions here given. The umbrella is entirely 
wanting, but it appears to have been attached directly to the arm, so that 
there was no intermediate web. It is impossible to ascertain how far the web 
extended on the dorsal side of the arm, but on the ventral its attachment ter- 
minated nearly halfway up the arm about the 25th sucker, as is shown by the 
presence in that position of a horny induration (Fig. 4) somewhat resembling 
that in S. meangensis (Iloyle, '86, Plate 11, Fig. 2). The suckers are upwards 
of 50 in number, and of tlie usual form, the largest being just over 1 nmi. in 
diameter. The cirri are very small and begin as minute papillae only percep- 
tible with a lens between the fourth and fifth suckers ; they extend up the 
arms V)eyond the attachment of the web on the ventral aspect, but how much 
further it is impossible to sjiy. 
The color, when ciiptured, is shown in Plate 1, Fig. 1, Plate 2, Fig. 1. 
Dimensions. 
mm. 
Length, total about 80 
Knd «if body to niantle-inargin 2-3 
Brc'a<ltli of body I'O 
Breadth of lii-ad 22 
Length of fin > 28 
IJrcailtli of fin (at oriRin) 13 
Diameter of liir^ji'st sucker on arm 1.2 
* The length of tJic fin is measured from tlic root outwards towards the tip. 
HOYLE : REPORTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 7 
Right. Left. 
Length of first arm 80+ 904- 
Lengtli of second arm 75-f- 85-f- 
Length of tliird arm 70-|- 85-|- 
Lengtli of fourth arm 65-h 75-j- 
Fortiinately two excellent colored drawings were made of this specimen 
when it was captured, which give a much better idea of its general appearance 
than could be obtained from the sadly mutilated creature which came into 
my hands. The animals of this family seem particularly difficult to preserve, 
whether it is that tlieir gelatinous tissues are not easily permeateil by the 
alcohol or what the cause may be I know not, but no single well-preserved ex- 
ample of this family has ever come into my hands. ^ In the present instance 
the body was much decomposed, especially on the dorsal aspect, where the integ- 
ument and subjacent tissues had entirely disappeared, leaving the cartilage in 
situ, but with its upper surface clearly exposed to view (Plate 3, Fig. 2) in 
such a way as to leave no doubt as to what was its normal position. The 
significance of this in reference to the generic position of the species I have 
already dwelt upon. 
I have remarked above that the figures and description of the examples 
called by M. Joubin (: 01) Cirroteuthis unihellata present a very striking 
resemblance to the species just described. This identification does not rest on 
a comparison with the type, and seems to me to be at variance with an impor- 
tant passage in Fischer's ail-too-short diagnosis. Unfortunately M. Joubin 
gives no account of the form or position of the internal cartilage, which would 
furnish important evidence for or against the view here suggested. 
FROEKENIA, g. n. ^ 
Allied to Cirroteuthis, with paired fins at the sides, but with no connecting 
membranes between tlie arms. 
4. Froekenia clara, ?p. n. 
(Plate 3, Fig. 3; Plate 3, Fig. 3.) 
Habitat. —Station 3358, off Cape Mala, February 24, 1891 ; lat. G° 30' N., 
long. 81° 44' W., 5.55 fathoms ; green sand ; temperature, surface 83°, bottom 
40."2. One specimen. No. 7961. [H. 50.] 
The Body is ovoid, broadest just in front of the fins, tapering slightly towanls 
the hinder extremity. The Jim are about e<inal in length to the breadth of 
1 Verrill ('96, p. 75, footnote) mentions that satisfactory results may be 
obtained by the use of a refrigerator. 
2 From tlie Danisli word " Fr<^ken,"' in honor of a lady to whose lieip 1 am 
indebted for mucii of the leisure utilized in preparing tiiis Report. 
8 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
the body, sub-elliptical in shape, the posterior margin almost sttaight, the 
anterior more curved. The internal cartilage (Plate 3, Fig. 5) lies in a hori- 
zontal plane around the hinder end of the body ; it is almost semicircular, 
delicate and transparent, and pointed at the extremities ; on the external sur- 
face near the extremity is a facet with which the base of the fin articulates ; 
the long axis of the fin is directed somewhat forward with respect to the 
median axis of the cartilage. 
The Head is short ; the eyes prominent, standing out somewhat further 
than the sides of the body. 
The Arms are long, slender, and sub-equal, and taper very gradually to their 
ends, but as these were in many instances mutilated, it is impossible to give 
accurate dimensions : the length was, hosvever, about 5-6 cm. The suckers are 
small, placed in a single series, very closely set, and of firm consistency, em- 
bedded in much soft connective tissue and not in the muscular substance of 
the arms. Most of the suckers were lost, and it was only here and there that 
I could find traces of the cirri alternating with them : those I did find were a 
little longer than the diameter of the suckers, and rather stout and blunt. 
The Color, when alive, is shown in the sketch reproduced on Plate 2, 
Fig. 2. 
The solitary specimen on which this species is based came into my hands 
in a state approachmg disintegration and fell to pieces under very careful 
handling. The characters which I was able to decipher are, however, quite 
sufficient to prove that it cannot be placed in any genus yet known. Fortu- 
nately a sketch, partly colored, was made of the animal immediately after its 
capture, which, reproduced in Plate 2, gives the form and proportions of the 
animal much more clearly than could be ascertained from the preserved speci- 
men. On the margin of the drawing is a memorandum by Mr. Agassiz to the 
effect that the creature was " like Cirroteiithi'^, but no film" (umbrella). This 
statement is very important, for it proves that the absence of the umbrella is 
not due to defective preservation. 
Family ALLOPOSIDAE. 
Alloposldae, Vcrrill, '81, p. 365. 
BOLITAENA. 
Dolitaena, Steenstrup, '59, p. 183. 
Although this generic name was published and very briefly characterized 
more than forty years ago (Steenstrup, '59, p. 18.3), the type was first di"- 
scriljcd in the "Challenger" Report (Hoyle, '86, p. !(>) from notes made in 
the Copenhagen Museum. It was tia-n placed by me in tlie family Puly- 
jMMlidai! (Octopcxlidat-) along witli EUdimrUa and some other forms, but on 
reconsidering the que.tlion in connectioa with the specimen to be described 
IIOYLE : RErOKTS OX THE CEPHALOrODA, 9 
below I have come to the conclusion that its affinities are rather with the genus 
Alloposm. It sliares with this tiie soft gelatinous consistency, the short rounded 
body, the relatively extensive umbrella, the large siphon, attached for its 
whole length to the inferior surface of the head, and the ligament attaching 
the margin of the mantle to the body in the middle line and passing just under 
the posterior edge of the siphon (compare Verrill, '81, Plate 39, Fig. 2). The 
chief distinction is that it has only a single row of suckers, but I think this 
is hardly sufficient to outweigh the numerous points of resemblance. The 
genus may perhaps be regarded as having the same relation to Alloposus that 
Moschites (Eledone) has to Polypus {Octopus). 
5. Bolitaena microcotyla. 
(Plate 3, Figs. 6-11; Plate 4, Fig, 1.) 
Bolitaena microcotijla, Steenstrup, '59, p. 183. 
Hoyle, '86, p. 16. 
JTa6ito<. — Station 3410, off Bindloe Island, 4 miles W., April 3, 1891 ; 
lat. 0° 19' N., long. 90° 34' \V., 331 fathoms ; black sand ; temperature, sur- 
face 82°, bottom 44. °2 ; one specimen. No. 7955. [H. 55.] 
This occurrence extends the known range of the genus, for the type species 
is from the Atlantic. The locality of a specimen in the Hamburg Museum, 
shown me by Dr. Pfeffer, is unknown. 
In general appearance this young specimen resembled a spheroidal mass of 
jelly barely 2 cm. in diameter ; on turning it about there were seen on one 
side several rows of suckers and on the other a deep transverse groove, whilst 
at opposite poles were two large eyes shining through the integument. The 
photographs reproduced on Plate 3 give an idea of the general appearance, 
whilst the seuii-diagrammatic side-view (Fig. 10) shows more clearly the dis- 
position of the parts. 
The Body and Head have no line of demarcation between them, but form 
a rounded mass ; the mantle-opening is very extensive, reaching far beyond the 
eyes ; it presents a somewhat \A/ -shaped appearance, owing to the arrangement 
of its attachments ; the free border of the mantle is united to the ventral 
aspect of the body by a ligament in the middle line, which passes just under 
the hinder margin of the funnel, whilst this latter has on either side a liga- 
ment binding it down to the apex of the gill (Plate 3, Fig. 11). The stiplum 
is very broad at the base and tai)ers rapidly down to a long tube, which termi- 
nates at a considerable distance in front of the eyes. The futimi organ is very 
prominent and indeed can be seen shining through the translucent wall of 
the siphon. It consists of an elongated white pad in the shape of a W, the 
central point being attached to the dorsal middle line of the siphon, whilst 
the extremities of the lateral limbs nearly meet in the ventral median line. 
On either side of the base of the siphon is a deep hollow, covered by a flap 
10 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology, 
of skin passing backward from the side of the head so as to form a valvB. This 
hollow space is traverse<l by a band of tissue containing the ganglion stellatum 
and the nerves connected with it. Behind the eye an<l just within the angle of 
the aperture of the mantle-cavity is a minute papilla, which is presumably the 
olfactory organ. The rectum, terminates at the base of the funnel in the 
middle line and emerges from the body wall through the ligamentous attach- 
ment of the mantle, which is forked to give it passage (Plate 3, Fig. 11). 
The anal appendages are spatulate. The radula has seven rows of teeth and 
does not show the arrangement stated by Steenstrup to be characteristic of the 
genus. According to him each row of the radula differs from those immedi- 
ately preceding and following it, but in such a way that the pattern repeats 
itself every five rows. It is quite possible that this character may appear as 
the animal becomes more mature. The drawing on Plate 4, Fig. 1, will give a 
better idea of the form and proportions of the teeth than any verbal 
description. 
Dimensions. 
cm. 
Length, total 1-8 
End of body to mantle-margin 0.7 
End of body to eye 10 
Breadth of body lo 
Diameter of largest sucker 0.1 
Right. Left. 
Length of first arm 2.0 2.0 
Length of second arm 1.6 1.6 
Length of third arm 11 11 
Longtli of fourth arm 1.1 11 
Suckers on first arm i 18 18 
Suckers on second arm 1 17 19 
Suckers on third arm ^ 14 12 
Suckers on fourth arm ' 13 12 
On opening the mnntle-cavitij, this is seen to be very short from before back- 
wards, l)ut very extensive laterally. The mantle is only bound down to the 
body wall in the median line for a short distance anteriorly (Plate 3, Fig. 11): 
behind tills it is free, so that there is a communication between the two sides. 
The gills lie one on either side, quite near the posterior margin of the sac ; each 
consists of half a dozen lamellae, cresceutic in form, with the concavity directed 
forwards, and subdivided into numerous tufts. Just at the apex of the gill is 
attached the ligament which binds down the lateral part of the sijdion, and 
proceeding outwards from this is a broad fold of skin passing backwards from 
the heail and furming a valve, when the mantle contracts over it. This fold 
of skin is large and loo.se, and the cavity, which is arched over by it during 
expiration, must contain a considerable qiiantity of water, to which must also 
* These numbers arc exclusive of minute evanescent suckers at the tips of the 
arms. 
HOYLE: REPORTS ON THE CEPHALOrODA. 11 
be added the amount lodged in the lateral extensions of the mantle-cavity, 
which reach completely round the body, meeting behind the visceral sac. In 
those cephalopods in which the body is elongated antero-posteriorly there is 
a large space in the mantle-cavity, behind the gills ; this may be fairly assumed 
to serve the purpose of holding a reserve supply of water which will gradually 
pass over the gills during expiration. In the present instance, owing to the 
short, rotund character of the body, space is found for a similar reserve store of 
water at the outer side of the gills. To the outer side of each gill this cavity 
is traversed by a ligament wliich contains the pallial nerve, the ganglion stel- 
latum, and the nerves proceeding from it. The specimen being small as well 
as unique 1 was able to make but few observations on its internal anatomy. 
The heart is fusiform, and lies transversely : the ink-sack is small and pyri- 
form ; the renal appendages of the veins large and floccular in appearance, and 
there is the usual curved caecum at the bottom of the visceral sac. I was not 
able to ascertain the sex of the specimen. 
I have recently had an opportunity of comparing this specimen with one 
belonging to the same genus in the Hamburg Museum, which closely resembles 
Steenstrup's type. I find the two specimens agree in the following points : 
1. The form and arrangement of the suckers and the umbrella. 
2. The mantle-cavity extending all round the visceral sac. 
3. The presence of a ligament containing the stellate ganglion. 
4. Tlie wide aperture of the mantle-cavity. 
5. The long siphon with intermediate ligaments. 
The principtil differences are that in the present individual the arm.s are pro- 
portionally larger and the umbrella does not extend so neiir to their ends, and 
that the siphon is proportionally somewhat longer. 
Notwithstanding the difference in the radula, above alluded to, I am inclined 
to believe the specimen under discussion to be a young example of Bolitaetux 
microcotyla. 
Family ARGONAUTID^. 
Argonautidae Cantrame, '40, p. 20.' 
ARGONAUTA. 
Argonauta Linne, :58, p. 708. 
6. Argonauta hians. 
Argonauta hians Solander, !86, p. 44. 
Argonauta gowJola Adams & Rteve, '48, p. 3, Plate 2, Figs. 2 i, 2 k, 2 1. 
Habitat. — Station 3425, off Las Tres Marias ; April 18, 1891 ; lat. 21° 19' X., 
long. 10()° 24' \V., G80 fathoms; green mud and sand; temperature, surface 
76°, bottom 39° ; one specimen, No. 8138. [H. (50.] 
12 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
This small broken specimen agrees exactly, as far as can be made out, with 
the figures of Adams and Reeve referred to above, and is of about the same size. 
The specific name gondola has been regarded by Von Martens ('67) and other 
authorities as a synonym of hians, and this view I have adopted. 
7. Argonauta argo. 
Argonauta argo Linne', f58, p. 708. 
Habitat. — Station 3371, off Cocos Island ; March 1, 1891 ; lat. 5° 26' 20" N., 
h)ng. 80° 55' W. ; temperature, surface 82°; two shells, immature; Xo. 8172. 
[H. 57, 58.] 
Station 2627 Hyd., off Cape San Francisco; March 25, 1891; lat. 0° 36' N., 
long. 82°45'W. ; temperature, surface 81°; one shell, immature; No. 8139. 
[H. 59.] 
The three specimens all belong to what Dr. von Martens ('67, p. 104) calls 
the forma aurita, figured by Ferussac and d'Orbigny ('35, Argonautes, 
Plate 2, Figs. 4,5). 
8. Argonauta, sp. 
(Plate 10, Fig. 13.) 
Habitat. — 50 miles south of Guaymas, surface ; one specimen 9 • [H. 56.] 
Station 236, off Arhno, Mar-shall Islands ; January 28, 1900; lat. 6° 34' N., 
long. 170° 59' E., surface, electric light; temperature, surface, 81°; one 
specimen 9 [H. 127], one ^ [H. 145]. 
Thase specimens are too young to admit of their being referred to any particu- 
lar species. The shell of the example from Guaymas (Plate 10, Fig. 12) is 
interesting as showing the form at this period of development : it is extremely 
delicate, and hence has been a little chipped at the edge. The dorsal anns 
show the usual expansion, greatly shrunken and contracted by the action of the 
spirit. 
Family TREMOCTOPODIDiE. 
Tremoclopodidae Tryon, '79, p. 130. 
Philunexidae (pars) d'Orbigny, '45, pp. 159, 199. 
TREMOCTOPUS. 
Tremoctopus delle Cliiaje, '29, Plates 70, 71. 
9. Tremoctopus quoyanus. 
Orlopu.1 (Phlloneris) i/itoi/iinus d'Orbigny, '35, p. 17, Pliitt" 2, Figs. 6-8. 
P/iiloiurit 7Hoy<iiii/5 Fcnissnc and d'Orbigny, '35, p. 90, Poulpes, Plate 16, Fig& 
ti-H, riiite '2:\, Fig. 6 
TremoctopuM ijuoijunus Hoyle, '86, p. 70, Plate 13, Fig. 7. 
hoyle: keports on the cephalopoda. 
13 
Habitat. — Tropical Pacific ; September 1, 1899 ; lat. 18° 19' N., long. 134° 57' 
W.; surface, 8 p. m.; temperature, surface 76° ; two specimens 9 . [H. 151, 152.] 
I refer these specimens to the above species with a 
little hesitation, because although the general appear- 
ance and relative lengths of the arms agree fairly well, 
there is a very definite pattern of conspicuous chro- 
matophores on the back of the head in both specimens, 
which does not appear either in d'Orbigny's description 
or figures. There are two large round chromatophores 
over each eye (compare Figure A), the anterior a little 
nearer the middle line than the posterior. Almost in 
the centre of these four is a smaller one, whilst two 
others nearer the middle line peep out from under the ^ ^ ^ 
mantle-margm behind. On the arms are first three or quoyanus? Dorsal 
four chromatophores in a single series, and then a view. X 2|. An., 
double series almost up to the extremity. Aquiferous pores. 
10. Tremoctopus scalenus,^ sp. n. 
(Plate 4, Figs. 6-9.) 
ITaftrtoi. — Station 3388, off Cape Mala ; March 9, 1891; lat. 7° 6' N., long. 
79° 48' W. ; temperature, surface 73°; one specimen 9, No. 7963. [11. 51.] 
The Body is roughly ovoid in form, but so mutilated posteriorly that it is 
difficult to make out its original shape correctly. The posterior extremity 
appears, however, to have been bluntly pointed as shown in the restored out- 
line (Plate 4, Fig. 7). 
The Head is small, the sides being occupied entirely by the prominent eyes. 
The integument is so damaged that the aquiferous pores can no longer be 
made out. 
The Arms are very slender and of unequal length, the second pair enor- 
mously exceeding the others. The Suckers (Figs. 8, 9) are small, prominent, 
widely separate and alternating. There is no trace of hectocotylization. 
Dimensions. 
mm. 
Length, total 120 
End of body to mantle-margin 15 
End of body to oye 17 
Breadth of body 9 
Breadtli of head 6.5 
Diameter of largest sucker 0.75 
^ In allusion to the marked inequality in the length of tiie arms. 
14 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
Right. Left. 
