Systematic Review of Philippine Macaques (Primates, Cercopithecidae: Macaca fascicularis subspp.) Jack Fooden Abstract Based on study of 352 museum specimens and review of relevant literature, the systematics of Philippine macaques (Macaca fascicularis) is examined. Information is presented concerning pelage color, external measurements, cranial characters, blood proteins, and natural history. Two subspecies of Philippine macaques are recognized— M. f. fascicularis and M.f philippinen-sis; between the exclusive ranges of these subspecies is a subspecific contact zone. Subspecific synonymies, type data, distribution summaries, and diagnoses are provided. Zoogeographic hypotheses to account for the present distribution of Philippine macaques are investigated. All known Philippine macaque localities are listed in an annotated gazetteer. Introduction The occurrence of monkeys in the Philippine archipelago was revealed to science nearly 300 years ago in separate reports by the English seaman W. Dampier (1697, p. 220) and the German mission-ary G. J. Camel (in Petiver, 1705, p. 2199). The first known museum specimen, now lost, was sent from Luzon to London in 1837 by H. Cuming (1839, p. 93); on receipt, this specimen was iden-tified by Waterhouse (1838, p. 8) as Macacus cy-nomolgus (= Macaca fascicularis). Based on living captives, I. Geoffrey ([ 1 843], p. 568; 1851, pp. 29, 93) attempted to distinguish Philippine macaques from non-Philippine M. fascicularis. The first zo-ologist to work with reasonably adequate series of properly localized specimens from various islands of the archipelago was Mearns ( 1 905, p. 426). Lat-er, Mearns collected additional specimens that were studied by Hollister ( 1 9 1 3, p. 328). The treatment of macaques in Taylor's (1934, p. 336) classic re-view of Philippine mammals essentially follows those of Mearns and Hollister. More recently, Lawrence (1939, p. 62) reported on a small col-lection of macaques that she obtained in Luzon and Mindoro, and Sanborn (1952, p. 113) briefly reviewed the large collection obtained in six is-lands in 1 946-1 947 by H. Hoogstraal, D. S. Rabor, and associates. Additional unreported material, collected principally by D. S. Rabor and associ-ates, has accumulated subsequently. In current checklists, Philippine macaques are routinely al-located to one or two endemic subspecies of M. fascicularis (cf. Hill, 1974, p. 522; Napier, 1981, P. 12). The present review is based on study of 352 specimens of Philippine macaques (Appendix 1) augmented by a survey of relevant literature. In-formation is available concerning monkeys col-lected or observed at 1 54 localities in 29 islands of the archipelago (fig. 1, 1 54 localities represented by 1 28 locality symbols; Appendix 2). To establish a broader geographic context for this study, ex-ternal and cranial characters of Philippine speci-mens are compared with those of 132 specimens of M. fascicularis collected in neighboring Sabah, northern Borneo. Specimens examined are pre-served in the following institutions, which here-after are cited by means of the indicated abbre-viations: AIUZ AMNH Anthropologisches Institut der Uni-versitat Zurich, Zurich American Museum of Natural His-tory, New York FTELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, N.S., NO. 64, MAY 31, 1991, PP. 1-44
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