1864.] 443 Notes upon EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA, chiefly from the Philippine Islands, with descriptions of some new species. BY TRYON REAKIRT. I have not confined myself to descriptions of Lepidoptera from the lo- cahty above indicated alone; but where other species have been required from other places to complete a natural group, when I have had them in my collection, I have introduced them for the purpose of showing the .shades of resemblance and the transition from one species to another through different degrees of latitude. Climatal influence often exercises great power in the variation of species ; some are changed so as to be scarcely recognizable, bearing no similitude to their normal condition. Besides, those associated by nature in their form and habits, I have also, in addition to a number of new species, described all the remain- ing Asiatic, including the surrounding islands, African and Australian Lepidoptera in my collection, for this reason : Few descriptions of exotic Lepidoptera are to be found in the English language, and where there are such, they are scattered through a multi- tude of proceedings of different societies, none of which are American ; or are to be found in some larger and more collective work, which, most probably, is inaccessible to a majority of P]ntomological students. Dr. Boisduval has attempted to fill the void created by the want of a descriptive work with his Species Greneral, but this, besides being imperfect in many respects, is also, unfortunately, not in our language. On account of the great need of such a work I have attempted the de- scription of a small portion of the Eastern Lepidoptei'a, giving as full synonymy as possible, contrasting my specimens with author's descrip- tions, and remarking their differences and peculiarities. In order to give a complete list of authentic localities in which the spe- cies described have been found, I have combined those mentioned in the Catalogue of the British Museum, and in the collections of the East India Company and Dr. Boisduval, together with mine, which furnishes many new geographical locations for well known species. Localities mentioned by authors, but of which the species are in- cluded in none of the above, I have presented in the form of a quota- tion, with the authority appended. 444 [December I must also state, that for a great deal of valuable information respect- ing the habits of the butterfly in its various stages, and also for a great part of the larval descriptions introduced, I am indebted to the notes and illustrations of these, which are contained in the Lepidoptei'ous Catalogue of the Museum of the East India Company, compiled bv Messrs. Horsfield and Mooi'e. Other sources of knowledge I have ap- propriately credited in their proper place. It has been my object, as ftir as possible, to collect all reliable infor- mation upon the described species, forming of each a perfect diagnosis, so far as scanty sources of information would permit me. For the first periods of their ephemeral existence I have been obliged to rely exclusively upon the statements of others, whilst I can but regret that my collection is not so full as to enable me to fulfill at least the latter part of the plan I had laid out, and I can only hope that the constant addition of new specimens will permit me in time to finish it more tho- roughly. ORNITHOPTERA, Boisd. 1. Orn. Rhadamanthus, Boisd. Orn. Rlmd. Lucas, Pap. Exot. p. 5, (Orn. Amphrisius 'J, ) t. 2. f. 1. (1835). Boisd., Sp. Gen. I. p. 180. n. 8. (1836). E. Doubled., Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 2. (1844). Diurnal Lepidopt., I. p. 4. n. 10. (1846). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co. I. p. 88. n. 178. (1857). Pap. {Orn.) Rhad. G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. pi. L p. 6. n. 14. (1852). " List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. 1. p. 5. (1856). Pap. Astenmis'^ Eschseh. Voy. Kotzebue. t. 4. f. A. B. C. (1830). •' Male. — Superior wings, resembling those of Heliocon^'f black, with the nervules more or less bordered with obscure white or gray rays. Inferior wings, very triangular, golden yellow, the nervules and a ser- rated marginal band, deep black ; this last is preceded towards the anal angle by blackish atoms ; emarginations entirely black. " Below, the fore wings are the same as above; the hind wings with- out the blackish atoms. Head and thorax black, a red collar on the prothorax near the head ; abdomen black above and yellow beneath ; the breast marked with large red spots at the base of each wing. " Female. — Of greater size, the inferior wings being much larger, * Pap. Astenous is Fab. sp., a synonyme of Orn. Pompeus Cram, t Orn. Heliacon, Boisd. is Orn. Pompeus, Cram. 1864.] 