Lengtii of first arm 40 36 
Length of second arm 100 90 
Lengtii of third arm 50 24 
Length of fourth arm 25 26 
This form is sufficiently distinguished by the elongation of the second pair 
of arms. The disparity in length between the two arms of the third pair is 
noticeable, — the more so since that of the right side has a truncated extremity, 
as if it had been originally still longer. 
Family POLYPODTDAE, n. n. 
Octopodidae Auctorum. 
POLYPUS. 
Poll/pus Schneider, i84, p. 116. 
Octopus Lamarck. !99, p. 18. 
Polypus Hoyle, :01. 
I have elsewhere (: 01) shown that in accordance with the rules of zoologi- 
cal nomenclature now generally adopted, Schneider's name must take 
precedence of that proposed by Lamarck. It is no light matter to change a 
name that has been in daily use for just over a century, but I am so fully con- 
vinced that the only way of securing anything like uniformity in nomenclature 
is the rigid adherence to rules, that it seems to me best to make the change 
and tru.st to its gradual adoption. I notice that this view has been accepted 
by no less an authority than Mr. Edgar A. Smith, of the British Museum (: 02). 
11. Polypus occidentalis. 
Octopus vulqnris var. americanns d'Orbigny, '53, p. 14, I'late 1, Fig. 1. 
Octopus occidtntalis lloyle, '86, p. 77. 
HaMtat. — Charles Island, Galapagos L^lands, April 1, 1891 ; one specimen 
9 , No. 794.3. [H. 39.] 
On my la.st visit to Copenhagen I had the satisfaction of comparing this 
specimen with Steenstrup's type, in company with my friend the late Dr. H. 
J. Pofwelt, whose untimely death in July, 1896, cut short a career of unusual 
promise. 
12. Polypus oculifer, sp. n. 
(rinto 4, FiKH. 3,4.) 
Jlnhital. — CliarlcH Island, (jalai>agos Islands, March 31, 1891; one speci- 
men 9, No, 7948. [11.40.] 
hoyle: repokts on the cephalopoda. 15 
The Body is oMong, rounded behind, very little longer than broad ; with a 
slight depression in the ventral median line. The mantle-opening extends less 
than halfway round the body, terminating some distance below and behind the 
eye. The siphon is small and bluntly terminated, and would reach only about 
one-third of the distance from the mantle-margin to the edge of the umbrella. 
The Head is short, and, owing to the prominence of the eyes, consi leral)ly 
wider than the body. 
The Arms are sub-equal in length, the dorsal being somewhat shorter than 
the others : on the average they are tliree times as long as the body (measured 
to the eye). The umbrella is well developed between each pair of arms, though 
between the dorsal arms its radius is only 12 mm., whilst between the ventral 
it is 18 mm. (measured from the mouth). The suckers are of average size, 
closely set and rather prominent : the three proximal ones form a single series. 
On the third left arm the eleventh sucker is absent: a similar loss seems to 
have affected the second right arm, but to be in process of repair, for a small 
sucker is growing in the space between the ninth and eleventh, which was 
probably formerly occupied by a much larger one. No hectocotylus is present. 
The Surface is rough : the back is covered with granulations which become 
smaller on the sides and gradually vanish in the centre of the lower surface. 
These are also found on the external surface of the umbrella and on the proxi- 
mal jnoiety of the arms. Very minute granulations occur also on the internal 
surface of the unibrella and the adjacent portions of the sides of the arms. 
There are no cirri and no papillae which are much larger than the others. 
The Color (in spirit) is a dull violet, shading into ochre below. On the 
sides lighter patches are indistinctly seen sejjarated from each other by darker 
veins. In front of and below each eye between the bases of the lateral arms is 
an eye-like spot, distant about 7 mm. from the eye and 8 to II mm. from the 
umbrella margin (Plate 4, Fig. 4). It has a pale whitish centre, surrounded 
by a dark ring ; this in its turn is bounded by a broader area of the paler color 
of the skin, enclosed by a narrow dark line. 
Dimensions. njm. 
Length, total about 52 
End of body to mantle-margin 11 
End of body to eye 15 
Breadth of body 13 
Breadth of head 14 
Eye to edge of umbrella 13 
Diameter of largest sucker 2.3 
Right. Left. 
Lengtli of first arm 44 i 35 
Length of second arm 50 55 
Lengtli of tliinl arm 60 52 
Length of fourtli arm 40 60 
^ The lengths of tlio arms are measured from the mouth. 
16 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
From the five species of Polypus, which have hitherto been deecribett as hav- 
ing an ocellar spot in front of the eye, the present form is easily distinguished 
as follows : — 
1. From P. pulcher (Brock) ('87, p. 607 j by the rough surface of the body, 
combined with the absence of any specially prominent cirri. 
2. From P. areolatus (De Haan) (F^r. & D'Orb. '35, p. 65) by the dorsal 
(not the fourth arms being the shortest), by the smaller development of the 
arms, and by the centre of the eye-spot being light instead of dark. 
3. From P. ocellatiis (Appellof) ('86, p. 8) by the relative shortness of 
the ventral arms, by the absence of a cirrus over the eye, by the ocellus being 
situated nearer to the eye than to the umbrella margin, and by its having a 
white centre. 
4. From P. memhranaceus (Quoy & Gaimard) ('32, p. 89) by the absence 
of the lateral web on the body. 
5. From P. bimaculatm (Verrill, '83a, p. 121) by the rough granular surface, 
with a distinct cirrus over each eye, and by the ocellar spot being of a purplish 
black all over without any paler centre or ring. 
13. Polypus pusillus. 
(Plate 4, Fig. 5; Plate 5, Fig. 1.) 
Octopus pusillus Gould, '52, p. 478, Fig. 591. 
Octopus pusillus Tryon, '79, p. 112, Plate 31, Figs. 32, 33. 
Octopus pusillus Ortmann, '88, p. 614, Plate 21, Fig. 1. 
Station 3356, off Mariato Point ; February 23, 1891 ; lat. 7° 9' 30" N., long. 
81° 8' 3u" \V., 546 fathoms; soft blue mud ; temperature, surface 83°, bottom 
40.°1 ; one specimen 9, No. 7952. [H. 98.] 
Station 3358, off Cape Mala; February 24, 1891 ; lat. 6" 30' N., long. 81° 
44' W., 535 fathoms; green sand; temperature, surface 83", bottom 40. °2; 
one specimen 9> ^o- 7954. [H. 54.] 
SUitiim 3363, east of Cocos I.'^land; February 26, 1891 ; lat. 5° 43' N., long. 
85° 5f/ W., 978 fathoms ; white globigerina ooze ; temperature, surface 83°, 
bottom 37. °5; one specimen ^, No. 7949. [H. 38.] 
Station 3417, off Acapulco ; April 11, 1891 ; lat. 16° 32' N., long. 99° 48' W., 
493 fathoms ; green mud ; temperature, surface 82°, bottom 40.°6; one specimen 
9, No. 79.50. [11.37.] 
Station 3418, off Acapulco; April 11, 1891; lat. 16° 33' N., long. 99o 
52' 30" W., 660 fathoms; brown wind, black sp. ; temperature, surface 82°, 
bottom 39°; one specimen 9, No. 7953. [11. 43] 
It is not without hesitation that I refer all the.<e specimens to the above 
species. Gould's descriptitm leaves something to be desired in the matter of 
fulnes.s and prcci.'^ion, but the most conspicuous character (the lar^c globular 
eyes) is shared by them ; they also agree in the size of the umbrella and in the 
HOYLE : RErORTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 17 
smooth surface. The arms are given by Gould as being in order of length, 1, 
2, 3, 4; but it would appear from his figure that there is no great disparity 
between them and that they might with propriety be termed sub-equal. It 
may further be remarked, in this connection, that in Gould's specimen the 
arms were contorted by the contraction of the mantle, under which circum- 
stances accurate measurements are very difficult. In all these from the 
" Albatross " Expedition the arms are sub-equal ; in some one is a trifle longer, 
in others another. In the male specimen (No. 7949), in which the total length 
is 8.5 cm. and that of the longest arms G.5 cm., the hectocotylized arm is only 
4.5 cm. long and the modified extremity only 4 mm. This is of the usual 
form ; the centre of the spoon-shaped portion forms a rounded elevation with- 
out any transverse ribs (Plate 4, Fig. 5). The specimen numbered 7950 differs 
from the last (7949) in the paler dull-gray color, but this is possibly due to 
some difference in the mode of preservation. The body is distended and 
wrinkled, and much of the epidermis is stripped froiTi the arms. The proximal 
four suckers are in two rows, not in one, but I am not at all sure of the value 
of this character. 
The radnla presents a noteworthy character in the way in which the lateral 
denticles of the median tooth occupy successively higher positions as we pass 
backwards in the radula. There is thus produced a serial repetition which is 
completed in about five teeth (Plate 5, Fig. 1). 
Specimen No. 7954 is small (about 4.5 cm. in total length), but it seems to 
me also to belong to this species. It is a good deal more contracted and harder 
in consistency, and more ruddy in hue. The only diflference on account of 
which I should be inclined to separate it is the existence of a very small pale 
wart above each eye, but it is so small and the skin is a good deal wrinkled 
round about, so that it appears to me too insignificant a character to outweigh 
the numerous points of resemblance. 
14. Polypus tonganus ? 
Octopus toTKjatuts Hoyle, '86, p. 83, Plate 8, Figs. 1, 2. 
Habitat. — Pacific Ocean, between Columbia and Mexico; no more precise 
locality. Two specimens. No. 8040. [H. 34, 35.] 
The larger, a very flaccid and mutilated specimen, presents no characters bv 
which it can be distinguished from the species discovered by the "Challenger" 
at Tongatabu. The identification is a little uncertain because the " Chal- 
lenger" specimens were in a state of extreme contraction and the surface 
considerably injured by mutual pressure. 
One specimen is about 20 cm. in total length, the other about 6 cm. 
VOL. XLIII. — NO. 1 2 
18 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
15 Polypus januarii. 
(Plate 5, Fig. 2.) 
Octopus januarii Hoyle, '86, p. 97, Plate 7, Figs. 1-4. 
Habitat. — Station 3371, off Cocos Island; March 1, 1891; lat. 5« 26' 20" 
N., long. SG^SS'W., 770 fathoms; globi«,'erma ooze; temperature, surface 
82°, bottom 39° ; one specimen ^, No. 7944. [H. 41.] 
The body of this example was in a very rotten and disintegrated condition, 
and among the debris at the bottom of the bottle I found several spermato- 
phores. A portion of the radula is figured in Plate 5, Fig. 2. 
16. Polypus macropus? juv. 
Octopus macropus Risso, '26, p. 3. 
Octopus Cuvierti Fcrussac and d'Orbigny, '35, Poulpes, Plate 4. 
Octopus macropus Jatta, '96, p. 217. 
Habitat. — Arhuo Atoll, Marshall Islands ; January 24-26, 1900 ; lat. about 
7° N., long, about 171° 30' E. ; surface of the lagoon, electric light; one young 
specimen ?. [H. 111.] 
This small specimen, not qnite 10 cm. in total length, is mo.st likely the 
young of the widely distributed Polypus macropus (Risso), or possibly of an 
uudescribed species nearly allied to it. 
17. Polypus, sp. juv. 
(Plate 5, Figs. 3-9.) 
Habitat. — Station 335.3, off Cape Mala; February 23, 1891; lat. 7° 6' X., 
long. 80° 34' W., 695 fathoms; green mud; temperature, surface 73°, bot- 
tom 39°; 22 specimens, immature; No. 7941. [H. 73-94.] 
In the present instance a small shoal of young specimens would seem to 
have been captured in the trawl. They are quite immature, as may be seen 
fri>ra the fact that in some the yolk sac persists in the midst of the arms. I 
am not aware that specimens as large as these have been found leading a free 
e.xistence with the yolk sac still unabsorbed. I have seen advanced embryos 
of Sepia and Loli/jo when artificially liberated swim freely and actively about, 
though I do not know how long they can survive. 
The disposition of the suckers on the arms of these specimens is curious and 
interesting, for they are sometimes in one row, sometimes in two. In the 
majority of ca-ses the jjro.ximal and the distal suckers are in a single row 
(Fig. 7), whilst a greater or smaller number in the middle of the arm are 
aiTanged biserially (Fig. 6). There are, however, several cases in which the 
whole of the suckers are in a single series, and these occur in specimens where 
otlit-r arms have the arrangement descril)od above. The disposition is often 
very irregular, especially where the uniserial arrangement is changing to the 
HOYLE: ItErOItTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA.. 19 
biscrial (Fig. 5). The question might arise whether these examples belong to 
the genus Moschites (Eledo7ie), the uniserial being normal and the liiserial due 
to contraction, or whetlier they are a species of Polypus (Octopus) in which the 
uniserial arrangement is gradually becoming biserial. I have no hesitation in 
adopting the latter view, because the animals are undoubtedly young, as shown 
by the presence of the j'olk sac, and because, as I have elsewhere remarked, 
('86, p. 76) the suckers in the genus Polypus are not, strictly speaking, in two 
rows, but in one zigzag row. I am not aware whether this point has been 
established by an examination of embryos, but the j)resent series of young 
examples seems to indicate that the suckers are first formed in a single series 
which press each other sideways so as to form two rows as they become more 
crowded. 
It is quite impo.ssible to decide as to the species to which these specimens 
belong. From the size to which they have attained before losing the yolk sac 
it is likely that they are the young of some large specie.^, perhaps one hitherto 
undescribed. I give below a description, to facilitate the clearing up of this 
point at some future date. 
The Body (Figs. 3, 4) is ovoid, distinctly longer than broad, and the ventral 
groove is well marked. The mantle-opening is narrow, extending only about 
one-fifth round the body, and ending directly below the centre of the eve. 
The siphon is tapering and extends from one-third to halfway to the umbrella 
margin, according to its state of contraction. 
TJie Head is sliort and narrow, distinctly narrower than the body, and the 
eyes are round, black, and prominent. 
The Arms are sub-equal and conical, tapering to blunt extremities. They 
are about equal in length to the head and body together ; round in section ex- 
cept for the projection of the suckers. The umbrella extends about one-third 
up the arms. The suckers are small and closely set, and the arrangement va- 
ries between a biserial and a uniserial disposition as above describeil. 
The Surface of the dorsal half of the body, head and arms, is finely granular, 
the inferior half smooth. 
The Mantle is attached to the middle line ventral ly by a broad ligament, 
4 mm. wide, close to its free border. The edge of the mantle is turned over 
and thickened internally just within the free border so as to form a kind of 
ridge, which iits into a corresponding hollow in the base of tlie siphon (Fig. 8); 
this arrangement no doubt serves to insure the complete closure of the mouth 
of the mantle when water is being ejected through the funnel. 
T)ie Radula was extracted from one of the specimens and is fignretl on Plate 
5, Fig. 9. In the bending of the outermost teeth and the recurving of the 
parts of the inner laterals it seems to present signs of incomplete development. 
The centrals have a broad median cusp, tapering to an acute point, and on 
either side are rudiments of a small lateral cusp. The first and second laterals 
are triangular and pointed: the third laterals very long and slender and bluntly 
pointed. The irregular bending shown in the drawing is not, I think, a 
natural condition. 
20 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
Dimensions of Fujured Specimen. 
mm. 
Length, total «17 
End of body to eye 12 
Breadth of body 14 
Eye to edge of umbrella, dorsally 10 
Mantle-margin umbrella, ventrally 6 
Diameter of largest sucker 0.6 
Eight. Left. 
Length of first arm i 25 25 
Length of second arm 23 23 
Length of third arm (about) 22 22 
Length of fourth arm 20 20 
18. Polypus, sp. 
Habitat. — Papiete, Tahiti; on the reefs; November 14, 1899; one young 
specimen. [H. 146.] 
A young Octopus, 11 mm. in total length, -with a short bursiform body and 
sul>-equal amis, up vhich the umbrella extends for a distance of about 1 mm. 
The body and umbrella are liberally besprinkled with minute brown chromato- 
phore^ ; there is a single row of large pale red chromatophores along the outer 
aspect of each arm and there is a single similar one above each eye. 
19. Polypus, sp. 
Habitat. — Arhno Atoll, Marshall Islands; January 24-27, 1900; surface 
lagoon, electric liglit ; three young specimens. [H. 112, 113, 121.] 
These specimens are not specifically determinable ; tlieir most prominent 
characteristics are that the arms are sub-equal, the laterals being slightly larger 
than the dorsal or ventral. Each arm has on its outer surface a double row of 
chnjmatophores, which are small and black on the proximal third, then larger 
and more reddish in tint. There is also a patch of pale reddish chromatophores 
between the eyes ami (m the anterior part of the dor.sal surface. The total 
length is 20 mm., and the arms about 10 mm., measured from a point just iu 
front of the eye. 
20. Polypu3. sp. 
Habitat. — Makatea Island, Paumotu Archipelago; October 6, 1899 ; shore ; 
one young .specimen. [H. 12').] 
Mukcmo Island, Paumotu Archipelago; October 19 or 20, 1899; lagoon ; 
one young specimen, [il. 124.] 
This small Octopus, mea.<«uring about 3 cm. in total length, has no very 
striking characteristic*, and in view of the inadeijuacy of our knowledge of 
• Measured from a point opposite the centre of the eye. 
hoyle: keports on the cephalopoda. 21 
the forms from these islands it seems useless to attempt to affix a specific name 
to it. The specimen from Makemo Island is a little larger, hut has become 
dried and shrivelled so that its determination is even more uncertain. 
MOSCHITES. 
Moschites Schneider, !84, p. 118. 
Eledoue Leacli, '17, p. 137. 
Moschites Iloyle, :01. 
21. Moschites rotunda. 
Eledone rotunda Hoyle, '86, p. 104, Plate 8, Figs. 4-6. 
Habitat — ^ia.ium 3398, off Cape San Francisco ; March 23, 1891; lat. 1» 7' 
N., long. 80° 21' W., 1573 fathoms ; green ooze ; temperature, surface 84°, 
bottom 36° ; one specimen 9 , No. 7951. [H. 44.] 
With some little hesitation I regard this little species as the young of a 
species discovered by H. M. S. " Challenger " in the Pacific and Southern 
Oceans. The only points of difference are : (1) there is a shallow depression 
in the middle line below, (2) the mantle-opening terminates immediately be- 
low the eye, (3) the umbrella is proportionally better developed, and (4) the 
eyes are comparatively larger. Some of these are known to be characteristics 
of youth, and I do not think that they justify me in creating a new species for 
what is undoubtedly a young specimen. 
