Vol. 86, Nos. 9 & 10, November & December 1975 217 AN INDEX TO THE INSECTS AND SPIDERS FEATURED ON AUDUBON'S BIRD PLATES' S.W. Frost^ ABSTRACT: The title reveals the nature of this article. References are made to Audubon's bird plates reproduced by The Macmillan Company, 1937 and The American Heritage Company, 1966. In each case the birds, insects, insect injuries, and spiders are indicated. This discussion is based on the insects and spiders featured on the 500 plates reproduced by The Mac Millan Co., 1937 and the 421 plates reproduced by the American Heritage Publishing Co., 1966. Although Audubon's Sketch Book, brought to light by Alice Ford illustrates many excellent insect and spider paintings by Audubon, few or none were used on the final bird plates. They are not included in the present discussion. Edwin Teale and Alice Ford have discussed Audubon's insects and other animals, how-ever, some have been missed and the injuries by insects have not been considered. Their papers will compensate for the lack of illustrations in the present article. Forty nine insects and 13 spiders are distinctly represented on Audubon's plates. These include 28 Lepidoptera, 14 Coleoptera, 7 Diptera, and 7 insects of miscellaneous orders. Eighteen objects, difficult to identify, may be insects or spiders. Not only the adult insects are featured but often the immature forms, eggs, larvae, pupae, and nymphs are represented. The inclusion of leaf miners, gall makers, work of boring insects and foliage feeders add many species to the list. While most of the insects and spiders are well delineated, some are sketchy, represented in black and white and often small or minute, making specific identification difficult. The birds are often associated with suitable backgrounds including leaves and tlowers of many plants, insects, spiders and other animals. These were often executed by artists other than Audubon. George Lehman of Lancaster, Pennsylvania is responsi-ble for many of the backgrounds. Maria Martin, a sister-in-law to Accepted for publication: September 25. 1975 ^ Frost Entomological Museum, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennslyvania 16802 ENT. NEWS, 86: 9 & 10: 217 -226, November & December 1975
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