AN INDEX-CATALOGUE OF AFRICAN PHANEROPTERINAE (ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE) By D. R. RAGGE CONTENTS Page SYNOPSIS ............ 75 INTRODUCTION ........... 75 TREATMENT ........... 76 THE STATUS OF THE PHANEROPTERINAE ...... 78 CATALOGUE OF AFRICAN PHANEROPTERINAE ...... 79 REFERENCES ........... 98 INDEX ............ 103 SYNOPSIS A catalogue is given of all the genera and species of Phaneropterinae known at present to occur in Africa and its off-shore islands (but not those of the Mediterranean Sea or the Malagasy Sub- region) , and in the Arabian peninsula. The species are arranged alphabetically under the genera to which they have been assigned in the most recent literature, and the arrangement of the genera is also alphabetical. Generic and specific synonyms, junior homonyms and deliberate variations in spelling are listed chronologically under the valid name. The type-species is cited for all generic names, and full information on the type-material is given for all specific names. The catalogue includes 115 genus-group and 358 species-group names; of these, eighty-three generic, 295 specific and seven subspecific names are currently regarded as valid. The status of the Phaneropterinae is discussed. INTRODUCTION THIS catalogue has been compiled as the first stage of a comprehensive revision of the African Phaneropterinae. It includes all the species of Phaneropterinae known at present to occur in Africa, listed alphabetically under the genera to which they have been assigned in the most recent literature. As a deliberate policy, no new combina- tions (with the exception of an unavoidable one mentioned below) or synonyms are established in this paper; any necessary nomenclatorial changes will appear in the systematic revision to be published later. With the exception of groups covered by recent revisions (Ragge, 1955, 19560, 19566, 1957, 19600, 19606, 19610, 19616, 19620, 19626, 1964) the nomenclature will thus be subject to some alteration during the next few years. However, the standard of taxonomic work on the Tettigoniidae during most of the past century has been remarkably high and there are very few nomen- clatorial problems. The geographical region covered by this catalogue includes the whole of the African mainland and off-shore islands (e.g. Socotra, Zanzibar and the islands of the Gulf of Guinea) and the Arabian peninsula, but excludes the Malagasy Sub-region; there is ENTOM. 22, 3. 3 76 D. R. RAGGE such a high degree of endemism in the Phaneropterinae of this sub-region that it is more appropriate to treat them separately. The Mediterranean islands are not included, and the inclusion of North Africa adds only thirteen species, all belonging to the genus Odontura Rambur. TREATMENT The eventual systematic arrangement of the African genera of Phaneropterinae will naturally depend on the comprehensive revision to be undertaken during the next few years, and it has therefore been thought better at this stage to list the genera alphabetically. Generic synonyms, junior homonyms and deliberate variations in spelling are listed chronologically under the valid generic name. The entries for each genus and generic synonym include a reference to the original description and the citation of the type-species and its mode of fixation ; where the type-species was fixed by subsequent designation, a bibliographical reference is given to the fixation. The type-species is cited in its original combination; where it is now a junior synonym the present valid name is given in brackets. Where a type-species does not occur in Africa, the country of the type-locality is given in brackets. All generic synonyms are cited, including those based on non- African type-species; the type-species are cited in the same way as those of valid generic names. The African species of each genus are listed alphabetically, together with references to their original descriptions and a statement of the nature and data of the type- material and the institution in which the type-material is housed. The absence of any information on the number and sex of the specimens in the type-series indicates that this information was not given with the original description and has not been determined subsequently. Where a species is based on a type-series from more than one locality, the citation of one depository after the last locality indicates that all the type-material is believed to be in that depository. It should be noted that the stated numbers of syntypes are not always known for certain, but always with at least a high degree of probability. A number of species described by Sjostedt (1909) from Kilimanjaro and Meru were based on long series of syntypes, a proportion of which were sent out from Stockholm, where Sjostedt worked, to other museums; as the exact extent of this distribution of syntypes is unknown, the