22. Moschites verrucosa. 
Eledone verrucosa Verrill, '81a, p. 105, Plates 5, 6. 
Eledone verrucosa Hoyle, '86, p. 104. 
Habitat. — Station 3393, off Cape I\Iala ; I\[arch 10, 1891 ; lat. 7° 15' X., 
long. 79° 36' W., 1020 fathoms; green mud; temperature, surface 74°, bottom 
36. °8 ; three specimens 9 » two badly macerated. No. 7940. [H. 95-97.] 
The only one of these specimens which was in reasonably good condition 
agrees very well with Verrill's description. The eyes are rather more swollen 
than in his figure, and the tubercles covering them are uniform in size. Ver- 
rill states that in his female they were smaller than in the male, and as the 
present e.xample is only one-thiid the size of his, this may probably be due to 
incomplete development. 
22 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
ELEDONELLA. 
Eledonella Verrill, '84, p. 144, Plate 32, Fig. 2. 
23. Eledonella diaphana. 
(Plate 5, Fig. 11.) 
Japetella diaphana Hoyle, '85 a, p. 232. 
Eledonella diaphana Hoyle, '86, p. 107, Plate 0, Figs. 3-6. 
Habitat. — Station 3366, east of Galapagos Islands ; February 27, 1891 ; lat. 
5° 30' N., long. 86° 45' W., 1067 fathoms ; yellow globigerina ooze ; tempera- 
ture, surface 84°, bottom 37. °0; one specimen 9, No. 7946. [H. 99.] 
Station 3415, S. E. of Acapulco; April 10, 1891 ; lat. 14° 46' X., long. 98° 
40' W., 1879 fathoms ; brown mud, globigerina ooze; temperature, surface 
83° bottom 36.°0; one specimen 9, No. 7960 A. [H. 101.] 
Station 3420, off Acapulco; April 12, 1891 ; lat. 16° 46' N., long. 100° 
8' 20'' W., 664 fathoms ; dark green mud ; temperature, surface, 82°, bottom 
39.°6; one specimen, No. 7947. [H. 100.] 
Station 220, about 12 miles southwest of west point of Kwajalong Island, 
Marshall Archipelago ; January 16, 1900 ; lat. 8° 3S' N., long. 167° 37' E. ; 
temperature, surface 82°, bottom 35°, 1897 fathoms, globigerina mud ; one 
young specimen. [H. 129.] 
These specimens differ only in insigtiificant characters from the type in the 
" Challenger " collection. The arms are proportionally a little shorter, but 
the general appearance, the form and disposition of the chroniatophores, and 
the shape of the suckers are identical. There is no valve in the funnel, and as 
tliis character was recorded as doubtful in the case of the " Challenger " specimen 
I have re-examined this latter with care, and feel now convinced that the ap- 
pearance of a valve is due to the tip of the funnel or;jan (the pail alluded to in 
the "Challenger" Report, p. 107), having become sejKirated from the wall of 
the funnel. 
The specimens were all immature, so that no se.\ indications were found in 
the viscera, but I conclude they are females because Verrill's e.xan)ple of E. 
pyrpnaea, which was no lai-ger than the smallest of them, already showed the 
enlarged suckers on the third pair of arms which are believed to be character- 
istic of males. 
One of the specimens (No. 7960) shows the funnel organ vi ly well (Plate 
5, Fig. 11). It consi.i^ls mainly of two pads broader behind than in front, where 
they are jtrolonged into a kind of stalk and nearly meet, but are separated by 
the tip of a much smaller pad lying in the middle line and directed backwards. 
This median portion springs gradually from the dorsal wall of the funnel with- 
out any clear line of demarcation. 
hoyle: reeorts on the cephalopoda. 23 
The young ypecirneu [H. 129] shows a noticeable resemblance in general 
appearance to the Octopus venustus of Rang ('37, p. 66, Plate 93). This 
authority, however, figures the suckers in two rows, though he adds that 
they are "assez peu apparentes." The resemblance is in any case sufficiently 
strong to raise the interesting question whether the small pelagic forms de- 
scribed as Octopus hrevipes F6russac and d'Orbigny ('35, p. 22), 0. capensis and 
0. dubius Eydoux aud Souleyet ('52_) may not be allied to Eledonella. 
JAPETELLA. 
Japetella Hoyle, '85a, p. 231 ; '8S, p. 109. 
24. Japetella prismatica. 
(Plates, Figs. 10, 12.) 
Japetella prismatica Hoyle, '85 a, p. 231 ; '86, p. 109, Plate 9, Figs. 1, 2. 
Habitat. —SiixtUm 3414, off Tehuantepec ; April 8, 1891 ; lat. 10° 14' 
N. long. 96° 28' W., 2232 fathoms ; green mud ; temperature, surface 82°, 
bottom 35. °8 ; one specimen $ , No. 7945 B. [H. 36.] 
I have compared this specimen with the type in the British Museum 
(Natural History) and have satisfied myself that both belong to the same 
species : there are, however, one or two points which call for special notice. 
In the " Challenger " Report it is stated (p. 108) that there is a valve in 
the siphon, but I have ascertained by comparison of this example with the 
type that I was misled (as in the case of Eledonella diaphnna) by the tip of the 
funnel-organ having become detached, producing a deceptive appearance of 
a valve. The form of the funnel-organ in the " Challenger " specimen is 
shown in Plate 5, p'ig. 12. 
The other point relates to the median septum in the branchial cavity. In the 
" Challenger " specimen such a septum appeared to be absent, but in the present 
example there is a narrow delicate ridge running along the median ventral 
line of the interior of the mantle, which mav be the remains of such a septum, 
though I can find no trace of its attachment to the visceral sac. Led by this 
discovery, I have re-examined the "Challenger" type and find there also 
traces of a similar ridge on the inner surface of the mantle. It seems, there- 
fore, quite within the bounds of possibility that specimens in a better state of 
preservation might show a complete septum, in which case there would be no 
further cause for separating the genera Eledonella and Japetella. Although I 
think it very probable that in tlie future these two genera will be united, I 
think it advisable pending further evidence to retain them as distinct. The 
suckers on the third pair of arms of the " Albatross " s]iocimen are much 
enlarged (Plate 5, Fig. 10), exactly as figured by Verrill ('84, Plate 32, Fig. 
2) in the case of Eledonella pugmaea. This is almost certainly a form of hecto- 
cotylization and is an additional point of similarity between these two geuera. 
24 
bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
FAiiiLY SEPIOLIDAE. 
EUPRYMNA. 
Enprymna Steenstrup, '87, p. 66 (20). 
25- Euprymna stenodactyla. 
Sepiola stenodactyla Grant, '33, p. 42. 
Sepiola stenodactyla Grant, '33 a, p. 77, Plate 11, Figs. 1, 2. 
Euprymna sthenodactyla Steenstrup, '87, p. 66 (20) ; '87 a, p. 89 (43). 
Inioteuthis stenodactyla Brazier, '92, p. 9. 
Sepiola stenodactyla Joubin, : 02, p. 92. 
Habitat. — South Pacific Ocean, near Rangiroa ; September 24, 1899; about 
lat. 15° S., long. 148° W. ; surface tow net, 8 p.m., one specimen. [H. 126.] 
Funafuti Island ; December 24, 1899 ; shore, taken with the seine ; one 
specimen. [H. 128.] 
Gilbert Islands about one mile off Tarawa Island; January 2, 1900 ; sur- 
face, electric light ; one specimen. [H. 137.] 
Marshall Islands, Arhuo Atoll ; January 24-26, 1900 ; surface of lagoon, 
electric light ; seven specimens. [H. 114-120.] 
Same locality ; January 27, 1900; two specimens. [H. 122, 123.] 
The Body is thick and rounded; the fins are round, nearly circular, and 
rather more than half the body in length; there is a notch at the anterior but 
not at the posterior origin from the mantle ; a broad ligament unites the mantle 
with the head in the nuchal region ; the ar- 
ticulation between the mantle and the siphon 
consists of an elongated ridge and groove 
as usual in the family ; the siphon is conical 
and reaches just to the gap between the ven- 
tral arms. 
The Head is very broad and the eyes very 
large and prominent. 
The Arms are in order of length 3, 2, 
1=4; rather thick, rounded, and tapering, 
with no trace of keel, or protective mem- 
brane; the suckers are, speaking generally, 
in four rows, though the arrangement is here 
and there a little irregular ; those at the root 
an<l tip are in two rows, and there appear 
to be one or two sets of three between ; they 
are spheroidal, oblitjue, ami of the type usual 
in Sepiola. In the male the suckers are some- 
what difftrently disposed ; in the first right 
arm (Fig. B) the two outer rows of suckers are a little larger than the inner, 
FlO. B. /•^iijiri/mna stmodactyla. 
^. Dorsnl arms. X 2^. 
HOYLE : REPORTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 
25 
Fig. C. Euprymna 
stenodactijla . 
Modified suckers of 
left dorsal arm. 
X8. 
and those of the ventral row are again a little larger than those of the dorsal in 
the middle of the arm; the first left arm is a very little shorter than its fellow 
and decidedly thicker ; the suckers are first in two and afterwards in four 
rows, and extend about halfway up the arm, where they 
are succeeded by a number of stout papillae in two or three 
rows (Fig. C) ; these thicken towards the tip, and do not 
bear suckers, but each has in its rounded top a slit, much 
resembling a mouth, closed by two lips, one thicker 
than the other ; they diminish rapidly towards the tip of 
the arm. The modified papillae about halfway up figured 
by Appelldf ('86, Plate 2, Fig. 16), in Inioteuthis morsei 
were not seen, though there were two stalks from which 
suckers had fallen in this position. In the second arms the 
suckers of the outer rows are a little larger than those of 
the inner. In the third pair not only are the two outer 
rows enlarged, but four or five in the ventral row are much larger than the 
rest (Fig. D). In the fourth pair the outer rows are again 
somewhat larger than the inner, and there are two or 
three suckers of the doreal series and four or five in the 
ventral much enlarged, though not to so great an extent as 
in the third pair. The web between the third and fourth 
arms extends up about one-fourth of their lengtli ; it is 
very small between the other pairs of arms and absent 
between the ventral pair. 
The Tentacles are about as long as the arms ; there is a 
groove in the inner aspect of their stem, the dorsal margin 
of which is elevated into a kind of web or deep keel 
towards the club, which bends round in a hook; it is 
slightly expanded and of a velvety appearance, owing to 
the numerous small suckers. 
The Color is yellowish gray, with A'ery conspicuous chromatophores, espe- 
cially large on tlie back of tlie head and the arms. In the latter there is a row 
of transversely elongated oval chromatophores up the outer surface, as figured 
by Grant, and a small round one on the pedicle of each sucker of the two outer 
rows. There is also a row of transversely placed oval ones on the outer side 
of the tentacular stem. 
Dimensions of H. 11^. 
mm. 
Length, total 33 
End of body to mantle-margin 11.6 
Breadth of body 12 
Breadth of head 12 
Breadtli of nuchal ligament 8 
Centre of eye to edge of umbrella, between second and third arms . 8 
Length of fin 7 
Breadth across both fins 21 
Fig. D. Eitpri/inna 
sienodactijhi. 
Third rigiit arm. 
X2i. 
26 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
Riglit. Left. 
Length of first arm II 10 
Length of second arm 16 16 
Length of tliird arm 17 17 
Length of fourth arm II II 
Length of tentacle 13 13 
The following discrepancies between the above account and that given by 
Grant seem worth mentioning. The arms are a little larger than would corre- 
spond with the measurements given in Grant's text, but in the figure the arms 
are shown as larger than stated in the text. The tentacle is much longer in 
Grant's figure and description than in the " Albatross " specimens, but this 
organ varies so much in this respect both during life and after death according 
to preservation that a difference in this respect can hardly invalidate an identi- 
fication based on so many resemblances. The head is sunk back into the 
mantle-cavity and hence the waist-like constriction behind, the eyes, shown in 
Grant's figure, does not appear; this again is merely a matter of contraction 
of the tissues. 
The nomenclature of this interesting form demands, perhaps, a few words of 
explanation. The generic name Euprymna wiis first proposed by Steenstrup 
in the Latin summary appended to his paper on the " Mediterranean Species 
of Sepiola " ('87). Speaking of the short-finned forms (" species brevipinnes ") 
he says that they approach the typical species of the genus Inioteuthu Yerrill, 
"dum ab atypicis speciebus ejusdem generis (/?i. Morsei, stlienodactyla, bursa, 
cet. propter connexionera latam capitis cum pallio et tentaculorum miram 
formationem ad genus novum, Euprymnam mihi dictum, referendis) valde 
recedunt." 
In a subsequent paper ('87 a, p. 88 [42]) he recurs to the same subject as fol- 
lows: " The other Japanese Sepiolid, In. MorseiVerr., only provisionally referred 
by Professor Verrill to the genus Inioteuthis, only known to him in the shape 
of a single female exainide, is the most northeasterly form yet discovered of a 
series of very plump, thick-set Sepiola.s, which seem to occur in all zones of the 
Inclian Ocean and South Sea, and of which the most southwesterly representa- 
tive yet known to me is the Sepiola stlienodactyla from Mauritius, described and 
depicted more than fifty years ago (1833) by Prof. Robert Grant in the Trans. 
Zool. Society, Vol. 1. All the individuals of this thick-set group of Sepiulas 
are characterized by a very broad ligament between the mantle and head, as 
has been mentioned by Verrill in the case of In. Mormi, Verr., and as is 
recorded for thi-i species or one closely allied to it by W. Hoyle (Challenger 
Ex[mI. Cephalop., Plate XLV., Fig. 1) and by Appellof {Op. cit., ['86] 
Plate II.), and as i.'^ ecjually strongly emphasize<l both in text and figure by 
Robert Grant in the case of Sepiola sthenodactyla (Plate 11, Fig. 1), thev are 
especially remarkable for the stout, swollen tentacular clubs, which have a 
velvety appearance on account of the hair-like thinness of the sUilks of the 
suckers, and the (almost or cjuite) rudimentary condition <>f the suckers them- 
selves as figured by Iloyle in the case of In. bursa, Pfeff., Plate XIV., Figs. 4-8. 
HOYLE : REPORTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 27 
They are all also very remarkable for the shape of the ink-sac, which is broader 
and with larger auricular processes than even in Sep. Rondeletii Leach, or 
Se-p. atlantica d'Orbigny. On the whole they constitute, in my opinion, a 
special and well-marked generic type, which on account of the habit of body 
mentioned above 1 have called Euprymna, and of whose natural character I 
am the more convinced, inasmuch as I find in all the males of the group the 
sexual arm modified in the way represented by Mr. Appellbf (loc. cit.) in In. 
Morsel.'' 
Later on it is stated that Euprymna is the Latinized feminine of the adjec- 
tive evTTpvixvos,-ov and has reference to short, stout body (stern, irpvfivt]). 
Dr. Ortniann ('88, p. 647) was presumably not acquainted with this paper 
of Professor Steenstrup when in 1888 he published his memoir on the Japa- 
nese Cephalopoda ; it had indeed only appeared in the previous year. Dr. 
Ortmann points out a number of characters in which Inioteuthis japonica differs 
from /. morsel, and concludes by pointing out the necessity of creating a new 
genus for the latter, unless I. japonica is united with Sepiola, in which case 
the name Inioteuthis might be retained for 1. morsei and its allies. Against 
this it may be pointed out that /. japonica was expressly made by Yerrill the 
type of his genus, and as the name Euprymna had been proposed and defined 
by Steenstrup, it seems proper to accept it, whatever may be the fate of Inio- 
teutliis as against Sepiola. 
It is worthy of notice that Professor Steenstrup consistently spells the specific 
name of this species '^ sthenodactyla" not " stenodactyla." In a note appended 
to No. 7 of his " Notse Teuthologicte " ('87 a, p. 74 [120] ), he explains this by the 
statement that " Grant says expressly that he called the species thus on account 
of the stoutness and strength of tlie arms, and that, tlierefore, it must be in 
consequence of a typographical error that ' stenodactyla,' meaning thin or 
small-armed, has crept into the text and plate." If this were all, it would no 
doubt be desirable to correct the faulty spelling and write the word as Steen- 
strup suggests, but the matter is not quite so simple. On turning to Grant's 
memoir ('33 a, p. 85) we find these words : " The arms are proportionally 
much thicker and sliorter than in Sep. vulgaris. . . . From tiiis contracted 
form of the cephalic arms, by which it differs so much from the European 
species, I have termed it Sep, stenodactyla," and in the earlier note ('33), where 
the first mention of the species occurs, the name is said to be suggested by " the 
comparative shortness of its members." artvos would, of course, be a correct 
translation for " contracted," but the contraction referred to seems to have been 
in the matter of length and not breadth, and it is, to say the least of it, doiibt- 
ful whether (rrevos can be used in that sense. For myself I have little doubt 
that Grant meant to write stenodactyla, when he would have done better to use 
sfhmodactyla, but I do not see that anything is gained by making such a " con- 
jectural emendation." 
28 
BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
IXCEETAE SEDIS. 
CIRROBRACHIUM, gen. n. 
In the absence of a complete specimen, the only diagnostic character which 
can be assigned to this new genus is the presence of a row of filaments along 
the outer or ventral side of each arm, except those of the fourth pair. 
26. Cirrobrachium filiferum, sp. n. 
Habitat. — Station 17; equatorial Pacific Ocean, north of the Marquesas 
Islands; September 10, 1899; lat. 0° 50' X., long. 137° 54' W.; trawl, 2463 
fathoms; temperature, surface, 79° ; one fragmentary specimen. [H. 130.] 
The specimen upon which this new species the type of a new genus, is based 
consists unfortunately only of the head and arms, which have suffered denuda- 
tion of the integument here and there. The .suckers are, however, almost all 
intact, as also the characteri.stic filaments which spring from beside them. A 
description as complete as I have been able to prepare of the specimen is given 
below. 
The Head, so far as can be seen, was flattened on the dorsal side, and slightly 
excavated for the funnel below. The eyes are large and prominent, and occupy 
the whole of the lateral surface of the head. The eyelids have disappeared, but 
there can be little doubt that they were of the type common to the Oegojisida. 
A few patches of the integument remain, which are 
thickly covered with bright pink chromatophores. 