445 with the emarginations white ; preceding the border a row of oval spots, resembling those of the female of HrMacon, separated or united by the black serrations of the marginal band, and which sometimes are small, in others much larger ; the superior wings are striated with white rays as in the male. " Var. a. Female has the outer border confluent with the spots, so that the inferior wings are black, with a large golden-yellow palmated spot, as in Helena, " Cochin China, Manilla. (Coll. Boisd.) " This species is distinguishable from Ileliacon by the absence of white emarginations in the male, by the narrowness of those of the female, by the size of the red spots on the lower part of the thorax, but above all, by the very triangular form of the hind wings of the male." Boisd. Antennae and lees black. Dr. Boisduval omits mentioning that the black atoms on the inferior wings terminate anteriorly in a point, that the discal cell is also covered with fine long black hairs, that the anal margin is very broad and black, and that the anal valves are yellowish white; expanse 5.13 inches. My female agrees with Var. a. Boisd. with the addition of three white discal rays and white emarginations on the fore wings; a black tooth, extending from the black macular sub-marginal band up the sub-median interspace of the hind wings; and a sub-marginal row of six yellow spots, very small on the upper surface, much enlarged below, the first three being triangular, and the last three oblong, divided by the nervules ; these spots are mentioned in Lucas' description ; the palmated spot, just before the black anal margin, becomes pale drab : expanse 6j inches. Lucas says in his description, that the black border of the male is covered with a fine yellow down, of which I can see nothing in my specimens. He figures this species under the erroneous name of Am- phrisius % ; it is rather less than myS , expanding only 4.75 inches; it it should not have been colored orange near the black marginal band of the hind wings, and the outer angle of the secondaries is too much rounded; otherwise the figure is correct. Hab. — Philippines, (In my collection.) India, (Coll. E. I. Co.) Nepaul, Moulmein, Hong-Kong, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) 446 ■ [December An extract from Capt. Mortimer Slater's •• Notes" (p. 300) in the Appendix to Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co. I. p. 2, says: " tliis species was common at Dacca, 1845, and at Darjeeling, being partial to the feathery scarlet flowered plant about which they hover, and may be easily caught by the hand, as its flight is heavy." ATROPHANEURA, nov. gen. Head, large. E//es, oval, prominent. Antennse, long, with the club, elongate, annulated. Lahiai palpi ; first and second joints, short 5 third, long ; hairy, particularly the last joint. Thorax robust, clothed with long hairs, nearly equalling Omitliop- tera in size. Prothorax developed more than in Papilio. Abdomen, large, very long, extending to the anal angle of the pos- terior wings, and furnished, -in the male, with a pair of very hu*ge anal valves. Anterior wings, sub-triangular, elongate, rounded at the apex ; inner margin not more than half the length of the costal; costal and median nervures very prominent; upper disco-cellular nervule less than the space between the two discoidal nervules ; third sub-costal nervule thrown off" at the end of the cell ; median and sub-median ner- vures are united by an interno-median. Posterior wings, sub-ovate, deeply dentate, prolonged in the male in a small tail ; pre-costal nervure, bi-branched, the inner division bent downwards and united to the costal nervure ; lower disco-cellular ner- vule atrophied, the discal nervule in conjunction with the first median nervules at the extremity of the cell, and appearing as a third sub-cos- tal nervule; discoidal cellule, very much elongated, the median nervure which is very stout, forking near its lower extremity; the third nervule at f ths of its length, the second is separated from the first by an inter- val of little more than half a line ; a deep channel on the anal margin for the reception of the abdomen ; sub-median interspace very large, thrown over into a fold on the upper surface. Legs, long and powerful; anterior tibiae with a long spine; tarsi, first joint, equal in length to the rest combined, the fourth joint, the shortest; claws, all simple. 1864.] 447 2. Atroph. erythrosoma, nov. sp. Mdlr. — Antennas, black; head, red; palpi, first article black, second and third bright red; thorax black above, with a broad red dorsal band, and blood red beneath; abdomen bright red, two lateral black spots on the second and third segments; a row of transverse black dashes below, commencing at the base and extending to the anal valves, which are reddish brown; length of body, 1.9o inches; legs, black. Wings. Upper surfiice black, covered with a purplish-blue reflec- tion ; the secondaries below the median nervure suddenly become light drab, and are produced in a tooth, a little longer than that of Pop. Emal- thion. Below, primaries as above ; secondaries black, a series of six red spots along the outer margin, somewhat resembling those of Emalthion, three