only depository cited in these cases is the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm. Where a species has been transferred from its original genus, the name of the latter is given in brackets after the reference to the original description ; a change in status is noted in a similar way. A question-mark before the original genus indicates that the original generic assignment was doubtful; one before the specific name itself indicates that the present generic assignment is doubtful. Where a species is currently regarded as polytypic, an entry is given for each subspecies and there is no separate entry for the species as a whole. Specific synonyms (including those based on non-African type-specimens) and deliberate variations in spelling are indented and listed chronologically under each species or subspecies; they are otherwise given the same treatment as valid specific names. A question-mark before a specific synonym indicates that the synonymy is doubtful. AFRICAN PHANEROPTERINAE 77 Territories in which type-localities are situated are given their current political names. Where the country is unknown the locality data originally published is quoted between inverted commas. Provinces are not cited unless given with the published locality data except in the case of South African specimens, for which the provinces (if known) are always cited. Where a lectotype has been designated a bibliographical reference is given to the designation. No lectotypes are designated in this catalogue. The museums and other institutions in which the type-material is housed are abbreviated in this catalogue as follows. ANS Academy of Natural Sciencies of Philadelphia. BMNH British Museum (Natural History). DEI Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde (East Germany). EIETH Entomologisches Institut of the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, Zurich. IEE Institute Espanol de Entomologia, Madrid. ILEA Institute e Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria, Portici. IMZU Istituto e Museo di Zoologia of the Universita di Torino, Turin. IRSNB Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels. IZPAN Instytut Zoologiczny of the Polska Akademia Nauk, Warsaw. IZU Istituto di Zoologia of the University di Pavia. MCSN Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa. MHN Mus6um d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva. MLZA Museu e Laboratorio Zoologico e Antropologico, Lisbon. MNHN Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. MRAC Mus6e Royal de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren. NM Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. NR Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm. SAM South African Museum, Cape Town. SMN Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart. TM Terme'szettudomanyi Muzeum, Budapest. UM University Museum, Oxford. UZI Universitetets Zoologiska Institution, Lund. ZM Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg. ZMHU Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin. In the course of compiling this catalogue I have come across one generic and two specific names published before Kirby's catalogue of 1906, but not included in it. The generic name is Cameronia, which first appeared in the combination Symmetro- pleura (Cameronia) africana Brunner in a paper by Karsch (1889 : 450). The name was ignored by Brunner (1891) in the supplement to his earlier monograph (Brunner, 1878) but was quoted, in the same combination, by Bolivar (1906 : 349). As far as I know these are the only two occasions on which this name has appeared in print. Cameronia is clearly a genus-group name and is available under Article 16 (a) (v) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, with Symmetropleura africana Brunner as its type-species, by monotypy. It seems highly improbable that Karsch intended the name to be regarded as a subgenus of Symmetropleura Brunner ; there is no other instance of either him or his contemporary Brunner using a subgeneric name, and on the following page of his 1889 paper (op. cit., p. 451) he describes another 7 8 D. R. RAGGE species of Symmetropleura without giving it a subgeneric assignment. It seems more likely that Karsch was considering Cameronia as an alternative generic name for Symmetropleura africana Brunner, and so cited it in brackets. No subgenera are recognized in this catalogue and I have merely listed Cameronia in the synonymy of Symmetropleura. If, as seems probable, revisionary work shows that the African species at present assigned to the otherwise New World genus Symmetropleura should be separated at the generic level, the name Cameronia is available for any resulting genus that contains Symmetropleura africana Brunner. The two specific names missed by Kirby (1906) are Cestromoecha crassipes Karsch (described in a footnote Karsch, 1890 : 