The Arms are slender, rounded, and tapering, 
and bear, besides the suckers, a series of long slen- 
der filaments which form the characteristic pecu- 
liarity of the genus. The first pair are about 
15 mm. in length, measuring from tlie front edge 
of the eye. The suckers are in two rows, small 
and stalked, and do not show any trace of a 
modification into hooks. Immediately to the 
proximal .side of each sucker is a dull pink chro- 
niatophore. Close to the base of each sucker of 
the ventral row arises one of the filaments above 
mentioned. Those springing from the proximal 
sucker.'' are about twice the diameter of the arm 
in length; they gradually increa.«e to the middle 
of the arm, where their length is three or four 
times the thickness of the arm ; they then diminish towards the tip, where 
they finally disapjwfar. The anus of the second pair are about one-fourth 
longer than the first. The arrangement of the sucker.^ and filaments is the 
FlO. E. Clrriihrnnrhinm fill- 
/erutn. Portion of third 
right arm. X 5. 
HOYLE: REPORTS OX THE CEPHALOPODA. 29 
same, but the filaments are considerably longer. The arms of the third pair 
are the. largest of all, and were probably twice as long as the first pair; but 
as they have both been broken ofif it is impossible to say exactly what was tlieir 
original length. The filaments in this case are much longer, and in the centre 
their length is fully four times the diameter of the arm. On the outer aspect 
of the proximal half of these arms is a distinct keel. The arms of the fourth 
pair are about as long as the first. They have two rows ~of suckers, but none 
of the filaments just described ; only a small lappet arising opposite each 
sucker of the inner series. On the outer aspect of each of these arms is a broad 
membrane, which stretches outside the root of the tentacle across to the root of 
the third arm and passes nearly to its tip, becoming gradually narrower as it 
proceeds. Here and there between the filaments may be seen the remains of a 
very delicate membrane which seems to have united them, but it is impossible 
to say how far along the arm this membrane may have extended, or how far 
it may have reached up the filaments. The only structure with which I am 
acquainted comparable to this is the series of lappets connected by a membrane, 
which has been above described in the case of Ahraliojms (see pp. 37, 38, postea), 
or the membrane supported by ribs seen in some forms of Ommastrephes. 
The suckers are helmet-shaped, mounted on short tapering peduncles, and 
with smooth, horny rings. 
It is impossible to form anj-- correct idea of the family to which this inter- 
esting form should be referred. 
Family LOLIGINIDAE. 
Loh'fjidae d'Orb., in : Fe'russac and d'Orbigny, '35, p. 297. 
Loliginei Steenstrup, '61, p. 69 (1). 
Loliginei Steenstrup, '81, p. 28. 
LOLIGO. 
Loligo Schneider, !84, p. 110. 
LoIhjo Lamarck, !99, p. 10 (pars). 
27. Loligo diomedeae, sp. n. 
(Plate 5, Fig. 13; Plate 6, Figs. 1-7.) 
iTrtW/rtf. — Station 3422, off Acapulco; April 12, 1891 ; lat. IG° 47' 30" 
N., long. 99° 59' 30" W., 141 fathoms; green mud ; temperature, surfiice, 
83°, bottom 53.°5 ; one specimen 9, No. 7958. [H. 46.] 
The Body is comparatively long, and cylindriail for more than half its 
length, tapering rather rapidly to the posterior extremity. The fin is decidedly 
short for a Loligo, broader than long, slightly notched at its anterior points of 
30 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
attachment to the body and with rounded lateral boundaries. The mantle- 
marrjin has a blunt nuchal prominence and is slightly excavated ventrally. 
The Head, presents no character calling for a special remark. 
Tlie Arms are unequal, the order of length being 4, 3, 2. 1 ; the first are 
slender and have a very distinct dorsal keel ; the second have a well-marked 
ventro-lateral angle ; the third are broad and flattened and with a distinct web 
externally; the fourth are nearly as stout as the second, and have the sides, 
especially that turned towards the tentacle, excavated into a groove. The 
suckers (Plate 6, Figs. 1, 2) are of the usual form and arrangement ; the horny 
ring has about 20 blunt teeth, of which about 12 are in the proximal and 8 
in the distal moiety. The buccal membrane has seven points, which bear one 
or two very minute suckers (Plate 6, Fig. 7) ; between the ventral points is a 
papilla for the reception of spermatophores. 
The Tentacle is small and slender ; the club is of the usual type and about 
one-third the length of the tentacle ; in the centre are eight or ten large 
suckers (Plate 6, Fig. 3), about double the lateral ones in diameter; there 
are about half-a-dozen proximal suckers and a larger number in four rows dis- 
tally gradually diminishing in size towards the tip. The homy ring in the six 
or eight largest suckers has five blunt square-cut teeth on its distal margin, 
and in the lateral and terminal suckers about eight acute teeth separated by 
intervals broader than themselves on the distal semi-circuiuference (Plate 6, 
Fig. 5). The Gladius has not been extracted. 
Dimensions. 
mm. 
Length, total 135 
End of body to mantle-margin 85 
Breadtli of body 18 
Breadth of lieail 15 
Eye to edge of umbrella 7 
Length of fin 27 
Breadth of fin 35 
Diameter of largest sucker on sessile arm .... 1 
Diameter of largest sucker on tentacle 1.7 
Right. Left. 
Length of first arm 15 14 
Length of second arm 18 19 
Lengtli of third arm 25 22 
Length of fourth nrm 25 24 
Length of tentacle 47 47 
This species differs from L. jnpnnica (Hoyle, '86, p. 157) in the compara- 
tively small length of the fin and in the fact that the teeth in the large tentac- 
ular .suckers have rather more space between them. It also resembles L. gahi 
in many ])articulars, hut the teeth of the large tentacular suckers are blunt 
and square instead of with sharp angles of about 60°. 
HOYLE: REPORTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 31 
SEPIOTEUTHIS. 
Sepioteuthis Blainville, '24. 
28. Sepioteuthis lunulata. 
Sepioteuthis lunulata Quoy & Gaimard, '32, p. 74, Plate 3, Figs. 8-13. 
Sepioteuthis lunulata Ferus.sac & d'Orbigny, '35, p. 300, Sepioteutlies, Plate 3, Fig. 1, 
Plate 6, Figs. 1-8 [1839], 
Habitat. — Jaluit, Marshall Islands ; January 13, 1900 ; shore ; six specimeiis, 
3cJ, 39. [H. lOi-109.] 
These specimens present resemblances boUi to S. lunulata and S. mauritiana. 
The former of these presents in the figures given by Quoy & Gaimard a series 
of dark circular spots on each fin, and in three of the specimens taken by the 
" Albatross " similar spots, though not so regular either in form or distribu- 
tion, are found. On the other three they cannot be made out. The six speci- 
mens, nevertheless, seem to me all referable to one species, and. I can only 
conclude that this must vary a good deal in the matter of coloration, as indeed 
is expressly stated by Quoy & Gaimard ; for in the case of S. guineensis, which 
is regarded, and no doubt rightly, by d'Orbigny, as being the same species, the 
spots were not noticed until after it had been preserved. 
Turning to other characters, the horny rings of the suckers in the arms and 
tentacles resemble very clearly the figures given by d'Orbigny of S. lunulata, 
though the teeth are rather fewer than in that species and much less numerous 
than in .S'. mauritiana. On the other hand as regards the fin, the breadth is 
17 per cent of the length in iS. lunulata, 15 per cent in S. mauritiana, and 12.5 
per cent in the " Albatross " examples. 
To sum up, then, in the suckers the present form resembles S. lunulata, in 
the fin it is more like S. mauritiana, whilst in the coloration half the speci- 
mens show a very distinct likeness to S. lunulata, whilst the others might be 
S. mauritiana. On the whole I have tliought it best to refer these examples 
with some doubt to S. lunulata. It is, however, possible that S. lunulata and 
S. mauritiana may be only varieties of one widely distributed species. 
The tip of the tentacle shows the little spoon-shaped group of suckers to 
which attention was first called by Goodrich ('96. p. 0). 
Family OMMASTEErillDAE. 
Ommastrephini Steenstrup, '61, p. 1. 
Ommastrephidae Gill, '71, p. 1. 
OMMASTREPHES. 
29. Omniastrephes sp. ? 
Habitat. — Station 14, north of the Martpiesas Islands ; September 7, 1S90 ; 
lat. 6° 41' N., long. 137° W., 150 fathoms to surface ; temperature, surface, 82° ; 
three specimens. [H. 133, 141, 142.] 
32 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
These specimens, though the mantle-length is only some 5 mm., 'show dis 
tinctly the characteristic form of the articulation with the base of the siphon. 
SYMPLECTOTEUTHIS. 
Si/mplectoteuthis Pfeffer, : 00, pp. 178, 180. 
This genus has recently been created by Dr. Pfeffer for the reception of the 
species named below, on account of the fusion of the mantle with the base of 
the funnel on either side. 
30. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis, 
Lolir/o oualaniensis Lesson, '29, p. 240, Plate 1, Fig. 1. 
Ommastrephes oualaniensis d'Orb., in.- Fenissac and d'Orbigny, '35, p. 351, Cal- 
mars, Plates 3, 21 ; Ommastrephes, Plate 1, Figs. 14, 15. 
Ommatostrephes oualaniensis Steenstrup, '80, pp. 76, 84. 
Ommastrephes ouaianiensis Hoyle, '86, p. 162. 
Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis Pfelfer, : 00, p. 180. 
Habitat. — Station 3363, east of Cocos Island (surface tow-net) : February 
26, 1891 ; lat. b° 43' N., long. 85' 50' W., 978 
fathoms ; white globigerina ooze ; temperature, sur- 
fiice 83°, bottom 37. °5 ; one specimen. [H. 53.] 
The funnel groove (see Figure F) somewhat re- 
sembles that figured b}' Steenstrup ('80, p. 81) for 
Todarodes sagittatus and Ommastrephes pacificus ("80, 
|. ^ p. 79, Figs. 4, 5) except that the area occupied by 
k^ the cutaneous folds is very much narrower. In this 
''•-^ ' """-^H iL'spcct it differs from the original drawing by Les- 
son ("29, Plate 1, Fig. 2) of his L. oualaniensis, 
where the funnel groove is shown as though it were 
striated all over. 
Fig. F. Funnel groove of 
Si/niplectoteuthis oualani- 
ensis. 
RHYNCHOTEUTHIS. 
31 Rhynchoteuthis chuni, sp. n 
Rhynchotevthis Chun (03). 
Habitat. — Station 14; Pacific Ocean, north of the Marquesas Islands; Sep- 
temlHT 7, 1899; lat. C°4r N., long. 137° W.; temperature, surface, 82° ; taken 
at the surface ; one young specimen. [11. 134.] 
Profcs.sor Chun's re-tliscovery of the curious immature form described by 
Souleyet ('52, p. 17, Piute 1, P'igs. 15-21) is of extreme interest, and although 
HOYLE : REPORTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 
the specimen which has come into my hands 
differs somewhat from those previously figured, 
it agrees in the Ommastrephes-like form of tlie 
connection between the mantle and siphon and 
the fusion of the tentacles. The main differ- 
ence is that the tentacles are small and short 
and are united only for a short distance just 
above the mouth (see Figure G), whilst in the 
others these organs are much elongated, are thicker 
than the arms, and constitute a stout, flexible 
proboscis, which has suggested the generic name. 
As this form is clearly specifically different 
from those figured by Professor Chun, I have 
ventured to name it in his honor. 
Family BATHYTEUTHIDAE. 
Bathyteuthidae Pfeffer, : GO, pp. 152, 171. 
BATHYTEUTHIS. 
Bathyteiithis Iloyle, '85, p. 272. 
Benthoteuthis Verrill, '85, p. 401. 
Fig. G. Rhynchotenlhis, sp. 
Showinpf tlie fused tenta- 
cles and tlie siplional car- 
tilage; drawn by A. D. 
Darbisiiire. 
32. Bathyteuthis abyssicola. 
(Plate 1, Fig. 3.) 
Bathyteuthis abyssicola Hoyle, '85, p. 272, Fig. 108 ; '86, p. 168. 
Habitat. — Station 33r}S; off Cape Mala; Fel>ruary 24, ISill ; lat. 6°30'ISr., 
long. 81° 44' W., 555 fathoms; temperature, surface, 83°, bottom 40.°2 : green 
sand ; one specimen, No. 7967. [H. 52.] 
Station 3388; off Cape Mala; March 9, 1891 ; lat. 7° 6' X., long. 79°4S'W.; 
1168 fathoms; temperature, surface, 73°, bottom 36° 2'; green globigerina ooze; 
one young specimen. [H. 533.] 
A colored drawing (Plate 1, Fig. 2) was made when the animal was fresh, 
and is interesting as showing that the deep red color common to many deep- 
sea Cephalopoda fades only very slightly under the influence of alcohol, the 
epeciraen being now almost as dark in hue as the drawing. The mantle in 
this specimen was 23 mm. long, but it is not so prominent in the nuchal region 
as shown in the drawing. The head and arms also are figured a little too 
large. 
VOL. XLIII. — NO. 1 8 
34 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
Family :NrASTIGOTEUTHIDAE. 
Mastigoteuthidae Verrill, '81 a, p. 100, 
MASTIGOTEUTHIS. 
Masligoteuthis Verrill, '81 a, p. 100. 
33. Mastigoteuthis dentata, sp. n. 
(Plate 6, Figs. 8-11.) 
Habitat. — Station 3400; E. of Galapagos Islands; March 27, 1891; lat. 
0°36'S., long. 86°46' W., 1322 fothoms; temperature, surface 81°, bottom 
36°; light gray globigerina ooze ; one specimen 9) ^f>. 7956. [H. 102.] 
Station 3394; off Cajje Mala; March 10, 1891 ; lat. 7° 21' X., long. 79° 35' 
"W., 511 fathoms ; temperature, surface 73°, bottom 41. °8 ; dark green mud ; 
one specimen <J, No. 7957. [H. 45.] 
This species differs from Mastigoteuthis agasdzi (Verrill, '81 a, p. 100) in the 
fact that the horny rings in the suckers of the arms are furnished with teeth 
(Plate 6, Fig. 8), whereas in that species they are smooth. 
It differs from M. hviinana Lbnnberg ('97, p. 605) in the fact that the 
ventral arms are thicker and not thinner than the others and have the 
suckers normally disposed. It agrees with this, however, in the denticulation 
of the homy ring of the suckers. Lonnberg is mistaken when he says that 
the horny rings on the arras of the "Challenger" specimen had pointed 
teeth. The " Challenger " specimen was only a fragment of a tentacle and 
therefore gave no information regarding the suckers of the arms. 
The two sexes show an interesting difference in the form and proportions of 
the bod}' and fin, the latter being two-thirds the length of the mantle in the 
male and only about two-fifths in the female ; the body too is more conical 
in the former, more cylindrical in the latter. The absolute dimensions of the 
male are much smaller, but there is no evidence to show whether the speci- 
mens are full grown. One of Verrill's male specimens attained a length 
of 232 mm., wiiich is intermediate in size between the two e.xamples here 
described. 
The general arrangement of the organs seen on opening the mantle-cavity is 
6howu in Plate 6, Figs. 10, II. 
Dimensions. 
7957 cf 79569 
mm. mm. 
Lcnptli, totnl (without tentacles) .... 180 290 
Enil of bofly to mantle-margin 72 140 
End of boily to eye 81 155 
Brondtli of body 17 30 
Brcndtii ofl.cad 17? 26? 
LonRth of fin 48 60 
Breadth of fm 62 75 
HOYLE : REPORTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 
35 
Family ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE. 
Onijchoteutliklae Gray, '47, p. 206. 
ONYCHOTEUTHIS. 
Oni/choteulhis Lichtenstein, '18, p. 1591. 
34. Onychoteuthis banksi. 
Lolirjo hanlcsii Leach, '17, p. 141. 
Oni/c/ioteiilhis banksii d'Orb. and For., '35, p. 332, Onychot., Plates 1-5, 9, and 
12 [1839]. 
Onijchoteuthis banksi Pfeffer, :00, p. 159. 
Habitat. — Tropical Pacific Ocean ; September 6, 1899 ; lat. about 8° N., long, 
about 137° W.; surface at night ; one specimen. [H. 110.] 
TELEOTEUTHIS. 
Onykia Lesueur, '21, p. 08. 
Teleoteuthis Verrill, '82, p. 70. 
35. Teleoteuthis caribaea. 
Onykia caribaea Lesueur, '21, p. 08, Plate 9, Figs. 1, 2 a-e. 
Teleoteutltis caribaea Verrill, '82, p. 70. 
Teteoteut/iis caribaea I'feffer, :00, p. 157. 
Habitat. —Station 1, 320 miles from Point Conception; August 26, 1899; 
lat. 31° 10' N., long. 125° W.; surfLXce; temperature, surface, 63°; three 
specimens. [H. 148, 149, 150.] 
Station 14, north of the Marqtiesas Islands; September 7, 1899; lat. 6° 41' 
N.,long. 137° W.; surface; temperature, surface 82°; two specimens. [II. 131, 
132.] 
Dr. Pfeffer has confirmed the identification of these specimens, which are 
all very young, the largest measuring only 10 mm. in length of mantle. 
36 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
36. Onychoteuthid, gen. et sp. ? 
Habitat. — Station 18, about 75 miles north of the Marquesas Islands; 
September 13, 1899; lat. 6° 25' S.,loug. 138° 59' W.; 400 fathoms to surface; 
temperature, surface, 80° ; one specimen. [H. 136 ] 
Station 27, off Anna ^laria Bay, Marquesas Islands ; September 15, 1899 ; 
lat. 9° or S., 140° 04' W. ; 320 fathoms to surface ; temperature, surface, 79° ; 
one specimen. [H. 138.] 
These two small specimens are probably both to be referred to the same 
species, though the one first mentioned is much shrivelled. They are almost 
certainly the young of one or other of the numerous hook-squids. 
Family EXOPLOTEUTHIDAE. 
Enoploteuthidae PfefEer, :00, pp. 153, 163. 
ABRALIOPSIS. 
Abrallopsis Joubin, '96, pp. 32. 
37- Abrallopsis hoylei. 
(Plate 1, Fig. 3; Plate 8.) 
Enojiloteuthis hoijlei I'feffer, 'S"!, p. 17. 
Abniliojisis hoylei Joubiii, '96, p. 33. 
Habitat. — Station 3375, off Cape San Francisco, March 4, 1891 ; lat. 2° 34' N., 
long. 82° 29' W., 1201 fathoms ; gray globigeriua ooze ; temperature, surface 
77°, bottom 3G.°6, one specimen ^, No. 7959 A. [H. 65.] 
