Vol. XXV. August, /p/j. No. 3 BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF GRASSHOPPERS IN RELATION TO PLANT ASSOCIATIONS. ARTHUR G. VESTAL. CONTENTS. I. Introduction 141 Physiography of the Region 142 General Character of the Vegetation 143 II. The. Plant Associations and the Grasshoppers which Occur Within Them 143 Associations of the Northeastern Conifer Province 144 Associations of the Eastern Deciduous Forest Province 145 Local Associations 147 Ruderal Associations 148 Arrangement of the Associations as Habitats 150 III. Summary of Habitat-Distribution of the Species 152 IV. General Discussion 155 The Assignment of Terrestrial Animals to Habitats 155 Estimation of Relative Numbers in Different Habitats 164 The Relation of the Animal to Plant and Animal Communities 166 Successional Relations 169 Geographic Relations 1 73 Seasonal Relations 1 75 V. Summary 177 VI. Acknowledgments and Bibliography 178 I. INTRODUCTION. During the summer of 1912, while at the biological station of the University of Michigan, at Douglas Lake, the writer found opportunity to study the relation between local distribution of grasshoppers and the plant associations. The group studied includes the three subfamilies Tryxalince, (Edipodince, and Acridiince, of the orthopteran family AcridiidcB. Habitat-distribution of Orthoptera has received considerable attention. Published accounts of Orthoptera contain the bulk of the data on habitats. The studies of Morse ('04), and of 141
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