364) and Rhegmatopoda brunneri Kirby. The latter name, proposed as a nomen novum (Kirby, 1900 : 215), was based on Brunner's (1878 : 89) description of a male specimen from Grahamstown in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, then regarded by Brunner as Horatosphaga leptocerca Stal, and Kirby's examination of a male specimen from Barberton in the British Museum (Natural History). Although these specimens were not described by Kirby, the name R. brunneri is available under Article 16 (a) (i) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The name Rhegmatopoda Brunner has since be- come a junior synonym of Conchotopoda Karsch (Ragge, 19600 : 325) and brunneri is thus listed in this catalogue under Conchotopoda Karsch, forming the new com- bination Conchotopoda brunneri (Kirby) comb. n. THE STATUS OF THE PH ANEROPTERIN AE The inter-relationships and systematic arrangement of the African genera of Phaneropterinae will be considered in the course of forthcoming revisionary work, but it is appropriate at this stage to consider briefly the status of the group as a whole. The Phaneropterinae have been regarded as a subfamily of Tettigoniidae (also called at various times, and often in a broader sense, Locustariae, Locustina, Locusti- dae, Locustodea and Phasgonuridae) for well over a century : they were given this status, together with Mecopoda and Phyllophora (now the type-genera of two other subfamilies), by Burmeister (1838 : 684). In 1878 Brunner, in his classic Mono- graphie der Phaneropteriden, established the group in its present sense and laid the foundation for all subsequent systematic work on the Phaneropterinae. The subfamily suffix -inae was not in use at this time, but Brunner referred to the group as a " Subfamilie " and used for it the Latin category " tribus ". Brunner reaffirmed his classification in his works of 1891 and 1893. The group-name appeared with the currently used subfamily suffix in Saussure & Pictet's work of 1897, and was again used in this form by Kirby (1906). This usage was adopted almost universally and still prevails today (Bei-Bienko, 1954, 1964 ; Blatchley, 1920 ; Brues, Melander & Carpenter, 1954; Chopard, 1922, 1943, 1947; Essig, 1947; Grant, 1964; Imms, 1957; Zeuner, 19360). During this period the general classification of the Ensifera came under the strong stabilizing influence of two major works on their morphology and phylogeny, one by Ander and the other by Zeuner, published almost simultaneously in 1939. The thoroughness and comprehensiveness of these studies clearly makes them the best available basis for considering the inter-relationships of the sub-groups of Ensifera, AFRICAN PHANEROPTERINAE 79 and it is significant that the classifications adopted in the two works are almost identical. The Phaneropterinae were again regarded as a subfamily of the Tetti- goniidae. This long period of stability in the status of the Phaneropterinae has been affected during the past twenty years by a movement among European orthopterists to raise the status of nearly all the groups of Saltatoria, i.e. to elevate most of the families to superfamilies or even suborders, and most of the subfamilies to families. This move- ment does not stem from new morphological or phylogenetic discoveries but simply from the view that these groups are at present ranked at too low a level, or, in one case (Dirsh, 1961 : 358), from the belief that family and subfamily rank can be objectively defined. The effect of this action on the Phaneropterinae is to raise them to family rank, the Tettigoniidae becoming a superfamily more restricted in scope than the Tettigonioidea of Ander (op. cit.}, which is left without a name. Although there are a few earlier instances of the Phaneropterinae being accorded family status (e.g. Burr, 1910 ; Zacher, 1917), the first major recent work in which this was done was that of Chopard (1949), and the practice has since been adopted by Beier (1955) and in the faunal works of Harz (1957, 1960). Although it seems likely that some other modern orthopterists whose specialities lie outside the Ensifera would favour family status for the Phaneropterinae, the group is still regarded as a subfamily in most recent taxonomic publications in both Europe and America (e.g. Bei-Bienko, 1964; Grant, 1964; Karabag, 1964; Ragge, 1964); indeed, some orthop- terists (e.g. Uvarov, 1924:492-493; Zeuner, 1936^:107, 19366 : 300-301, 1939 : 115) have suggested that a number of the other subfamilies of Tettigoniidae would be better regarded as tribes. There is of course a trend during the earlier stages of the taxonomic study of all groups towards the raising in rank of each level of the hierarchy, and it may seem at first sight that there is still a need for such a trend in the classification of the Ensifera. However, in my view the classification firmly established by Ander (op. cit.) and since widely adopted by orthopterists offers an acceptable compromise in the rank accorded to each group, and there is no reason why it should not be used, with minor modifications, as a framework for taxonomic work on this suborder for many years to come. In the case of the Phaneropterinae there is room for only one category between the group as a whole and its genera, one that is well provided for by tribes ; if the group is regarded as a family, either the subfamily or tribe category will be left unemployed. This is not the place for further discussion of the problems of the classification of the Ensifera ; it suffices for me to lend my support to the view still expressed by the majority of orthopterists that the Phaneropterinae are best regarded as a subfamily. CATALOGUE OF AFRICAN PHANEROPTERINAE PHANEROPTERINAE Burmeister Phaneropteridae Burmeister, 1838 : 684. Camptoxiphae Serville, [1838] : 399. (Not based on the name of a contained genus and there- fore unavailable under Article n (e) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.) Phaneropterinae; Saussure & Pictet, 1897 : 310. 8o D. R. RAGGE ANISOTOCHRA Karsch Anisotochra Karsch, 1889 : 430. Type-species: Anisotochra gracilipes Karsch, by monotypy. gracilipes Karsch, 1889 : 431. Hole-type?, CONGO (KINSHASA): Kuako to Kimpoko (ZMHU, Berlin). ARANTIA Stal Arantia Stal, 1874 : 25. Type-species: Holochlora fatidica Stal, by monotypy. accrana Karsch, 1889 : 436. Holotype $, GHANA: Accra (ZMHU, Berlin). angustipennis Chopard, 1954 : 3 6 - Holotype , ROLAS I. (Gulf of Guinea) (SMN, Stuttgart). AFRICAN PHANEROPTERINAE 85 arabica arabica Uvarov, 1936 : 534. Holotype syntypes, FERNANDO Poo; i $, i $ syntypes, no data (IEE, Madrid). galbana Karsch, 18920 : 323. Holotype $, CAMEROUN: Barombi (ZMHU, Berlin). GONATOXIA Karsch Gonatoxia Karsch, 1889 : 441. Type-species: Gonatoxia immaculata Karsch, by subsequent designation (Kirby, 1906 : 424). immaculata Karsch, 1889 : 442. Holotype $, TANZANIA: Usambara (ZMHU, Berlin). maculata Karsch, 1889 : 442. Holotype $, SOMALI REPUBLIC (IZPAN, Warsaw). GRAVENREUTHIA Karsch Gravenreuthia Karsch, 18926 : 73. Type-species: Gravenreuthia saturata Karsch, by monotypy. saturata Karsch, 18926 : 74. i syntypes, CAMEROUN : Buea (ZMHU, Berlin). HARPOSCEPA Karsch Harposcepa Karsch, 1896 : 328. Type-species: Harposcepa lobulipennis Karsch, by monotypy. 1896. karschiana Schulthess, 1898 : 202. Holotype -, SOMALI REPUBLIC (or ETHIOPIA?): Gubbet (IZU, Pavia). lobulipennis Karsch, 1896 : 329. Holotype ., SOMALI REPUBLIC (type-depository unknown) . HIMERTULA Uvarov Himerta Brunner, 1878 : 118. Type-species: Himerta marginata Brunner, by monotypy (type- locality: India). (Homonym of Himerta Foerster, 1868 : 200.) Himertula Uvarov, 19400 : 174 (proposed as replacement name for Himerta Brunner). feana Griffmi, 1906:380 (Himerta). Holotype , KENYA: Moyale distr., Yasere (BMNH, London). laminata Chopard, in Chopard & Kevan, 1954 : 3 2 4- Holotype syntypes, ALGERIA (NM, Vienna). borrei Bolivar, 1878 : 71. Unknown number of $ syntypes, ALGERIA: Constantine Province (IRSNB, Brussels). AFRICAN PHANEROPTERINAE 91 brevis Werner, 1932 : 114. Holotype IFNI: Zoco Tlata Sboya (IEE, Madrid). microptera Chopard, 1943 : 107. Holotype?, ALGERIA: Ain Mlila (MNHN, Paris). moghrebica Morales, 1950 : 163. Holotype , SOUTH AFRICA: Natal (BMNH, London) . 94 D. R. RAGGE karschi Chopard, 1954 : 44- Holotype ?, GUINEA: Nimba, Nion (MNHN, Paris). taminifera Karsch, 1896 : 343. Holotype?, CAMEROUN: Lolodorf (ZMHU, Berlin). nebulosa Karsch, 18900 : 366. Holotype?, CAMEROUN: Barombi (ZMHU, Berlin). unimaculata Chopard, 1955 : 271. Holotype <$, SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Tzitzikama Forest, Storms River Mouth (UZI, Lund). villiersi Chopard, 1954 : 45- Holotype?, GUINEA: Nimba (MNHN, Paris). PLANGIODES Chopard Plangiodes Chopard, in Chopard & Kevan, 1954 : 33- Type-species: Plangiodes carinatus Chopard, by original designation. carinatus Chopard, in Chopard & Kevan, 1954 : 33- Holotype $, KENYA: Garissa distr., Afwein (BMNH, London). PLANGIOLA Bolivar Plangiola Bolivar, 1906 : 336. Type-species: Plangiola herbacea Bolivar, by monotypy. herbacea Bolivar, 1906 : 337. 2 <$, i ? syntypes, CAMEROUN (IEE, Madrid). PLANGIOPSIS Karsch Plangiopsis Karsch, 1889 : 459. Type-species: Plangiopsis semiconchata Karsch, by monotypy. adeps Karsch, 1896 : 338. 2 ? syntypes, CAMEROUN: Lolodorf (ZMHU, Berlin). foraminata Karsch, 18920, : 324. Holotype <$, CAMEROUN: Barombi (ZMHU, Berlin). schoutedeni Griffini, 1908 : 218. Holotype?, CAMEROUN: Mukonje Farm (IRSNB, Brussels). semiconchata Karsch, 1889 : 460. Holotype?, CAMEROUN: Barombi (ZMHU, Berlin). POECILOGRAMMA Karsch Poecilogramma Karsch, 18876 : 52. Type-species: Poecilogramma striatifemur Karsch, by sub- sequent designation (Kir by, 1906 : 405). annulifemur Karsch, 18876 : 53. 2