Station 3382, of!" Mariato Point, March 7, 1891 ; lat. 6° 21' N., long. 80<» 
41' W., 1793 fathoms; green mud ; temperature, surface 75°, bottom 35. °8; 
one specimen 9 > ^^- 7964. [H. 66.] 
Station 3414, off Tehuantepec ("surface to 300 llithoms "), April 8, 1891 ; 
lat. 10° 14' N., long. 9()° 28' W., 2232 fathoms; green mud; temperature, 
surface 82°, bottom 35. °8, one specimen 9- [H. 67.] 
Station 3415, S. E. of Acapulco, April 10, 1891 ; lat. 14° 46' X., long. 98° 
4!)' W., 1879 fathoms; l>rown nnid, globigerina ooze; temperature, surface 
83°, botU»ni 36°; one specimen ^, No. 7960 B. [H. 68.J 
The female specimen from Station 3414 is very well prei?erved, and I have no 
doul)t about \U being correctly referred to this sjiecies, for my friend Dr. 
I'fclfcr and I compared it togetlier with the type 8|M.'cimen in the Haniburg 
Museum. The only difference (tf any moment is that the tentacular club is 
provided with three instead of four large hooks. The dark spots on either 
hoyle: reports on the cephalopoda, 37 
side of the cartilage in the nuchal region are perceptible, though faint, a 
character which in this species differs from A. pfefferi Jouuin. 
A colored figure of this individual from a sketch made on board whilst the 
animal was alive will be found on Plate 1, Fig. 3. 
The characters of the arms have not beeji very minutely described either by 
Joubin or Pfeffer. The order of the arms in the present specimen is 4, 2, 3, 1, 
on the left side, whereas on the right side 4 is much shorter, and the order is 
2, 3, 1, 4. The first (Plate 8, Fig. 3) arm has a keel for about the distal two- 
thirds of its length, which attains its greatest breailth just beyond the miiklle 
of the arm, being there rather broader than the thickness of the arm. Along 
the ventral margin of the sucker-bearing face is a series of lappets, one oppo- 
site to each hook, whose maximum length is about equal to the diameter of 
the arm in its middle : these become gradually shorter toward both the distal 
and proximal ends of the arm. They are united by a delicate web, wliich 
extends almost to their extremities. Along the edge of the proximal niniety 
of each lappet, just where the web joins it, is a row of minute conical jtapillae 
(Fig. 7). The hooks are about fifteen in number, and at the end of the arm 
is a patch of minute suckers arranged in two rows (Fig. 8). The second arm is 
in all essential respects similar to the first. 
The third arm (Plate 8, Fig. 2) is much stouter than any of the others, and 
has a very broad keel, expanding into a swimming membrane throughout the 
whole of its length. The lappets on the ventral margin of the sucker-bearing 
face are longer, stouter, and blunter than in the first arm and are united by a 
web in the same way. On the ventral surface of the arm close to the attach- 
ment of the keel are several patches of two to five luminous organs, a group of 
three being found (juite close to the tip. 
The fourth arm (Plate 8, Figs. 4, 5) presents considerable differences from the 
others. It is distinctly longer and the hooks are smaller, and there are no 
suckers at the extremity. On the dorsal margin of the hook-bearing face is a 
low irregular elevation, which looks like a vestigial protective membrane : it 
extends from a point opposite the proximal book to about two-thinls up the 
arm. On the ventral maigin a narrow membrane extends along the middle 
third. On the dorso-external asjiect of the arm is a membrane which springs 
from the root of the third arm, passes outside the tentacle, and is attached 
along the fourth arm almost to its extremity, becoming gradually narrower as 
it proceeds. The breadth at the base is about etjual to the diameter of the 
arm. At the extremity are the three black, bead-like knobs, characteristic of 
the genus the structure of which has been described by Joubin ('96). 
Two other specimens 1 take to bo males of the same species. The general 
arrangement of the arms is the same. The spi'cimens are not so well pre- 
served, and the delicate web between the lappets along the margins of the arms 
has been in a great part destroyed. At the base of each arm just proximally 
to the suckers is a larger or smaller number of small papillae, which look at 
first sight almost like the sUilks from which suckers have fallen. There is, 
however, no indication of any solution of continuity in the surface, and in no 
38 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
single instance diil I find any of them bearing a sucker. On the first arm 
there are only three or four of these, very low down close to the buccal mem- 
brane ; on the second they are slightly more numerous, on the third there are 
seven or eight, which form a triangular patch with the apex directed towards 
the root of the arm; on the fourth right arm there are about a dozen sim- 
ilarly disposed. 
The fourth left arm (Plate 8, Fig. 5) further shows a remarkable form of 
hectocotylization. This is produced chiefly by a development of the lappets 
and web along the ventral margin of the sucker-bearing surface. The web 
becomes rapidly broader from the proximal end, until at a point about one- 
third along the arm its breadth is three times the diameter of the arm : hence it 
becomes gradually narrower, running off into the arm just before the tip. The 
lappets are correspondingly lengthened and form a series of parallel ribs 
strengthening the membrane. Along their margins (Plate 8, Fig. 6) may be 
seen a series of minute papillae like those described on the other arms. On 
the dorsal margin of the sucker-bearing face is a row of lappets, also provided 
with rows of papillae, but I was not able to find any trace of a web uniting 
them. However, as the web is in all cases very delicate, it is quite possible 
that it may exist. At the root of the arm is the triangular group of papillae 
alluded to above. 
Tlie Radula, which has not been hitherto described, is figured on Plate 8, 
Fig. 9. It consists of the usual seven longitudinal series : the centrals are ex- 
tremely simple, an acute point arising from a plain rounded base ; the points 
diverge from the middle line, sometimes to the right, sometimes to the left, 
only about one in six being quite symmetrical. The first laterals have a 
strong pointed tip mounted towards the median aspect of a simple base, the 
points being directed somewhat inwards ; the second laterals are stout, curved, 
and pointed ; the third laterals are much larger, comparatively more slender 
and blunter than the second, and are bent to about the quadrant of a circle. 
38. Abraliopsis, sp. ? 
(Plate 2, Fig. 3.) 
Hahitat.—Stai'um 2G19 IIy«l., Gulf of Panama; March 11, 1891 ; lat. 7° 31' 
N., long. 78° 42' 30" W., surface to 300 fathoms; temperature, surface G8° ; one 
specimen; immature. [11.64.] 
SUition, 14, north of the Manjuesas Islands; September 7, 1899; lat. 6° 41' 
N., long. 137° VV. ; 150 fathoms to surface; teuiperatnre, surface, 82°; one 
specimen. [H. 143] 
My frien<l Dr. Pfeffer, who examined the former of the above-mentioned 
young specimenH, considera it to belong to the /16ra/i()/)mgroup, partly because 
of the length of the tentacles, and partly because at the extremity of the left 
ventral arm (the right bt-ing imperfect) is to be seen a slight knob-like swtll- 
ing, which might be a stage in the development of the curious pigmented 
HOYLE: REPORTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 39 
organ, found in this position in the genus Abraliopds. At this stage of growth 
there is no trace of hooks : they are represented only by suckers. The colored 
drawing here reproduced was made on the voyage immediately after the capture 
of the speciuien. 
The specimen [H. 143] captured on the later cruise shows rudimentary 
phosphorescent organs, when examined under a lens just as the alcohol has 
evaporated from the surface. One ventral arm has a little brown patch near 
the tip. 
PTERYGIOTEUTHIS. 
Pterj/gioteuthis H. Fisclier, '96, p. 205. 
Plerygioteulhis Pfeffer, : GO, pp. 105, 166. 
39. Pterygioteuthis giardi. 
(Plates 7 and 9.) 
Pterygioteuthis giardi EI. Fisclier, '96, p. 205, Plate 9. 
Habitat. — Station 3375, off Cape San Francisco, March 4, 1891 ; lat. 2° 34/ 
N., long. 82° 29' W., 1201 fathoms ; gray globigerina ooze ; temperature, surface 
77°, bottom 36.°6, one si^ecinien. No. 7959 B. [H. 69.] 
Station 3406, Galapagos Is., between James and Indefatigable Is., April 3, 
1891 ; lat. 0° 16' S., long. 90° 21' 30 " W., 551 fathoms ; rock ; temperature, 
surface 81°, bottom 41. °3, one specimen. No. 7965. [H. 70.] 
Station 3436, south of Guaymas, April 22, 1891 ; lat. 27° 34' N., long. 110° 
53' 40" W., 905 fathoms; br. m. bk. sp. ; temperature, surface 72°, bottom 
37. °2, one specimen, No. 7968. [H. 71.] 
Station 3437, about 50 miles south of Guaymas, April 23, 1891 ; lat. — N., 
long. — W., 628 fathoms; br. m. bk. sp. ; temperature, surface 70°, bottom 40°, 
one specimen, No. 7966. [H. 72.] 
As the type specimen figured by Fischer was a very young one, it seems 
worth while to give a full description of a more mature form. 
The Body (Plate 7, Fig. 6) is conical; about three times as long as broad. 
The fins are each broadly elliptical, attaclied to the body for only about one- 
half their length : the bx'eadth across the two expanded tins is about two-thiixls 
the length of the body. The siphon is short and bluntly conical with double 
supporting bands ; the valve is small, but distinct; the fu7mel-organ consists of 
a roughly triangular pad, with the sides somewhat excavated ; lying on the doi-sal 
wall of the funnel on either side of it are two oval pads, with the anterior 
extremities directed oblii^nely inwards. 
The Head is large and n)unded, distinctly wider than the body: the eyes are 
globular, occupying the whole of each side of the heail: the ocular aperture is 
contracted and shows no sign of an emargination. Tbere is otdy a shallow de- 
pressioa for the si[)hoii. Beluw and behind each eye is the olfactory organ in 
the shape of a minute papilla. Around the inferior circumference of the eye. 
40 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
beneath the integument, are four or five eye-like bodies, which are presumably 
phosphorescent organs: the largest of these is situated just in frout of and be- 
low the ocuUvr opening; it forms the antero-lateral prominence in the outline 
of the head and is readily seen through the semi-transparent skin: it is oval 
in form, the length being nearly equal to the diameter of the lens ; the others 
are difficult to see until the skin has been removed. Surrounding the mouth 
is an extensive buccal membrane, of a purplish color, which is attached to the 
inner surface of all the arms, except the ventral pair, to a height of about 
3 mm. from their bases. 
The Anm are sub-equal and about two-fifths the length of the body. The 
first arm (Plate 7, Fig. 1) is provided on the inner aspect proxiraally with 
about eight pairs of moderately large suckers, then four pairs of gradually 
diminishing hooks, and beyond these a double series of small suckers, grad- 
ually diminishing and reaching to the tip of the arm. The form of the 
hooks is shown in Figs. 8 and 9. On the dorsal margin the middle third of 
the arm is occupied by a narrow membrane : on the ventral margin is a web 
neiirly half the breadth of the arm, which is cut by a series of notches into 
lappets large in the middle third of the arm and gradually diminishing towards 
the apex. On the external aspect of the arm is a narrow web for abwut its 
third quarter. 
The second arm (Fig. 2) is of almost the same length as the first : it is 
armed with about five pairs of suckers and then three pairs of hooks, beyond 
which is a single small sucker ; there is no web on the dorsal margin, but on 
the ventral is a broad web which has a wavy margin in the proximal half, 
becoming somewhat more deeply notched towards the apex : on the external 
aspect is a narrow web for about the distal third. 
The third arm (Fig. 3) is of the same length as the second : it is provided 
with three pairs of suckers and then six or seven hooks about the middle of its 
length, the distal portion being unarmed : on the dorsal margin is a very nar- 
row web for the proximal two-thirds and on the ventral a broad web, wavy at 
first and then scalloped : there is a broad web for mure than the distal half on 
the outer aspect. 
The fourth arm (Fig. 4) tapers more abruptly, especially in the proximal 
portion, than the others; the doi-sal aspect is hollowed, where it lies against 
the tentacle, and the dorso-external angle is produced into a thin web which 
joins the root of the third arm : it passes outside the tentacle and expands 
distally into a web, comparatively broad in the middle third of the aim and 
becoming evane.scent towards the tip. It posses.ses neither hooks nor suckers. 
The tentacle is about a.s long Jis the body. It is at first slender; then follows 
a swollen portion, after wliicii it is slender again, ami afterwards becomes rhom- 
boidal in secticm, that angle of the rhomb which is ilirected outwartls being 
rounded off, whilst the other three are pronounced. From this point it tapers 
graflually to the tip, there being no expanded club. The sucker-bearing face 
occnpie.s only u few millimetres of the extreme tip of the infero-internal face. 
There are two moderate-sized suckers proximally with smooth rings succeeded 
HOYLE: KEPORTS OX THE CEPHALOrODA. 41 
by two pairs of smaller suckers, and then by a large number of gradually di- 
minishing suckers in four series. Besides the two large proximal suckers are 
two rounded pads, situated in hollows, so placed that they occupy two angles 
of a rhombus, the suckers occupying the other two. With the suckers they 
undoubtedly constitute a fixing apparatus, as suggested by Fischer. 
The Surface is smooth throughout. 
The Color, in the spirit specimen, is a pinkish yellow, rather darker above ; 
the buccal membrane a dull yellowish purple, paler within than without. 
The Radula (Plate 7, Fig. 7) is remarkable for the complexity of the central 
tooth, which consists of a triangular cusp, springing from a rather irregular 
base; on either side of the base, near its posterior end, there is a prominence, 
which sometimes forms a separate denticle, united by a distinct articulation 
with the body of the tooth ; this is seen on the left-hand side of the portion 
drawn. The first laterals are stout and simple, an acute point springing grad- 
ually from a somewhat rectangular base. The second and tldrd laterals are 
very much alike, sickle-shaped, bent almost to a quadrant, and rather blunter 
than the others: the outer series are comparatively more slender than the 
inner. 
Dimc7isions. 
. mm. 
Length, total (excluding tentacle) 33 
End of body to mantle-margin 19 
Breadth of body 6 
Lengtli of fin 9 
Breadth of fin 13 
Length of first arm 8 
Lengtli of second arm 7 
Length of third arm 7 
Length of fourth arm 9 
Length of tentacle 18 
On opening the mantle-cavity there are seen just behind the base of the 
funnel two acorn-shaped bodies, one on either side of the middle line, the rec- 
tum passing forwards between them. Farther back in the middle line is a 
spheivjidal body, veiy much like an eye in general appearance; still farther 
back in the middle line is a fourth, and at the root of each gill is another 
larger one; these are phosphorescent organs, and an account of their structure 
will be found in the Appendix (p. 51). 
Professor Pfeffer has included in the genus Ptcryrfioteuthis Riippell's species 
hitherto known as Enoploteufhis margarit-ifera. This view I adopted in a 
communication (:02) dealing with the luminous organs of the latter speciis, 
but further consideration has led me to the conclusion that the differences 
between them are too groat to allow of such a course. They agree in form ami 
general appearance, in the size and deep color of the buccal membrane, in the 
tips of the arms being devoid of either hooks or suckers, and very strikingly 
42 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
in the position and structure of the luminous organs. On the other hand 
Pterygoteuthis giardi differs from PL margaritifera in the following characters : 
1. The ventral arm has neither hooks nor suckers. 
2. The tentacular club has two fixing cushions and corresponding suckers 
and no hooks whatever. 
3. The subocular luminous organs are not so numerous, and the anterior ab- 
dominal organ is single and not a group of three. 
These differences, especially those relating to the armature of the tentacular 
club, seem to me of generic value, and I see no alternative but the creation of 
a new genus with Enoploteuthis margaritifera as its type. For it I propose the 
name Pyroteuthis in allusion to its luminous organs. It is sufficiently diagnosed 
by the presence of intra-pallial luminous organs combined with a tentacular 
club armed with both hooks and suckers. 
Family HISTIOTEUTHIDAE. 
Histioteuthuiae Verrill, '81, p. 431. 
Histioteuthidae Pfeffer, :00, p. 108. 
CALLITEUTHIS. 
Calliteuthis Verrill, '80, p. 393. 
40. Calliteuthis reversa. 
Calliteuthis reversa Verrill, '80, p. 303. 
Habitat. — Station 3385 ; off Cape Mala ; March 8, 1891 ; lat. 7° 32' 36" N., 
long. li)° IG' W., 286 fathoms ; temperature, surface 72°, bottom 45. ©9, green 
mud ; one specimen. No. 7962. [H. 48.] 
This specimen about 35 mm. long ai)pears to be the young of the above 
species. It is not in very good condition, and the surface has suffered abrasion 
here and there. This makes it impossible to give the exact distribution of the 
luniinou.s organs. There appear to be, however, on the first arm a single row 
on the outer margin, on the third arm a single row along the ventral margin, 
and on the fourth arm three rows jiroximally and two rows distally. Pfeffer 
(: GO, pp. 1 69, 1 7t >) niake.s u.se of the distribution of these organs as a generic char- 
acter, and it therefore becomes of importance to ascertain whether it varies with 
age, and if so to what extent. 
The division into two parts of the cartilaginou.") ridge fitting into the base of 
the siphon, which was mentioned in the "Challenger" specimen, does not 
appear in this young example. 
hoyle: reports on the cephalopoda. 43 
Family CRANCHIIDAE. 
Cranchindae Gray, '49, pp. 36, 37. 
Cranchiaeformes Steenstrup, '61, p. 69 (1). 
CRANCHIA. 
Cranchia Leach, '17, p. 137. 
41. Cranchia scabra. 
(Plate 10, Fig. 11.) 
Cranchia scahra Leach, '17, p. 140. 
Octopus {P/iilonexis) eijlais d'Orbignj», '35, p. 20, Plate 1, Figs. 8-14. 
Cranchia scabra Owen, '38, p. 105, Plate 21, Figs. 1-5. 
Philonexis eylais d'Orb., in : Ferussac & d'Orbigny, '35, p. 102, Poulpes, Plate 17, 
Figs. 4, 5. 
Cranchia scabra Steenstrup, '61, p. 72 (4). 
Habitat. — " Station 74. Surface." [H. 103.] 
Station 6; North Pacific Ocean, 960 miles from Guadalupe Island; August 
31, 1899; lat. 20° 26' N., long. 133° 28' W. ; 150 fathoms to surface ; temper- 
ature, surface 75° ; one specimen, [H. 144.] 