near the anal angle, crescent shaped externally, enclosing be- tween themselves and the margin three black spots, the two inner red spots are prolonged interiorly, and contain- two black lunules, the inner one being incomplete; above these, and near the margin three detached spots of the same color, decreasing in size as they approach the outer angle ; the lowest of these last three, has a small spot above it, near the end of its interspace. Expanse 5.88 inches. Hah. — Philippines. (In my collection.) Pap. Varuna is allied more closely to this unique species than any other member of the genus Papilio, but even from this its nervular system is so very distinct, that no one could hesitate on this ground alone to separate it from Papilio. Another cause for separation would be the large thorax, length of abdomen, and the large anal valves, which seem to connect it with Ornithoptera, but here again, its neu- ration differs so that it cannot be assigned to that genus. Possessing thus a portion of the generic characters of each, its pro- per position is manifestly between them. I am indebted, not only for this fine species, but for all mentioned as from the locality of the Philippines, to my friend, Mr. E. F. Lorquin. Jr., of San Francisco, Cal. At least half of my Eastern Lepidoptera are from these Islands, although many species are likewise common to China and the Indies. PAPILIO Linn. 3. Pap. Emalthion, Hiibn. % Iliades Emalth. Hubn., Samml. Exot. Schmett. II. t. 117. (1806). 448 * [December Pap. Emalth. Boisd., Sp. Gen. I. p. 190. n. 7. (1836). De Haan., Verh. Naturl. Gesch. p. 24. (1839). Diurnal Lepidopt. I. p. 10. n. 31. (1846). G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. Pt. 1, p. 14. n. 48, 9 Pi. 5. f. 4. (18.52). G. R. Gray. List. Lep. Br. Mus. pt. L p. 17. (1856). Pap. Floridor. % . Godt. Encyc. Sup. p. 809. n. 10—12 (1819). Pap. Krusensternia. Eschsch. Voy. Kotzebue. t. 3. f. 5. (1830). '' Size of Memnoii. '• Male. — Wings black; the superiors having long grayish rays at the extremities ; the inferiors marked on their posterior half by large whitish-gray spots, sepai-ated by the nervules ; the anal angle marked with a red spot, surmounted by a group of grayish-blue atoms. Below, the primaries resemble the upper surface, with a triangular blood red spot at the base ; the secondaries have four red spots at the base, sepa- rated by the nervures, and along the outer margin a row of annulated spots of the same color, of which the outermost are incomplete, and the two inner ones elongated ; the second of these last being the largest, and containing two black oval spots. '■^Female. — -Wings blackish; primaries striated on their middle with long whitish rays, and the base covered by a large triangular blood red spot, powdered with white atoms. " Secondaries of a brown-black, having three red-ringed spots on the outer margin, proceeding from the anal angle, of which the middle one is carried up to the base through the lower median interspace; in pass- ing through the discoidal cellule it is cut by a bifid white nervure. Below, the primaries are as above. The secondaries the same as in the male, that is, with the three outermost rings open, whilst the fifth spot extends towards the base, as on the upper surface; whereas in the male this is most commonly interrupted. '•Manilla, (Coll. Boisd ) "—i?o/sf/. My specimens diifer somewhat from the above description. Male. — Body brownish, pale underneath ; femora have white hairs on the side ; the anal spot is a lunule. Below it has five spots at the base of the secondaries, the last extending some distance along the anal margin ; there are seven spots on the outer margin, pupilled with black, the four outermost being imperfect ; on the first and seventh, above the black center, and on the sixth, between the two black pupils, small groups of pink white atoms. Emarginations of the hind wings whitish. 1864.] • » 449 a projeetinji' tooth in the lower half of the outer margin ; expanse 5.18 inches. Female. — On the secondaries four marginal annulose spots; the pro- longation of the second becomes pink and white above the first black spot, as far as the median nervure, above that, it again turns to bright red; some bluish atoms near the outer margin. Below, the marginal red basal spot is not near so long as in the male, and the extension of the second marginal ring is continued only to the discoidal cellule. Body brown ; expanse 5.22 inches. Hiibner gives a good figure of the male, but the divergent striae on the posterior wings are more greenish than he represents. Gray's figure of the 9 gives for its expanse 6 inches. It also differs from my specimen. .He gives the body a row of lateral oehreous spots, of which I can see nothing in my specimen; not near so much red on the upper surfece, that at the base being mixed with white ; only three marginal annulations, the third being very indistinct. The pink band, from the margin to the base, almost obsolete, and represented by but two whitish