Vol. 98, No. 3 June, 1950 THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN PUBLISHED BY THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY MKTAHOLIC ACTIVITIES AND CLEAVAGE OF EGGS OF Till. SEA URCHIX, ARBACIA PUNCTULATA A REVIEW, 1932-1949 1 M. E. KRAHL / } ef>nrtiiicnt of Hiolaiiicul Chemistry, U'ashinyton University School of Medicine, Si. I.mns. Missouri, and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. Massachusetts CONTENTS Page A. Introduction I ; (l B. Oxygen consumption 175 1-Units 176 2. Determination of egg volume 177 3. Oxygen consumption of whole eggs 177 4. Oxygen consumption of egg fragments 179 5. Respiratory quotient 179 6. Oxygen consumption of sperm 179 C. Rate of cleavage 1 79 I"). Metabolic catalysts, metabolic intermediates ; phosphorus, nucleic acid, and calcium metabolism ; echinochrome 181 1. Metabolic catalysts 181 a. Cytochrome oxidase 182 b. Cytochromes and related compounds 182 c. Flavin-adenine dinucleotide 183 d. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide 183 e. Enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle 183 f. Oxidation of substrates other than those of tricarboxylic acid cycle 1 85 g. Hydrolytic enzymes 1 85 h. Catalase 1 86 2. Metabolic intermediates 186 a. Total acid-hydrolyzable carbohydrate 186 b. Glycogen 1 86 c. Other possible metabolic intermediates 186 <1. Fats 187 e. Foodstuffs consumed and products formed during cleavage 187 3. Phosphorus and nucleic acid metabolism 1 87 4. Calcium metabolism ; 1 89 5. Echinochrome 1 89 E. Penetration of chemical agents into Arbacia eggs 189 F. Effects of chemical agents upon oxygen consumption, cleavage, and metabolic enzymes . . 192 1 . Low oxygen tension * 1 92 2. Cyanide, carbon monoxide, azide, sulride, substances forming complexes with copper. 192 3. Substituted phenols and related substances 196 ' Tin's review was prepared at the invitation of the Editorial Board. 175
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