The specimens here recorded cannot, I think, be referred to any other species 
than C. scabra; the correspondence in the form of the body and fins and the 
tubercles on the mantle is so close. At the same time there are certain differ- 
ences in the form of the arms and arrangement of the suckers, which I 
think it desirable to place on record, and I have therefore given a figure of the 
oral aspect of the head with the arms of the example from Station 74 (Plate 
10, Fig. 11). 
It will be seen that the " Albatross " specimen differs from Owen's descrip- 
tion and figures in the following points : — 
1. There is no connecting membrane (" intervening web " of Owen) between 
the arms. 
2. There are no proce.sses connecting the oral lip with the arms. 
3. The suckers are in a double series with an intervening space between 
them. 
4. There is a double row of suckers on the stem of the tentacle not men- 
tioned by Owen. 
It must, however, be observed that the " Albatross " specimen measures 
only 11 mm. (just over 5 lines) from the posterior end of the body to the root 
of the tentacle, whilst in Owen's the corresponding dimension was fully twice 
as much (11 lines). Most of the charaotei-s above mentioned are such iv may 
be fairly ascribed to incomplete development. Certainly this is the case with 
44 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZdOLOGY. 
the first three, and with regard to the fourth there is nothing impossible (or 
even improbable) in suckers being developed which subsequently disappear. 
This appears to be the case even with the arms in Verania. For these reasons 
I do not think it needful to create a new species for the reception of the 
present example. 
TAONIUS. 
Taonius Steenstrup, '61, p. 83 (15). 
42. Taonius, sp. 
(Plate 1, Figs. 4, 5; Plate 6, Figs. 13, 13.) 
Habitat. — Station 3414; off Tehuantepec; "surface to 100 fathoms." 
April 8, 1891 ; lat. 10° 14' N., long. 96° 28' W., 2232 fathoms; temperature, 
surface 82°, bottom 35°.8 ; green mud; one specimen ; immature. [H. 49.] 
This young specimen probably measured about 25 mm. in length (excluding 
the tentacle) in its uncontracted condition. It is somewhat difficult to form 
an opinion as to the species to which it should be referred. The shape of the 
fin and of the terminal portion of the pen is shown in Plate 6, Fig. 13, but it 
is too immature to give any definite indications. 
The stalk of the tentacle (Plate 6, Fig. 12) has a flattened surface extending 
halfway from the club towards the oral extremity, with four rows of very 
minute long-stalked suckers. In the adult T. hyperboreus (Hoyle, '86, Plate 
33, Figs. 6, 7) there are suckers and fixing pads somewhat similarly disposed. 
A comparison suggests the query — Are the fixing pads the stumps of suckers 
which have fallen off ? In T. siihmi there are two rows of small papillae reach- 
ing down the stem of the tentacle for a distance about equal to the length ot 
the club, but there does not seem to be any definite arrangement of suckers 
and fixing pads. The whole question of the development of these organs 
would repay investigation if adequate material were forthcoming. 
A drawing showing the appearance of the animal when alive is reproduced 
on Plate 1, Figs. 4, 5. 
43 Decapod, fam., gen., et sp. 1 
Habitat. — Station 14; north of the Marquesas Islands; September 7, 1899; 
lat. 6° 41' N., long. 137° W. ; 150 fathoms to surface; temperature, surface 
82° ; one young specimen. [H. 140.] 
A curious little creature with very short mantle, the dorsal margin forming 
R prominent point in the middle line ; the tentacles comparatively very thick. 
I do not know to what group it is to be referred. 
HOYLE : REPORTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 45 
LIST OF STATIONS, WITH THE SPECIES OBTAINED 
AT EACH. 
Cruise of 1891. 
Station 3353, off Cape Mala ; February 23, 1891; lat. 7° 6' 15" N., long. 
80° 34' W., 695 fathoms ; temperature, surface 73°, bottom 39°; green mud. 
Polypus, sp., No. 7941. 
Station 3356, off Mariato Point ; February 23, 1891 ; lat. 7° 9' .30" N., long. 
81° 8' 30" W., 546 fathoms ; temperature, surface 83°, bottom 40.° 1 ; soft blue 
mud. 
Polypus pusillus, No. 7952. 
Station 3358, off Cape Mala ; February 24, 1891 ; lat. 6° 30' N., long. 81° 44' 
W., 555 fathoms ; temperature, surface 83°, bottom 40. °2 ; green sand. 
Cirroteuthis, sp. 
Froekenia clara, No. 7961. 
Polypus pusillus, No. 7954. 
Bathyteuthis abyssicola, No. 7967. 
Station 3363, E. of Cocos Island ; February 26, 1891 ; lat. 5° 43' N., long. 
85° 50' W., 978 fathoms ; temperature, surface 83°, bottom 37. °5 ; white globi- 
gerina ooze. 
Polypus pusillus, No. 7949. 
Sympledoteuthis oualanicnsis. [H. 53.] 
Station 3366, E. of Galapagos Islands; February 27, 1891 ; lat. 5° 30' N., long. 
86° 45' W., 1067 fathoms ; temperature, surface 84°, bottom 37° ; yellow globi- 
gerina ooze. 
Eledonella diaphana, No. 7946. 
Station 3371, off Cocos Island; March 1, 1891; lat. 5° 26' 20" N., long. 
86° 55' W., 770 fathoms ; temperature, surface 82°, bottom 39° ; globigerina 
ooze, 
Argonauta argo, No. 8172. 
Polypus januMrii, No. 7944. 
Station 3.374, S. W. of Malpelo Island; March 3, 1891 ; lat. 2° 35' N., 
long. 83° 53' W., 1823 fivthoms ; temperature, surface 80°, bottom 36.°4 ; 
green ooze. 
Staurotcuthis hippocrepium, No. 7942. 
46 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
Station 3375, off Cape San Francisco ; March 4, 1891 ; lat. 2° 34' N., long. 
82° 29' W., 1201 fathoms; temperature, surface 77°, bottom 36.°6 ; gray globi- 
gerina ooze. 
Ahraliopsis Tioylei, No. 7959 A. 
Ptenjgioteuthis giarcli, No. 7959 B. 
Station 3382, off Mariato Point ; March 7, 1891 ; lat. 6° 21' N., long. 
80° 41' W., 1793 fathoms ; temperature, surface 75°, bottom 35.°8 ; green mud. 
Ahraliopsis hoylei, No. 7964. 
Station 3385, off Cape Mala ; March 8, 1891 ; lat. 7° 32' 36" N., long. 
79° 16' W., 286 fathoms ; temperature, surface 72°, bottom 45.°9 ; green mud. 
Calliteuthis reversa, No. 7962. 
Station 3388, off Cape Mala ; March 9, 1891 ; lat. 7° 6' N., long. 79° 48' W., 
1168 fathoms ; temperature, surface 73°, bottom 36.°2 ; green globigerina ooze. 
Tremodoims scalenus. No. 7963. 
Bathyteuthis abyssicola. [H. 533.] 
Station 3393, off Cape Mala; March 10, 1891 ; lat. 7° 15' N., long. 79° 36' W., 
1020 fathoms; temperature, surface 74°, bottom 36.°8 ; green mud. 
Moschites verrucosa, No. 7940. 
Station 3394, off Cape Mala ; March 10, 1891 ; lat. 7° 21' N., long. 79° 35' W., 
511 fathoms ; temperature, surface 73°, bottom 41. °8; dark green mud. 
Mastigoteuthis dentata, No. 7957. 
Station 2619, Ilyd., Gulf of Panama, "surface to 300 fathoms;" March 11, 
1891 ; lat. 7° 31' N., long. 78° 42' 30" W., 1100 fathoms ; temperature, surface 
68°, bottom 36. °5 ; green globigerina ooze. 
Ahraliopsis, sp. [H. 64.] 
Station 3398, off Cape San Francisco; March 23, 1891 ; lat. 1° 7' N., long. 
80° 21' W., 1573 fathoms ; temperature, surface 84°, bottom 36°; green ooze. 
Moschites rotunda, No. 7951. 
Station 2627, Hyd., off Cape San Francisco ; March 25, 1891 ; lat. 0° 36' N., 
long. 82° 45' W,, 1832 fathoms ; temperature, surface 81°, bottom 36° ; gray 
globigerina ooze. 
Argonauta argo. No. 8139. 
Station 3400, E. of Galapagos Islands ; March 27, 1891 ; lat. 0° 36' S., long. 
86° 46' W., 1322 fathoms ; temperature, surface 81°, bottom 36° ; light gray 
globigerina ooze. 
Mastigoteuthis dentata, No. 7956. 
Charlea Island, Galapago."* Islands ; Mardi 31, April 1, 1891. 
Polypus ocnlifcr, No. 7948. 
Polypus occidentalis, No. 7943. 
hoyle: repokts on the cephalopoda. 47 
Station 3406, between James and Indefatigable Islands, Galapagos Islands ; 
April 3, 1891 ; lat. 0° 16' S., long. 90° 21' 30" W., 551 fathoms; temperature, 
surface 81°, bottom 41.°3 ; rock. 
Pterygioteuthis giardi, No. 7965. 
Station 3410, off Bindloe Island, 4 miles W. ; April 3, 1891 ; lat. 0° 19' N., 
long. 90° 34' W., 331 fathoms ; temperature, surface 82°, bottom 44.°2 ; black 
sand. 
Bolitaena microcotyla, No. 7955. 
Station 3414, off Tehuantepec; April 8, 1891 ; lat. 10° 14' N., long. 96° 2S' 
W., 2232 fathoms; temperature, surface 82°, bottom 35.°8 ; greeu mud. 
Cirroteuthis, sp.. No. 7945 A. 
Abraliopsis hoylei. [H. 67.] 
Taonius, sp. [II. 49.] 
Japetella prismatica, No. 7945 B. 
Station 3415, S. E. of Acapulco ; April 10, 1891 ; lat. 14° 46' N., long. 
98° 40' W., 1819 fathoms ; temperature, surface 83°, bottom 36° ; brown mud, 
globigerina ooze. 
Eledonella diaphana. No. 7960 A. 
Abraliopsis Jioylei, No. 7960 B. 
Station 3417, off Acapulco ; April 11, 1891 ; lat. 16° 32' N., long. 99° 48' W., 
493 fathoms ; temperature, surface 82°, bottom 40.°6 ; green mud. 
Polypus pusillus. No. 7950. 
Station 3418, off Acapulco ; April 11, 1891 ; lat. 16° 3.3' N., long. 99° 52' 30" 
W., 660 fathoms ; temperature, surface 82°, bottom 39° ; brown sand, black sp. 
Polypus pusillus, No. 7953. 
Station 3420, off Acapulco ; April 12, 1891 ; lat. 16° 46' N., long. 100° 8' 20" 
W., 664 fathoms ; temperature, surHice 82°, bottom 3i>°.6; dark green mud. 
Eledonella diaphana, No. 7947. 
Station 3422, off Acapulco; April 12, 1891; lat. 16° 47' 30" N., long. 
99° 59' 30" W., 141 fathoms; temperature, surface 83°, bottom 53.°5 ; green 
mud. 
Loligo diomedeae. No. 7958. 
Station 3425, off Las Tres Marias; April 18, 1891 ; lat. 21° 19' N., long. 
106° 24' W., 680 fathoms ; temperature, surface 76°, bottom 39° ; green mud 
and sand. 
Argonauta hiam, No. 8138. 
Station 3436, S. of Guaymas ; Ajiril 22, 1891 ; lat. 7° 34' N., long. 
110° 53' 40" ^Y., 905 fathoms ; temperatiiro, surface 72°, bottom 37.^2; brown 
mud, black sp. 
Pterygioteuthis giardi, No. 7968. 
48 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
Station 3437, about 50 miles S- of Guaymas ; April 23, 1891 ; 628 fathoms ; 
temperature, surface 7U°, bottom 40° ; brown mud, black sp. 
Pterygioteuthis giardi, No. 7966. 
"50 miles south of Guaymas." 
Argonauta, sp. [H. 56.] 
" Pacific Ocean between Columbia and Mexico." 
Polypus tonganus, No. 8040. 
" Station 74, surface." 
Crancliia scahra, [H. 103.] 
Cruise of 1899-1900. 
Station 1, North Pacific Ocean, 320 miles from Point Conception; August 
26, 1899; lat. 31° 10' N., long. 125^^ W. ; temperature, surface 63°; taken at 
the surface. 
Teleoteuthis caribaea, 3 iuv . [H. 148-150.] 
Station 6, August 31, 1899 ; lat. 20° 26' N., long. 133° 28' W.; temperature, 
surface 75°; 150 fathoms to surface. 
Cranchia scahra, 1. [H. 144.] 
Tropical Pacific; September 1, 1899; lat. 18° 19' N., long. 134° 57' W. ; 
temperature, surface 76°; taken at the surface, 8 p. m. 
Tremodopus quoyanus, 29- [H. 151, 152.] 
Equatorial Pacific Ocean, north of the Marquesas Islands ; September 6, 
1899; lat. about 8° N.; long, about 137° W.; surface at night. 
Onychoteuthis banksi, 1. [II. 110.] 
Rtation 14, Pacific Ocean, north of the Marquesas Islands ; September 7, 
1899; hit. 6" 41' N., long. 1.37° \V.; temperature, surface 82°; taken at the 
surface. 
Teleoteuthis canbaea, 2 juv. [H. 131, 132.] 
Ommastrejjhes, sp., 1 juv. [H. 133.] 
Rliynclioteuthis chuni, 1 juv. [11. 134.] 
Embryo, indeterminate. [H. 147.] 
Station 14 ; 150 fathoms to surface. 
OmmastrepheSy sp., 2 juv. [TI. 141, 142.] 
Ahraliojmji, pp., 1 juv. [H. 143.] 
Embryo, indeterminate, 2. [H. 139, 140.] 
HOYLE: RErORTS ON THE CEPHALOrODA. 49 
September 7, 1899 ; surface, 8 p. m. 
Embryo, sp. indet. [H. 135.] 
Station 17, equatorial Pacific Ocean, north of the Marquesas Islands: Sep- 
tember 10, 1899; lat. 0° 50' N., long. 137° 54' W. ; depth, 2463 fathoms; 
temperature, surface 79° ; light yellowish-gray globigerina ooze; trawl. 
Cirrobrachium filiferum. [H. 130.] 
Station 18, 175 miles north of the Marquesas Islands ; September 13, 1899; 
lat. 6° 25' S., long. 138° 59' W. ; temperature, surface 80°; 400 fathoms to 
surface. 
Onychoteuthid, gen. et sp. indet. [H. 13C.] 
Off Rangiroa Island ; September 24, 1899; lat. about 150° X., long. 148° 
W. ; 8 p. m., surface tow net. 
Euprymna stenodactyla, 1 juv. [H. 126.] 
Station 27, 6 miles S. 20° E. of Anna Maria Bay; September 15, 1899 ; lat. 
9° 1' S., 140° 4' W. ; temperature, surface 79° ; 320 fathoms to surface. 
Onychoteuthid, indet., 1 juv. [H. 138.] 
Makatea Island, Paimiotu Archipelago ; October 6, 1899 ; shore. 
Polypus, sp. j>iv. [H. 125.] 
^lakemo Island, Paumotu Archipelago, October 20, 1899. Lagoon of 
Makemo, October 19, 1899.^ 
Polyinis, sp. [H. 124.] 
Papiete, Tahiti; on the reefs, November 14, 1899. 
Polypus, sp. [H. 146.] 
Fuiiafuti Island; December 24, 1899; shore ; taken by the seine. 
Euprymna stenodactyla, 1 9- [H. 128.] 
Gill)ert I.^lands, about 1 mile off Tarawa Island ; January 2, 1900; surface, 
electric light. 
Euprymna stenodactyla, 1 juv. [II. 137.] 
Jaluit ; January 13, 1900 ; shore. 
Sepioteuthis lunulata, ^ $. [H. 104-109.] 
Station 220, southwest of Kwajalong Island, Marshall Islands; January 16, 
1900 ; lat. 8° 38' N. ; long. 167° 37' E. ; temperature, surface 82° ; 150 
fathoms to surface. 
Eledonella diaphana, ]\\\. [H. 129.] 
^ There were two labels witli different dates in this bottle. 
VOL. XLiii. — ^o. 1 4 
50 bulletin: museum of compaeatiye zoology. 
Arhno Atoll, Marshall Islands; January 24-26, 1900; lat. about 7° N. ; 
long, about 171° 30' E. ; surface of the lagoon, electric light. 
Polyptis macropus, jnv. [H. 111.] 
Polypus, sp. juv. [H. 112, 11.3.] 
Eiiprymna stenodactyla, 2 $ [H. 114, 116], 1 9 [H. 115] ; 4 juv. 
[11. 117-120.] 
Arhno Atoll, January 27, 1900 ; surface of the lagoon, electric light. 
Poll/pus, sp. juv. [H. 121.] 
Euprymna stenodactyla, 1 9 [H. 122], 1 juv. [H. 123.] 
Station 236 ; southwest of Arhno Atoll, Marshall Islands ; January 28, 
1900; kt. 6°34'N., 170° 59' E. ; temperature, surface 81°; surface, electric 
light. 
Argonauta, sp. 1 9 [H. 127], 1 ^ [H. 145]. 
HOYLE : EEPOKTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 
APPENDIX. 
THE LUxMINOUS ORGANS OF CERTAIN CEPHALOPODA. 
(A) Pterygioteuthis giardi. 
(Plate 9.) 
The luminous organs in this species closely resemble, as might be expected, 
those of the nearly allied species, Pyrotenthu margaritiftra. Of these a short 
notice has recently appeared (Hoyle, : 02), and what follows will, of neces- 
sity, be to some extent a recapitulation of that paper. The specimens which 
came into my hands had not been preserved with any special view to his- 
tological examination, and some of them had suffered a good deal of injury, 
so that the account here given can only be regarded as of a preliminary 
character. 
The most striking peculiarity in regard to the luminous organs in the genus 
Pterygioteuthis is that they are situated on the eyeball or within the mantle- 
cavity, in either case below the integument, so that they are only functional 
by reason of its transparence during life. After immersion in alcohol the tis- 
sues become opa([ue, and though sometimes one or two of the larger ocular 
organs may be dimly seen through the skin, it is only after dissection that 
they are clearly visible, or, in the case of the intrapallial organs, visible at all. 