lines. Below, the only perceptible difference is in the size of the basal spots, and the length of the sixth marginal spot, which, in mine, extends to the discal cell, whilst that of the Brit. Mus. does not proceed so far. Eijtjs, extracted from the body of the female, round, white. Hab. — Philippines, (In my collection.) Manilla, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) 4. Pap. Memnon. Linne. % Pap. Memnon. Linn., Syst. Nat. II. p. 747. n. 13. (1767). Cram., I. t. 91. f. c. (1775). Herbst, Pap. I. t. 6. f. 2, ?,. (1783). Fab. Ent. Syst. III. i. p. 12. n. 36. (1793). Godt. Eneyc. IX. p. 29. n. 10. (1819). Esper, Ausl. Schmett. t. 20. f. 3. (1801). Swainson, Zool. 111., 2nd ser. t. 95. (1832). Boisd., Spec. Gen. I. p. 192. n. 6. (1836). De Haan. Verb. Naturl. Gescb. p. 23. t. 3. f. 1. (1839). E. Doubled., Cat. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 2. (1844). Diurnal Lepidopt., I. p. 10. n. 30. (1846). G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1 p. 13. n. 47. (1852). Nat. Library. XXXI. Duncan, p. 97. (i852). G. R. Gray. List. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. I. p. 14. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co. I. p. 99. n. 202. (1857). 450 • [December Iliades Me>nnon Hiibn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89. (1816). Pap. Arbates. Zinken Sommer. Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. XV. p. 151. (IS.'Sl). Male. — Wings black ; upper surface with a greenish reflection ; an- terior wings with long grayish striae, the posterior wings with greenish ; the upper wings have a triangular red or ochreous spot at the base on the under side, and there are likewise five small red marks on the same part of the inferior wings; the latter are deep black anteriorly and dark cinereous behind ; the cinereous portions containing two rows of deep black rounded spots, that next the angle encircled with yellow. Under surface of fore wings marked with whitish-gray rays. Body black, dusted sparsely with blue and golden green atoms. Expanse 5.25 inches. Hab. — Java, (Coll. Brit. Mus. and E. I. Co.) Philippines, (In my collection.) Var. a. %. Pap. Androgeos. Cram. I. t. 91. f. A. B. (1775). Boisd., Sp. Gen. I. p. 193. n. 6. (IS.'je). E. Doubled., Cat. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 2. (1844). Diurnal Lepidopt., I. p. 10. n. 30. (1846). G. E. Gray, Pap. Memnon, var. a. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 13. n. 47. (1852). Nat. Library, XXXI. Duncan, p. 98. (1852). G. R. Gray, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. I. p. 14. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co.. var. a. p. 99. n. 202. (1857). Pap. Memnon. Esper, Ausl. Schmett. t. 8. f. 1. (1801). niade.'i Mestor. Hubn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89. (1816). "This variety of the ordinary male differs from it, in having the black spots of the first row on the posterior wings, preceded by bluish lunules, and the two inner spots of each row, surrounded by reddish violet." — Boisd. In my specimens, the reddish violet extends to three spots on the marginal row, and only partly covers those of the internal. Expanse 5.75 inches. Hub. — Philippines, China, (In my collection.) China, (Coll. Boisd.) Pinang and Darjeeling, (Coll. E. I Co.) Borneo, Northern India, China, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) • The variations of the female are much more numerous than those of the male, and more interesting, inasmuch as they have changed so greatly as to scarcely retain a vestige of their normal condition ; not only in color, but in outline also do they differ. 1864.] 451 Dr. Boisduval says, " that very rarely, there are some found in Java which resemble the male. If it were not for this rarity, we should be apt to consider them as the normal type." Var. a. 9 . Fap.AncetM. Cram. III. t. 222. f. A. B. (1780). Boisd., Sp. Geii. I. p. IStli. n. 6. (18.36). E. Doubled., Cat. Brit. Mus. Pt. p. 2. (1844). Diurnal Lepidopt, I. p. 10. n. 'M). (1846). G. R. Gray. P. Mem. var. b. Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. Pt. I. p. 13. n. 47. (1852). Nat. Library, XXXI. Duncan, p. 98. (1852). G. R. Gray, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. L p. 14. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. L Co. var. b. L p. 100. n. 202. (1857). Hiades A^icaeus Hubn., Verz. bek. Sehmett. p. 88. (1816). " Similar to the male, but with an orange body, and a triangular white spot on the upper surface, at the base of the fore wings; the anal •tiigle ochreous on both sides." — Boisd. Huh. — Sumatra, (Coll, Boisd. and Brit. Mus.) Var./i. 9 • Pap- Laomcdon. Cram., 1. 1. 50, f. A. B. (1775). Boisd., Sp. (Ten. L p. 19:5. n. 6. (1836). Diurnal Lepidopt., L p. 10. n. 30. (1846). G. R. Gray, P. Memnon, var. c. Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. Pt. 1. p. 13. n. 47. (1852). Nat. Library, XXXL Duncan, p. 98. (1852). List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. L p. 14. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co. var. c. p. 100. n. 202. (1857). Pap. Memnon (pt.) Fab. Ent. Syst. IIL 1. p. 12. n. 36. (1793). Hiades Laomedon Hubn., Verz. bek. Sehmett. p. 89. (1816). •' Has a triangular red spot at the base of the superior wings, and the black spots of the second row, on the margin of the hind wings below, are more or less encircled by ochreous." — Boisd. Hah. — Java, Northern India, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Java. (Coll. E. I. Co.) 9 . Pap. Laomedon. var. A. G. R. Gray, Pap. Memnon. var. d. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. L p. 13. n. 47. (1852). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. L Co. var. d. L p. 100. n. 202. (1857). '' Like P. Laomedon in form and general appearance, but the pri- mary wings are marked on the inner margin by a space of white. The secondary wings black, speckled between the nervules with pale blue scales."— (?. R. Gray. Hah. — Northern India, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Cherra Poonjee, (Coll. E. I. Co.) 452 [Decemukr 9 . Pap. Laomedon. var. B. De Haan, Verb. Nat. Gesch. ji. 24. t. .3. f. 2. (18391. G. R. Gray, P. Memnon, var. e. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 13. n. 47. (1852). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co. var. e. I. p. 100. n. 202. (1857). Hah. — •' Eastern Archipelago, (Padang)" — De Haan. 9 . Pap. Laomedon. var. C. G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. L P. Memnon var. f. \i. 13. u. 47. (1852). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co. var. f. L p. 100. n. 202. (1857). " Like the former, but without the buff space at the anal angle of the secondary wing, while bene:ith, at the same part, there is a large space of yellowish red, spotted with black." — G. R. Gray. //ai.— Penang, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Var. y. 9 . Pap. Agenoi: Clerck. Icon. t. 15. (1759). Linn. Syst. Nat. IL p. 747. n. 14. (17G7). Cram. I. t. 32. f. A. b. (1775). Herbst, Pap. t. 8. f. 3. (1784). Fab. Eut. Syst. IIL i. p. 13. n. 39. (1793). Esper, Ausl. Schnaett. t. 26. f. 1. (1801). Donovan, Ins. of Cbina, pi. 24. f. 2. (1805). Godt, Encyc. IX. p. 28. n. 9. (1819). Boisd., Sp. Gen. I. p. 194. n. 6. (1836). E. Doubled., Cat. Brit. Mus. Pt. 1. p. 2. (1844). Diurnal Lepidopt., I. p. 10. n. 30. (1846). G. R. Grav, P. Memnon. var. g. Cat. Lep, Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 13. n. 47. (1852). Nat. Library. XXXI. Duncan, p. 97. t. 2. f. 1. (1852). G. R. Gray, List. Lep. Br. Mus. Pt. I. p. 14. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co. I. p. 100. n. 202. (1857). Iliades Agenor. Hubn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89. (1816). " Upper wings blackish, marked with numerous longitudinal rays of a grayish-ash color, each of the wings having a large blood-red or ochrey- yellow triangular patch at the base. The inferior wing-s are waved on the hinder margin, and narrowly edged with white in the eraargina- tions, the disk almost entirely occupied by a broad white band divided by the dark nervures. the hinder portion dusky with a series of deep- black spots of an ovate or rounded form; that, placed on the anal angle. smaller than the rest and encircled with fulvous, which color extends to the extremity of the internal border; on the under side, as above, and spotted with red or ochre-yellow at the base; body black, the pro- thorax marked with several white points." — Duncan. 1804.] 453 In my specimen the discal white band is surmountefl by scattered ))liiish-gTeea atoms. Expanse O.i-1 inches. Tidb. — Philippines, (In my collection.) Northern India, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Java, (Coll. E. I. Co.) Y:ir. !: 9 . Pap. Achates. Cram.. II. 182. f. a. n. t. 243. f. a. (1777). Herbst, Pap. t. 15. f. 1. (1784). Fab. Ent. Syst. III. i. p. 9. ii. 24. (1793). Esper. Ausl. Schmett. t. 28. f. 1. (1801). Godt. Encyc. IX. p. 64. n. 107. (1819). Boisd. Sp. Gen. I. p. 194. u. 6. (18.35). E. Doubled.. Cat. Brit. Mus. (1844). Diurnal Lepidopt., I. p. 10. n. 30. (184(i). G. R. Gray, P. Memnon, var. i. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. 1. p. 14. n. 47( (1852). G. R. Gray, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. 1. j.. 14. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co. var. i. I. p. 100. n. 202. (1857). Pap. Achatiade-s. Esper, Ausl. Sehraett. t. 28. f. 3, t. 29. f. 1. (1801). Achlllides Achates. Hiibn., Verz. bek. Sebmett. p. 85. (1816). " Inferior wings, ending in a large black tail. Fore wings resembling those of Agenor, with the basal spot sometimes red, sometimes fulvous. Hind wings black ; disc white, divided by black nervules into eight unequal spots; emarginations of a grayish-white, except the two outer- most and that on the anal angle, which are ochry-yellow or brownish-red. Below, as above, with three little yellow or red marks at the base of the hind wings. Body black, with a broad lateral yellow band on the ab- domen, and several white spots on the prothorax." — Bomi. Hab. — Northern India, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Java, (Coll. E. I. Soc.) 9 Pitp. Achates, var. A. De Haan, Verb. Natural Gescb. p. 24. t. 3, f. 3. (1839). G. R. Gray, P. Memnon, var. h. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. 1. p. 13. n. 47. (1852). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co. var. h. I. p. 100. n. 202. (1857). Hab. — " Eastern Archipelago." — Dt^ Ilaaii. 9 Pap. Achates, var. B. G. R. Gray, P. Memtion, var. j. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. 1. p. 14. n. 47. (1852). G. R. Gray. List. Lcj). Brit. Mus. Pt. 1. p. 14. (1856). ■' Like P. Achatcii in foi'm and general appearance, but without the 454 [Decembk.r red triangular spot at the base of the primaries. The secondary wings are marked in the place of the red, as in P. Achates, with ochraceous." — G. R. Gray. Hah. — Java, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Var. £. 9 Pap. Alcanor. Cram., II. t. 16ti. f. A. (1776). Esper, Ausl. Schmett. t. 34, f. 2. (1801). Boisd., Sp. Gen. I. p. 194. n. fi. (1836). E. Doubled., Cat. Brit. Mus. (1844). Diurnal Lepidopt., I. p. 10. n. 30. (1846). G. R. Gray, P. Memnon, var. k. Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. Pt. I. p. 14. n. 47. (1852). G. R. Gray, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. 1. p. 14. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., var. k. I. p. 101. n. 202. (1857). Pap. Alphenor. Fab. Sp. Ins. II. p. 4. n. 11. (1781). Herbst, Pap. t. 16. f. 1. (1784). Pap. Achates p. Fab. Ent. Syst. III. i. p. 9. n. 24. (1793). Godt. Encyc. IX. p. 64. n. 107. (1819). Achillides Alcanor. Hiibn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85. (1816). Fore wings cinereous, striated with brown rays ; costal half of basal patch, blood red, posterior portion deep black. Posterior wings tailed. black; a row of four sagittate spots on the disc, white anteriorly, chang- ing; to pink in their hind part; a small pink spot at the extremity of the cell, and another above the first discal mark. Emarginations wide, fulvous ; the two outer edged with white ; the two inner very large, and reddish-brown. A large reddish-brown anal spot containing a large black pupil. Below, the fore wings become whitish-gray with black rays. Hind wings deep black, four ferruginous spots at the base ; the transverse macular band becomes pure white, the extremities of the third and fourth spots produced, until they unite with the two large inner mar- ginal lunules. Expanse 6.38 inches. Body black, with a broad yellow band on the sides of the abdomen ; prothorax marked with white. Hab. — China, (In my collection.) Cherra Poonjee, (Coll. E. I. Co.) Northern India, (Coll. Brit, Mus.) Swainson, Zool. 111. 2nd series t. 95. (1832). Larva. Boisd., Sp. Gen. I. p. 195. n. 6. t. 1. f. 2. (1836). Pupa. Nat. Library, XXXI. Duncan, p. 98. (1852). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., t. 11. f. 1. la. (1857). 1864.] 455 The anterior part of the body is considerably attenuated, somewhat resembling the larva of the genus Darapsa, the first segments a little retractile. Green, with a white ocelliform lateral mark, black pupilled. on the third segment, and a transverse white band ; a band of pale green between the fourth and fifth segments, and an obliqixe whitish- green stripe on the eighth and ninth; an irregular triangle on the lower half of the tenth segment, and the anal segment of the same color. Larva feeds on difierent kinds of Citrus. Chrysalis green ; whitish- green on the lower part of the abdomen ; reddish-yellow on the back. This description is taken from the figure in the Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., and illustrates the preparatory stages of a Javanese variety. "This butterfly is very active, and diflScult to catch, flying in and out of deep forest shades with great velocity, and generally high." — Capt. Mortimer Shters ''Azotes," p. 420. 5. Pap. Antiphus, Fab. Pap. Antiphus. Fab., Syst. Ent. III. i. p. 10. n. 28. (179.3). Donovan, Ins. India, t. 15, f. 2. (1800-1803). Godt. Encyc, IX. p. 71. n. 129. (1819). Boisd., Sp. Gen. I. p. 266. n. 89. (18.36). E. Doubled., Cat. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 9. (1844). Diurnal Lepidopt., I. p. 9. n. 21. (1846). G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 11. n. 37. (1852). G. R. Gray. List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 12. (1856), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., I. p. 94. n. 191. (1857). Pap. Polygim, Godt. Encyc. IX. Sup. p. 8. n. 11. 129-130. (1823). 9 Pap. Antiphus, De Haan, Verb. Nat. Gesch. p. 49. t. 8. f. 2. (1839). 9 Pap. Theseus. Cram., II. t. 180. f. A. B. (1776). Herbst, Pap. t. 14. f. 3. (1784). Fab. Ent. Syst. III. i. p. 2. n. 4. (1793). Esper. AusL Schmett. t. 36. f. 3. (1801). Godt. Encyc. IX. p. 71. n. 127. (1819). Boisd., Sp. Gen. I. p. 276. n. 99. (1836). Diurnal Lepidopt. I. p. II. n. 63. (1846). G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 11. n. 37. (1852). Cat. Lep; Mus. E. I. Co., I. p. 95. n. 191. (1857). 