As in the Mediterranean species, the luminous organs may be divided, 
according to their situation, into four sets: — 
I. Ocular. 
II. Siphonal (Plate 9, Fig. 1, S., S.) 
III. Branchial (Fig. 1, B., B.) 
IV. Abdominal (Fig. 1, A\ A^). 
I. The Ocular Organs are disposed in the equatorial region of the ven- 
tral aspect of the eyeball, and resemble a series of warts projecting from it. 
Owing to the damaged condition of the eyes in most of the "Albatross" speci- 
mens, I have been unable to determine their number and position with cer- 
tainty, but there appear to be five, situated at approximately regular intervals 
on the lower half of the equator of the ej'eball. Each organ is roughly sphe- 
roidal, with the outer surface somewhat flattened and the deeper more convex. 
The diameter and the depth are subequal, being about 0.45 ram. in the larger 
and a little more than half as much in the smaller. 
52 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
As regards microscopic structure, the state of preservation leaves so much to 
be desired that it seeins hardly worth while to go into very minute details. 
The following is an account of the facts I have been able to elucidate by a 
study of serial sections. 
Each organ consists of the following parts : — 
1. The Capsule. 
2. The Posterior Cup. 
3. The Inner Cup. 
4. The Central Mass. 
5. The Anterior Cap. 
1. TJie Capsule (Plate 9, Fig. 2, c) is about 0.04 ram. thick, and consists of 
rather loose connective tissue with small irregularly-shaped nuclei scattered in 
it here and there. The inner half of the thickness of this layer is deeply 
pigmented, the tissue being permeated by a mass of granular reddish-brown 
particles. The color and density of this layer agree with that to be noticed 
subsequently in other organs of this species, and it is in marked contrast with 
the very opaque black pigment seen in Abralio2)sis. It is specially noteworthy 
that no similar layer was observed in the case of Pyroteidhis manjaritifera. 
2. Tlie Posterior Cup (Fig. 2, p. c.) is built up of a large number of flattened 
oval or almost circular scales arranged in concentric layers, and leaving a 
hollow in the middle which contains the knob of the central mass. In section 
these scales, being thicker in the middle than at the edges, have an irregularly 
fusiform outline, and their concentric arrangement is very conspicuous. They 
stain very deeply with all the reagents yet tried (haematoxylin, oirmine, and 
osmic acid). In some parts of the sections, notably in the more superficial 
layers, they appear to be homogeneous, bat in other parts they present a 
frayed-out appearance, and are then seen to be made up of a number of inter- 
lacing fibrils with a less dense substance between them (Fig. 3). They vary 
much in dimensions; the largest, situated in the outer layers, measure 0.08 mm. 
in diameter by 0.03 in thii^kness, whilst those near the centre measure rather 
less than half these dimensions. The smallest of all are near the rim of the 
cup ; they are sub-circular rather than fusiform in outline, and the diameter in 
many ca.ses is only about 0.015 mm. 
The scales are not in contact with each other, but are separated by inter- 
spaces of about O.OI mm. in thickness, but varying much in different jilaces. ■ 
A delicate connective tissue, which stains only very feel)ly with the reagents 
above mentioned, fills up these interspaces. Here and there a radially directed 
pa.ssage is seen perforating several of tlie layers of scales, ami in its centre may 
be Been a fibril which can often be traced to the central lujiss, and is presum- 
ably a nerve (Fig. 2, n). I have not, however, been able to trace these nerves 
to their source in the outer layers of the organ. 
■ The actual form of the pt-riphery of these scales is very dillieult to determine, 
becau.se the sections cut them at such varying angles. Tangential sections 
HOYLE: REPORTS ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 53 
naturally give the best idea of it, but even here it is impossible to be certain 
that in any particular case the whole outline is shown. Two scales from the 
same series of sections are shown in Fig. 4, A and B. 
Comparison of a number of such sections leads, however, to the belief that 
they are, speaking generally, oblong in form with rounded angles. Here and 
there a deep notch is seen in the margin of a scale, which gives passage to the 
nerve as mentioned above (Fig. 4, B, n). 
The fibrillar structure is not shown in these tangential sections, but there 
are indications of the presence of lacunae which may, perhaps, be the inter- 
spaces between them. There are great variations in the constitution of the 
scales in the different sections, which I can only attribute to the state of 
preservation. 
As compared with P. margaritifera, the scales are less regular in arrange- 
ment and not so homogeneous in structure. 
3. The Inner Cup (Fig. 2, i. c.) might perhaps be more correctly termed a 
funnel, for where the bottom would be is a space thnnigh which passes the 
central mass to be described below, and not only is the diameter of the cup 
much larger at the top, but the thickness, too, increases very greatly towards 
what may be termed the rim, whilst at the bottom it tapers away to a thin 
edge. The internal diameter of the cup at the mouth is 0.2 ram. and at the 
bottom 0.09 mm., the depth 0.12 mm., and the thickness of the rim about 
0.08 mm. It is composed of a mass of ratlier coarse fibres, which pass from the 
deeper portion to the more superficial, in layers parallel with the inner surface 
of the cup. Here and there an opening is left through the wall of the cup, 
apparently for the passage of a nerve. The fibres are much coarser and more 
closely packed, and stain much more deeply than those of P. viarfjaritifera, in 
which species, too, there are no nerve channels to be seen, — a fact which is 
probal)ly to be explained by the difference in size and arrangement of the 
central mass in the two species. 
4. The Central Mass may be considered as divisible into two portions : (A) a 
spheroidal knob, and (P>) a cone occupying the axis of the organ, and bearing 
on its apex the knob just mentioned. 
(A) Tlie spheroidal knob (s. k.) occupies the centre of the posterior cup, and 
constitutes, in fact, a nucleus around wliich the concentric layers of scak'S are 
arraTiged. It is about 0.1 mm. in diameter. 
(B) Tha axial cone (a. co.) is situated in the centre of the inner cup. It 
projects through the bottom of the cup to join the spheroidal knob just 
described, and its length being greater than tlie depth of the cup, it projects 
some distance above it. Its sloping sides bulge outward somewhat, and its 
upper surface is convex. Its measurements are, bas;d diameter, 0.23 mm., 
apical, 0.00 mm., total length, including the spheroidal knob, 0.21) mm. 
The bulk of this central mass is composed of large rounded parenchymatous 
cells, closely packed together. They may attain a diameter of as much as 
0.02 mm., tliough many are much less. They consist of almost structureless 
protoplasm, which stains but slightly, and the cell-boundaries jxre indistinct. 
54 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
The nuclei are large and spheroidal, measuring, in some cases, as much as 
0.008 nun. in diameter. The nuclei in the more superficial parts of the organ 
are much larger than those situated more deeply. 
In the centre of the thicker part of the cone are a number of scale-like 
bodies, placed at riglit angles to its axis (c. s.). There are from ten to twelve 
of these scales, measuring on an average 0.08 mm. in diameter, and 0.012 mm. 
in thickness. In structure they resemble, on the whole, those forming the 
posterior cup. They stain in the same way and to the same depth, but they 
are, on the whole, somewhat thinner in proportion to their diameter, and the 
fibres composing them are more obvious. 
The form of this central mass constitutes the most important difference 
between the present species and P. margaritifera, for in the latter it is much 
shorter, the conical part only e.xtending halfway along the siiles of the inner 
cup, and being hollowed to receive the deeper portion of a structure I liave 
called in that species the "internal cone." 
5. The Anterior Cap (a. c.) covers the whole surface of the organ above the 
central mass. It has the form of a meniscus, the deeper surface, which rests 
upon the central mass, the inner cup, and the edge of the posterior cup, being 
deeply concave, whilst the ui)per surface is very convex. The greater part of 
it is composed of delicate wavy fibres interlacing with each other, and disposed 
in general parallel with the surface of the organ. Over the central mass the 
fibres are closer and more nearly parallel than over the lateral jiortions of the 
organ, where the texture is much more open, leaving rounded interspaces be- 
tween them. A few nuclei were seen in these lateral parts, but none in the 
centre. 
In the superficial layers of this anterior cap are a number of scales disposed 
parallel to the surface. They very closely resemble the scales of the outer 
layers of the posterior cup, but are somewhat larger in diameter and not quite 
80 thick. They stain very deeply, and the more superficial ones are almost 
homogeneous in composition. There are a few of these scales in the deeper 
layers, but these are much smaller and show a tendency to break up into fibres 
something like the scales in the middle of the central niass. 
II. The Sipho.val Organs (Fig. 1, S. S.) are paired and lie just within the 
hinder margin of the funnel, and are seen peeping out from beneath it when 
the mfintle-cavity is opened. Eacli organ is bluntly pyriform in shape, or 
more accurately, perhaps, has the form of an acorn in its cup (Fig. 5). The 
smaller end is directeil backward.-*, and at the inner side of the broad end is 
a kind of stalk by which it is attached to the ventral wall of the body. The 
free distal end is slightly pigmented, while the broad end is paler and the tip 
is a paler patch of a semi-transparent yellowish horn color. The length of 
the organ is about 0.9 nun. and the greatest diameter 0.8 mm. 
In minute structure the siphonal organs clo.^cjy re.>«emble the ocular organs 
in their main features (Fig. 0). It will be sutlicient therefore to eniimerate 
their connlitiu'.nt parts and to mention the pt>inta in which tiiey present dill'er- 
enccs. On the whole, ihcy are more like the organs of P. margaritifera. 
HOYLE : REPORTS ON THE CErHALOPODA, 00 
1. Tlie Posterior Cup presents an outer coating of brown pigment (c.) which, 
however, is neither so thick nor so dense as that of the ocular organ. The 
scales composing the cup (p. c.) are thicker and more closely packed, and the 
connective tissue lying between them is more delicate. Most of the sections 
of this organ which I examined had been staii>ed with carmine, and this fact 
may account for an apparent difference in the composition of the scales. They 
present a granular appearance, but do not show traces of a network like that 
described above. The form of the scales, judging by an examination of tan- 
gential sections, seems to be much less regular than in those above mentioned. 
They give off processes which branch, and in some cases almost appear as 
though they joined one scale with another, though I hardly think that such is 
the case. A somewhat oblique section, through the cup and the central kuub, 
is shown in Fig. 8, and exhibits very clearly the concentric arrangement of the 
scales round the central knob. 
2. TJie Inner Cone (i. c.) presents very little difference from that of the 
ocular organs except that the fibres composing it are more delicate. In some 
of the sections, they show a tendency to curve round the outside edge of the 
central mass, but this appearance I imagine is due to the sections not being 
cut exactly through the centre. In some places I detected a nerve passing 
through the inner cone in the same way as in the ocular organ. 
3. The Central Mass (c. m.) is in general form intermediate between that 
of the ocular organs just described and that of P. margaritifera. It resembles 
the latter in the fact that it has no scales in its centre, and that it does not 
show distinct cell outlines, whilst in the fact that it extends as far as the rim 
of the inner cone it presents a likeness to P. giardi. It is made up of finely 
granular substance which stains only very faintly. The nuclei are very few 
and far between in the central knob, but are much more abundant towards 
the base of the conical portion, where many of them seem to be elongated in 
the direction parallel to the base of the cone. 
4. Hie Anterior Cap (a.c, a.c/) is made up of two laj^ers of about equal thick- 
ness, but whereas in the ocular organs the deeper layer is composed of delicate 
fibrils and the more superficial of large scales, in this instance the scides are in the 
deeper part, whilst the fibrous portion is above. The scales differ from those of 
the posterior cup inasmuch as they show a marked tendency to become resolveil 
into fibres (Fig. 7). One or two of the larger ones, however, show no fibres, 
but simply a granular structure similar to those of the posterior cup, but more 
pronounced. The superficial layer is almost homogeneous, but there can be 
seen in it delicate striations which run for the most part parallel with the sur- 
face. They are more clearly marked and less wavy in the deeper layers. 
The nuclei are fairly abundant and are fusiform in shape, with their long axes 
parallel to the direction of the fibres. 
5. The Collar (ro.) is the structure whose presence most clearly distin- 
guishes the siphonal from the ocular organs. It surrounds the organ parallel 
with its equator just opposite to the deeper layer of the anterior c^p. It is 
covered by the connective tissue capsule of the organ and in minute structure 
56 bulletin: museum of compaeative zoology. 
consists of a number of delicate fibres arranged in bundles, passing outwards 
and forwards, parallel to each other. Its breadth is about 0.24 mm. and its 
thickness 0.12 mm. 
III. The Branchial Organs are paired and situated one near the root of 
each gill (Plate 9, Fig. 1, B, B) a little further back, and also a little deeper 
in the mantle-cavity than the actual attachment of the gill itself. Tliey are 
of a flattened ovoid form with the longer a.\is directed rather forwards and 
inwards. The anterior and more superficial portion has a pale yellowish and 
rather lustrous appearance, behind which is a crescentic band, which looks as 
though it were due to subcutaneous pigment. The greatest length is about 
0.75 mm. and the breadth somewhat less. 
The structure of these branchial organs (Fig. 9) is much simpler than that 
of either of the sets just described. The following parts may be distinguished 
proceeding from the surface downwards: — 
1. Over the surface is a thin layer (•?. I. c.) of connective tissue varjnng from 
0.035 to 0.015 mm. in thickness. 
2. Beneath this is a delicate membrane (s. m.) which stains deeply and in 
wliich rounded nuclei can be made out here and there. It has an almost uni- 
form thickness of about 0.006 mm. 
3. The central mass (c. m.) constitutes by far the greatest part of the whole 
organ. It consists of a parenchymatous tissue of cells (Fig. 11), the largest 
of which are about 0.04 mm. in length, the smallest being less than half as 
much. The cell boundaries are very distinctly marked, and the protoplasm 
stains but slightly with haematoxylin. The nuclei are spheroidal and stain 
very deeply, so deeply that in most cases the nucleolus cannot be seen. Tiie 
nuclei are more numerous and the cell boundaries less distinct in the layer 
wliich immediately underlies the delicate membrane just described. 
Here and there may be seen amongst the cells a sort of lacuna in which is 
a granular mass with one or two nuclei. Sometimes this mass fills the lacuna, 
in others it seems to have shrunk away, in which case threads of protoplasm 
may be seen stretching out from it across the intervening space. 
Towarils the posterior edge the structure of the central mass undergoes a 
change (Fig. 10) ; instead of a parenchyma of rather elongated cells it assumes 
the appearance in its more superficial part of a fibro-cellular mass with nuclei 
scattered irregularly in it (s. f.). In its deeper portion is an ovoid mass of 
material similar t<j that composing the greater part of the central ma.ss, but 
not so clearly marked off into cells (<7.). There is a kind of spiral striation 
obscurely indicated, as though the structure had in some way been formed 
round a centre. 
4. A rather thick layer of very close compact tis-sue lies below the central 
mass (c. t. c). It stains very deeply, and hence its minute structure is very 
difficult to decipher, but it apparently consists of a granular substance in which 
no definite elements can be made out. In the anterior half this layer forms 
the boumlary of the organ. 
6. A thin layer of pigmented cells covers the posterior half of the organ on 
HOYLE : llEPOKTS ON THE CErHALOPODA. 57 
its deeper surface. It consists of a single layer of cells each with a definite 
rounded nucleus, ep. The pigment is of the retldish-brown character, which liiis 
already been described in speaking of the siphonal and ocular organs and 
appears to be contained in the inner portion of the cells {p. I.) 
IV. The Abdominal Organs (Plate 9, Fig. 1, A^, A\) are two in number. 
Tlie anterior (^1^) occupies the position of the three organs in P. niargaritifera 
(Hoyle, : 02, Fig. 1, A 1, 2, 3), though it is proportionately not quite so Jar 
in front of the branchial organs as it is in that species. The posterior one 
(Fig. 1, A^) corresponds in position with that marked J. ^J in the figure of P. 
margaritifera just cited. 
Th,e anterior oi'gan is slightly elliptical in a superficial view with the longer 
axis transversely ; its axes measure 0.6 and 0.4 mm. respectively. The organ 
is nearly hemispherical (or more accurately henu-ellipsoidal) embedded in the 
tissues, with its flat surface outwards and on tlie same level as the abdominal 
wall. On the anterior aspect a kind of thread or stalk runs from it, em- 
bedded in the tissues. One organ which I removed was cut into sections 
longitudinally, that is, by planes parallel to the sagittal plane of the body 
(Fig. 12) ; an examination of these showed it to be composed of the following 
structures ; — 
1. The Capsule. 
2. The Pigment Layer. 
3. The Cup. 
4. The Inner Cone. 
5. The Central Mass. 
6. The Cover. 
7. The Superficial Connective Tissue. 
1. T]ie Capsule of connective tissue (c.) covers the whole of the hemispherical 
surface of the organ ; it is very thin (about 0.08 mm. thick) and almost 
structureless, though delicate fibres can be traced here and there, and a few 
nuclei are scattered in it. 
2. The Pigment Lager (p.) inmiediately within the connective tissue just 
mentioned is thickest just opposite to the stalk and made up of reddish-brown 
granules like tlie similar layers iu the other organs. 
3. The Cup (p. c.) is made up of scales, so far as can be made out closely 
resembling those already described in other organs. The only jtections I have 
of this organ are so deeply stained with braziline that it is impossible to make 
out any structure in them. This coat is on average 0.1 mm. thick. 
4. The Inner Cone (r. c) can be made out distinctly only on that si<le of the 
organ turned towards the stalk. It consists as in other cases of thin wavy 
fi!)res very deejjly stained. It is much thinner and less conspicuous in this 
instance than in the others. 
5. The Central Mass (r. m.) is much less regular in shajie tlian in those ciises 
already described, but shows traces of a constriction indicating a division into 
a deeper portion ami a more superficial corresponding respectively to the splie- 
roidal and conical portions of other cases. The minute structure is very badly 
58 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology. 
preserved ; there are only very scanty traces of cell outlines and these princi- 
pally in the superficial division. The nuclei are distinct and rounded or oval 
and much more numerous in the superficial part. 
6. T]u Cover (co.) consists of a layer of scales which differ from any of 
those hitherto mentioned in form as well as in arrangement. They are 
greatly elongated and fusiform in outline, with one end blunter than the other. 
Bv this blunter extremity they are attached to the surface of the central mass 
and pass upwards from it in a more or less curved direction. Those which 
are furthest away from the stalk pass at an angle 45° to the surface. The 
next ones become successively more and more vertical and then begin to slope 
over to the other side. Those which cover the greater part of the central mass 
are inclined at an angle of about 30° to its surface, whilst at the stalk end they 
run almost directly into it. The thinner ends are drawn out into long deli- 
cate fibrils which curve round and become continuous with a limiting mem- 
brane forming the boundary of this layer. 
7. The Superficial Connective Tissue (s. c.) is a layer about 0.016 mm. in 
thickness. It may be divided into three parts, the deeper and the more super- 
ficial being structureless, whilst the middle one is granular and has nuclei 
scattered at intervals along it. I have not been able to make out satisfactorily 
any nervous supply to the central mass in this instance, but it is quite possible 
that this may exist between the scales and the posterior cup as in other cases, 
for many of the sections were much broken. The Posterior Organ I have not 
examined in section. 
Regarding the functions and homologies of the different parts of these or- 
gans, there is but little that can be said. The central mass I take to be the 
source of light, and it agrees in position though not in structure with the cells 
to which Joubin ('93, '94, "95) has ascribed a similar function in Histioteuthis 
and Histiopsis. 
What I have termed the posterior cup appears to be closely similar to the 
corresponding part of the organ described by Joubin, and I think there can be 
little doubt that he is correct in regarding it as a reflector, though it is not ex- 
actly clear to me that one would naturally expect a body so constituted to 
discharge such a function. If this be admitted there would then be no reason 
for doubting that the superficial portions are a refracting apparatus. 
(B ) Abraliopsis hoylei. 
(IMali- lO, Figs. 1-10.) 
The luminous organs of this «j>ecies are exceedingly numerous and are dis- 
tributed pretty freely over the ventral surface and to some extent over the 
sides of the mantle, head, and tliird and fourth pairs of arms. Their arrange- 
ment is almost exactly bilaterally symmetrical with insignificant variations 
liere and there. Considered more iu detail, the disposition on the various 
organs is na follows : — 
hoyle: reports on the cephalopoda. 59 
I. INTEGUMENTARY ORGANS. 
A. The Mantle (Plate 10, Fig. 1) : — The hinder part of the inferior surface 
is covered by a patch of organs (])), whilst in front of this they are placed in 
more or less regular linear series of which the following may be distinguished : 
1. A double row (m^) placed not very far from the median ventral line on 
either side and leaving a narrow free space between them. 
2. A single irregular series (/«-) a little distance to the outer side of each 
of these. 
3. A fairly regular single series which commences on either side at the 
prominent angle of the mantle-margin and passes backwards, converging 
towards the median line in its course (to*). 
All these six lines pass posteriorly into the patch of organs above mentioned. 
4. Still further to each side is a wavy series of small organs more irregular 
and more widely spaced, extending nearly to the posterior extremity of the 
body, whilst dorsall}^ to these again and situated on each side of the mantle, is 
a row of about half a dozen. 
5. Along the margin of the mantle is a single series extending rather more 
than halfway round (ni*). 
On the dorsal' surface I detected only two or three minute organs, in a 
linear series parallel and near to the dorsal median line. 
B. The Siphon (s) : — On the ventral face of the siphon are two groups, 
one on each side, leaving a clear space in the middle between them. Each, 
group is roughly triangular in arrangement "and consists of six to ten organs. 
C. The Head : — The inferior surface of the head presents a brilliant array 
of these little organs. Most conspicuous perhaps is a longitudinal series occu- 
pying the median ventral line (/(•). Anteriorly this series bifurcates to pass 
up the fourth arm, and posteriorly it also bifurcates just in front of the tip of 
the funnel and the two limbs pass backwards and outwards along the mai-gin 
of the I'uimel-groove. Parallel with this median series are two othei-s, one on 
each side (h^), which start from the line of organs along the edge of the 
funnel-groove, and pass forwards to the outer edge of the fourth arm on each 
side. Parallel with this line is a short row of thn-e or four organs, between 
the funnel and the eye (/<*), and in the same line with it in front of tlie eye 
is a group of four to eight (/<*). A semicircle of organs is found round the 
ventral margin of each eye aperture. 
D. The Arms: — Only the third and fourth pairs of arms are provided with 
these organs. On the fourth pair there is a single linear series on either mar- 
gin of the ventral face. The line on the inner margin is the continuation of 
the bifurcated median line on the lower surface of the head (/i') mentioned 
above. It extends about halfway up the arm and then ceases. That in the 
outer margin is u continuation of the series parallel with the median line (h^) ; 
after passing forward a short distance it becomes discontinuous and is res>oIved 
60 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 
into little linear groups of four to seven organs, separated by interspaces about 
equal in length to the groups. 
On the third pair (Plate 8, Fig. 2) there are little linear groups of two to 
six organs on the ventral surface along the line where the web or swimming 
membrane is attached to the arm. 
There are no organs on the fin. 
General Appearance. 
Under a lens the luminous organs of the mantle, arms, etc., present the ap- 
pearance of small spots which are sometimes raised into papillae by the con- 
traction of the intervening integument (Plate 10, Fig. 3). They have a 
shining appearance and consist of a central white speck surrounded by a black 
rin". Under a low power of the microscope, the black ring is not quite even, 
but has a wavy external margin and in some cases is clearly seen to be made 
up of from five to seven separate pieces ; this is still more clearly seen to be 
the case when sections are examined. 
The white central portion presents a somewhat different appearance in dif- 
ferent organs. In the largest ones it has a yellowish tinge and is more prom- 
inent and looks harder than in others. In the organs of smaller size it is paler 
and flatter, being of a dull pearly white color. In the smallest of all it is 
quite flat, and in these, too, the pigment ring is much less developed. 
The diameter of one of the largest is about 0.2 mm., the central pearl-like 
spot being about 0.1 mm. in diameter. They vary considerably in size, the 
smallest being about half as big as the largest. They lie in spaces between 
the chromatophores. 
Minute Structure. 
The preparation of complete series of sections of these organs was found to 
be quite impossible, owing to the hardness of the posterior part of the interior. 
The cutting went on quite satisfactorily until about halfway through, when 
the whole of the remainder of the inside was torn out by the razor, generally 
spoiling the adjacent tissues on one side and damaging all the remaining sec- 
tions of that particular organ. In what follows the account of the posterior 
part has been compiled from a few very indifferent fragments. 
Tiie organ lies embedik-d in the fibrous connective tissues under the e]ii- 
dermis and is bt-low the k-vel of the chromatophores with which it does not 
seem to come into any relation. There is a sliglit depression in the sub- 
cutaneous muscle underneath each organ. There is a series of large sinuses 
surrounding the posterior portion of the organ (Figs. 4 to 8, s.). The iimer 
wall of these is formetl by a thin layer of connective tissue surrounding the 
]>igment cup, whilst the outer is formed by the sub-cutaneous connective 
tissue. 
The shape is in general s]ilKToi(lal, the axial diameter, perpendicular to the 
Burface of the iuteguntent, being rather longer than the transverse diameter. 
HOYLE: KEPOKTS on the CEPHALOrODA. 61 
In general, too, tlie deeper half is a little more pointed than the more super- 
ficial, so that the form of the organ approaches that of a peg-top (Fig. 4). 
Each oi-gan consists of the following parts : — 
1. The Lens. 
2. The Pigment Cup. 
3. The Inner Cup. 
4. The Posterior Hemisphere. 
5. The Internal Cone. 
1. The Lens (Plate 10, Figs. 4,5, 1) consists of a pale structureless material 
which is not acted upon by staining fluids. It is divided up by faint irregular 
lines of demarcation and occasional cleavage gaps into more or less rounded 
masses, in the interstices between which nuclei are found here and there. 
Vieweel in a section taken along the axis (Fig. 4) the lens is seen to be sep- 
arated by an ef[uati)rial groove into an inner and outer portion. These differ 
somewhat in their structure. In the deeper portion, the pieces of which the 
lens is built up are rounder and more irregular, their depth being not infre- 
quently equal to their transverse diameter. In the more superficial portion, 
these pieces are more flattened and taper to their edges on either side, and are 
fitted into each other something like flattened epithelial cells near the surface 
of the epidermis. The nuclei are modified in accordance with the tissue in 
whicli tliey are found, being rounded or sub-polygonal in the deeper portion 
and flattened in the superficial. The groove above mentioned receives the 
iuturned edge of the pigment cup. 
2. The Pigment Cup (Figs. 4, 6, 7, 8, p. c.) is in the shape of a goblet without 
a stem and with the edge somewhat inverted. It is built up of a number of 
sejiarate pigment masses which are seen in section to be hollow Siics with a 
thick lining of black pigment, a structure which suggests the view that thev 
are possibly modified chromatophores. Their boundaries are not always 
visible, and hence it is impossible to determine their exact number, the more 
so as the sections of the posterior part of the organ are never entire. In a 
horizontal section taken just below the lens (Fig. 6) there are usually six of 
these which make up a more or less complete ring, and in such cases the 
boundaries of the individual sacs are pretty easy to determine. This riu'^ 
api)ears to correspond to the inturned edge of the pigment cup. In the 
deeper portions tlie hollow cavities of the jiigment masses are not so easily 
seen, nor are the boundaries so distinct. The aperture of the cup, as above 
stated, is occupied by the lens. In its bottom is situated the posterior hemi- 
sphere, whilst the remainder is lined by connective tissue with numerous 
large nuclei (Figs. 4, 7, 8, c. t) 
3. IVw. Inner Cup (Figs. 4, 7, i. c.) lies inside the pigim-nt cup just described. 
It niiglit perliaps be more correctly described as a funnel, for a coni&U perfora- 
tion runs right through its middle, diminishing in diameter as it descends. 
The substance of which it is composed stains only very faintly. In an axial 
62 BULLETIN': MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
section (Fig. 4) it is marked by striations which run, roughly spea^king, par- 
allel to its outer boundary and seem to indicate that it is built up of irreg- 
ular rods packed closely side by side. A fair number of more or less complete 
axial sections of this structure have been obtained, but I have only been 
able to discover one or two fragmentary transverse sections. These show the 
cut ends of the rods packed together witli a kind of radiating arrangement 
from the central aperture towards the circumference (Fig. 7). Between tbese 
rods, nuclei occur very sparingl}'^ and elongated in a direction parallel with 
the rods themselves. 
4. The Posterior Hemisphere (Figs. 4, 8, jj. h.) occupies the deepest portion 
of the interior of the organ just within the pigment cup. It has, roughly 
speaking, the form of a hemispherical bowl with the rim turned inwards. Its 
thickness is about equal to one-third of its diameter and is such that only a 
very small spheroidal space is left in the middle of it and is occupied by the 
end of the internal cone. The thickness is made up of a series of concentric 
layers which in the sections appear to be slightly separated one from the other, 
especially near their edges, but this may be an effect produced by the process 
of cutting. This substance takes up the stain only faintly, and appears to be 
eomewhat denser in consistency than the inner cup. No nuclei have been 
noticed anywhere in its substance. 
5. Tlie Internal Cone (Figs. 4, 6, 7, i. co.) is situated with its base against the 
deeper surface of the lens, whilst its spheroidal apex occupies the internal cavity 
of tlie posterior hemisphere just described. It is deeply subulate and is bounded 
by the internal surface of the inner cup. Under a high power it is seen to be 
composed of finely granular protoplasm, which is niit much affected by the 
staining fluid. No definite cell boundaries can be seen, but it contains a con- 
sidtTable number of nuclei. Those near the base of the cone are small and 
ovoiil in shape, whilst the deeper ones are elongated in the direction at 
right angles to the axis. Some of them are so long as to occupy a con- 
siderable portion of the diameter of the cone. A section parallel with the 
surface of the integument (Fig. 6) just beneath the lens shows that these 
elongated nuclei have tliuir long axes curved to correspond with a circle 
drawn round the centre of the cone. They are situated in the deeper 
layers, whilst the round and ovate nuclei occupy the circumference. 
I have not been able t(j trace the nerve supply to these organs. 
II. SUB-OCULAR OROAXS. 
Beneath each ej'ehall, covered in the living condition by the integument, is a 
row of five organs, ])lacod at etpial distances from eadi other along the eijuator 
of tlic Imll (I'latc 10, Fig. 2). They are visible in the living animal (Plate 1, 
Fig. 3) evidently by nuwon of the transparency of the integument. 
They are ulightly elevated papillae of a clear yellowish-brown color. The 
three centnil ones are the smallest and are about 0.18 mm. in diameter, 
HOYLE: EEPORTS on the CEPIIALOrODA. 63 
whilst the two extreme ones measure 0.35 nun. in diameter. The organs are 
embedded in the connective tissue capsule which lies over the sclerotic coat o 
the eye. 
Minute Structure (Figs. 9, 10). 
In the deepest portion of the larger organs is a lenticular mass of tissue 
about 0.13 mm. in diameter and 0.07 mm. in thickness (I.). It is made up 
of irregularly shaped masses which are to all appearance structureless, of a 
pale yellowish-gray color and not affected Ijy the haematf)xylin with which the 
preparation has been stained. Beneath this mass is a thin layer of connective 
tissue (c.) with sparsely scattered nuclei in it, whilst above and around it is a 
thicker layer of connective tissue (d) with very numerous, deeply stained 
nuclei of variable shape, mostly, however, with their longer axes parallel to 
the surface of the organ. 
The greater part of the organ is made up of a series of delicate filjrils (/.). 
These arise from a thin structureless layer lying upon the connective tissue 
coat of the lenticular mass just described. They are of extreme tenuity and 
radiate outwards in all directions from horizontal to vertical, producing in the 
section the appearance of a fan. The fibrils are, however, none of them 
exactly straight, but curved in such a way that in the deeper half of their 
course they are concave towards the axis of the organ and subsequently convex, 
becoming generally concave again where they merge into the clear zone to be 
described below. The structureless mass from which they arise does not take 
up the staining fluid, but the greater part of the filjrils has become very 
deeply colored. The terminal fifth of each fibril remains unstained and ap- 
pears to be thinner than the remainder, so that a narrow clear zone appears 
in the section to bound the surface of the organ {z.). 
On that side of the organ which may be called the inner, as it is turned 
towards the remaining organs of the same eye, the connective tissue (f'.f.) en- 
croaches to some extent over its surface in the form of a thin layer gradually 
becoming thinner and ceasing at a distance of aljout 0.01 mm. -from the edge. 
This overlapping portion of the connective tissue contains a few nuclei. 
On the other side of the organ it becomes flattened out and extemls as a hori- 
zontal prolongation for a distance nearly equal to the diameter of the lenticular 
portion. This part consists of delicate fibrils (h.f.) very like those described 
above, but interspersed between them are strands of the yellowish-gray material 
described above as forming the small lenticular body in the deepest portion of 
the organ. Ovoid nuclei are scattered here and there among them. The 
arrangement of the fibrils here is very nmch less regular than in the central 
fan-like portion. 
The smaller organs (Fig, 10) present a certain resenjblance in structure to 
the large ones above described. In the deepest portion is a lenticular mass 
(1-) of unstained tissue very closely resembling that above described. It is, 
however, broader and flatter not only in relation to the size of the organ, but 
also absolutely, measuring 0.2 nun. in diameter and about 0.05 mm. in thick- 
64 BULLEriN: museum of COMPAKATIYE ZOOLOGY. 
ness. It rests upon a mass of connective tissue (c.) much thicker than that form- 
iu" the base of the larger organs, being in fact thicker than the leuticuhxr mass 
itself. Above it is a similar layer of connective tissue (c^.) with thickly dis- 
tributed nuclei very similar to that described above. The radiating fibrils 
(J.) in this case seem to spring directly from the connective tissue itself with- 
tjut anv intervening structureless mass. They are thicker, shorter, and more 
closely packed than in the larger organs, and as they do not thin out toward.s 
their extremities there is no clear zone produced on the outer surface. 
These smaller organs, too, appear to be much more brittle than the larger 
ones, for only in very few cases have I found their sections at all complete. 
The only organs which at all approach the pallial organs just described are 
to be found in tlie somewhat closely allied species Ahralla oiceni, which 
ha-s been the subject of a memoir by Professor Joubin ('95). In common 
with the form under consideration they are of a spheroidal shape and are 
surrounded in their deeper half by sacs of pigment which may be modified 
chroraatophores. The network of vessels described and figured by Jonbiu 
(p. 11 [222], Fig. 6) appears to be replaced by the lacunae above mentioned. 
Here, however, the resemblance ceases ; it is only with difficulty that the 
internal structures can be regarded as in any way homologous with each 
other. 
Judging by composition alone, it might be said that the crystalline style 
(tige cristalline) of Joubin is represented by the funnel-like apparatus of 
Ahraliopds, but even here differences obtain, for whilst the style occupies the 
very centre of the organ, the funnel is hollow and in its middle is found a 
cellular plug. Furthermore, the style is described as consisting of concentric 
layers ami quite devoid of nuclei, whereas the funnel is made up of rodlike 
elements, arranged around a centre, it is true, and nuclei, though in small 
numbers, are present. 
There is nothing, apparently, in the organs of Abralia corresponding either 
to the lens-like body, to the central cone, or to the hard posterior cup in 
Ahmlinpsis, whilst on the otlier hand the latter shows nothing like the hood 
(calotte) or the network (regean) observed in the former. 
In the face of discrepancies such as the.se in the case of forms which do not 
seem to be far apart systematically, the elucidation of the functiotis of the dif- 
ferent parts on anatomical or histological grounds seems wt-llnigli hopeless. 
I am not accpiainteil with any organs at all resembling those found on the 
eyes of Abruliojms hoyhi. 
hoyle: reports on the cephalopoda. 65 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Tlie dark figures in parentheses are those by wliich tlie papers are referred to 
in the text; they are the tens and units figures of tiie dates of publication ; the cen- 
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Adams, A., & L. Reeve. 
(48.) TLe Zoology of tlie Voyage of II. M. S. "Samarang" under tlie 
Command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher during tLe years 1843-40 ; 
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Appellof, A. 
('86) Japanska Cci)halopodcr, A'. Svensk. Velensk-Akad. Uandl., vol. 21, 
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('24.) Diciionnaire des sciences nuturelles, vol. 32, p. 175, 1824. 
Brazier, J. 
('92.) Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Australia and Tasmauia, part 1, 
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Brock, J. 
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('29 ) ^iemoric sulla storia e notomia degli animali scnza vertebra del regno 
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(36.) Cirroteuthis Miilleri, eine neue Gattung der Cepbalopodeu hiMend, 
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(■35.) Histoire uaturelle geuerale et particuliere des Ceplialopodes acetabu- 
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('71.) Arrangement of the families of Mollusks. Prepared for the Smithso- 
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('96.) Report on a Collection of Cephalopoda from the Calcutta Museum, 
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