9 Menelaides Theseus Htlbn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84. (1816). Male. — Thorax black, a red collar on the prothorax, a row of red points below, at the base of each wing; abdomen red, a dorsal macular black band, the spots diminishing in size from the base, and a row of transverse black spots underneath. AntennjB and legs black. Wings, upper surface deep black, the fore wings marked with cine- 456 [December reous rays, an obsolete row of six red luiiules, the last of which only is visible, and a red anal point. Below, the fore wings are light brown, striated with whitish-gray; the secondaries deep black, with six mar- ginal lunules. and a waved red line confluent with the anal spot, ex- tending from the middle of the interior margin to the extremity of the discoidal cellule. Expanse 3.75 inches. Female. — The same as the male with the exception of the white rays on the under side of the fore wings, which are dark brown, striate with black, and all the angles of the wings are much more rounded. Ex- pause 3.90 inches. Hah. — Philippines, (In my collection.) Java, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Vnr. a. % . Pap. Kotzebuce. Eschsch., Voy Kotzebue, t. 1. f. 2. (1830). % . Pap. Aniiphm. De Ilaan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 5. p. 40. (1839). Diurnal Lepidoptera, I. p. 9. n. 21. (1846). G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 11. n. 37. (1852). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., I. p. 95. n. 191. (1857). y/r<6.— Java, (Coll. E. I. Co.) •' Manilla," Eschscholtz. Var. li. -J, . Pap. Antiphm. G. R. Gray. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. L p. 11. n. 37. (1852). G. R. Gray, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 12. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., L p. 95. n. 191. (1857). " With short caudal appendages, that are of equal width throughout their length." — G. R. Grai/. //a/..— Borneo, (Coll. Brit. Mus. and Mus. E. I. Co.) 6. Pap. Alcinous. Klug. Pap. Alcinou.s. Klug, Neue Schmett. p. 1. t. 1. (1836). De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 26. (1839). Diurnal Lepidoptera, L p. 9. n. 19. (1846). G. R. Gray. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. L p. 12. u. 45. (1852). G. R. Gray. List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. L p. 14. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co. L p. 95. n. 193. (1857). Ilab. — '' Japan-" — Siebold. Var. a. Pap. Alcinous. G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. L p. 12. n. 45. t. 4. f. 2. ^.f. .3.9. (1852). G. R. Gray, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 14. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. L Co., L p. 96. u. 193. (1857). '• Male. — The primary wings brownish-black, glossed with purple, havius streaks of darker color between the nervules and in the discoidal cell. The secondary wings brownish-blackj having the base glossed 1804.] 457 with purple, with four luues along the outer margin of a red color with scattered black scales. " The under surface of the primary wings is pale brownish-black, with streaks of darker color between the nervules and in the discoidal cell. The under surface of the secondary wings is deep brownish- black, with five rosy red lunes along the outer margin ; and at the anal angle there is an abbreviated broad band of rosy red, which is paler in part. Expanse 4.60 inches. " Female. — The primary wings pale hair-brown, with a purplish gloss. and the anterior and outer margins brownish-black; the discoidal cell and the spaces between the nervules are marked with black streaks. The secondary wings pale hair-brown, with a satiny gloss at the base, while posteriorly they are black with a velvety appearance; five narrow lunes of pinkish white, with scattered black scales, run along the outer margin, those towards the anterior angle decreasing in size. " The under surface of the primary wings is pale hair-brown, slightly tinged with purple, with the streaks as seen on the upper side. The under surface of the secondary wings is entirely black, more or less with a velvety appearance ; six rosy red lunes are placed along the outer margin, and at the anal angle there is a large spot of the same color. •' This species is called ' Chentih ' by the Chinese." — G. R. Gray. Hah. — China, (In my collection.) Northern China, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Bootau, (Coll. E. I. Co.) Larva; I have described from fig. 6, Plate II. Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., which was copied from De Haan's published drawing. Fawn color, deepest on the back, a transverse reddish brown baud on the third segment, with a red ocellus at each extremity ; a lateral black band, rising upwards between the fourth and fifth rings and uniting across the dorsum ; a transverse oblique band on the eighth and ninth segments, and another between the anal and preceding ring. Below the lateral line, brown; stigmata? pale fawn encircled with black, the first three are round, the remainder oblong. 7. Pap. Bianor, Cram. Pap. Bianor. Cram., II. t. 103, f. c. (1776). Fab. Ent. Syst. III. i. p. 1. n. 2. (179.3). Esper. Ausl. Schraett. t. .35, f. 2. (1801). ~^^^ [Decembkr ,i Boisd., Sp. Geu. I. p. 205. n. 17. (1836). / De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 28. t. 5. f. 1. -^ . f. 2. 9 . (I839J. E. Doubled., List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. .S. (1844). Diurnal Lepidoptera, I. p. 11. n. 45. (1846). G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. Pt. I. p. 16. n. 64. (1852). G. R. Gray, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 20. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. L Co., L p. 110. n. 220. (1857). Achillides Bianor. Hubn.. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85. (1816). Papilio Parish . Godt. Encyc. IX. p. 67. n. 116. (1819). Wings thickly sprinkled with golden green atoms, brown, the atoms becoming blue on the anterior margin of the wings and the tail. The outer margin divided by lunulas, of which the three or four interior ones are violet, and the others formed by blue atoms ; the anal eye as in the similar species. Posterior nervules of the fore wings clothed with long brown hairs. Under surface, base of anterior wings brown, outer half, whitish- gray, nervules and eight longitudinal striae between them, brown. Posterior wings deep brown ; base of both pair of wings powdered with green atoms. Six lunules on the outer margin, reddish brown, each containing a violet arc; a large reddish-brown anal spot containing a large black pupil, having a violet ray above it. Emarginations, above, white; below, white with a little fulvous. Expanse 5^ inches. The female does not essentially differ from the male. Hah. — China, (In my collection.) China, (Coll. Boisd.) Northern India, China, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Northern India, (Coll. E. I. Co.) 8. Pap. Ganessa, E. Doubleday. Pap. Ganessa. E. Doubled., Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 73. (1842). " List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. L p. 4. (1844). Diurnal Lepidopt. L p. 11. n. 48. (1846). G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. Pt. I. p. 16. n. 66. t. 3. f. 5. -^ . (1852). G. R. Gray, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 20. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., L p. 108. n. 214. (1857). Pap. Arcturus. ( Westw.) Erichs. Wiegm. Archiv. fur. Naturg. II. p. 248. (1843). 3fale. — "Above: All the wings black, irrorated with golden green atoms; anterior wings, with the termination of the radial and of the first branches of the median nervures, clothed with a cottony down ; 1864.] 459 cilia white ; posterior wings glossed anteriorly with blue ; this portion irrorated with blue atoms ; near the external angle is a large brilliant blue patch, slightly sinuated anteriorly, deeply so posteriorly, not con- nected by any sinuous line with the abdominal margin ; near the mar- gin is a series of from three to five red lunules, the one at the anal angle divided by. the others margined with, a slender light blue line; indentations margined with white; tail broad, spatulate irrorated with green along the nervure. " Below : anterior wings black at the base, whitish beyond the dis- coidal cell; the nervures, eight longitudinal striae between the nervures. and the margin itself, fuscous; posterior wings black, more intense than above, irrorated over the basal half, and sometimes beyond, with whitish atoms; near the margin is a series of six red lunules, each divided lon- gitudinally by a slender light blue line; indentations margined with white, a little fulvous at the base; anal angle with an imperfect ocellus, of which the pupil is black, the iris red, marked with a blue crescent. " Head, thorax and abdomen, black, irrorated with golden green. (Exp. alar. 5 unc.)'' — E. Douhleday. "Most probably only a variety of Pap. Poli/ctot\ Boisd." — G. K. Gray. Hnh. — Philippines, (In my collection.) Northern India, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Northern India, Darjeeling, (Coll. E. I. Co.) Var f!.— Ceylon, (Coll. Brit. .AIus.) Var. /i. Fap. Sarpedon. G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. Pt. I. p. 28. n. 135. (1852). " List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 39. (1856). Westw. Partingt. in Brit. Encyc. Butt. (1837). " With the oblique band on all the wings extremely broad in the middle."— (z'. R. Gray. The figure of this diflFers also from my specimen in having a black anal spot encircled with a white iris. Lucas' figure is much less than my specimen, and has but four sub-marginal lunules instead of five. «Capt. T. Hutton. Pruc. Ent. Soc. V. p. 51. (184b). 1864.] 485 Larva. Cat. Lep. Mas. E. I. Co., I. t. III. f. 8. (1857). Copied from De Haan. Green; segments somewhat square, tapering from the third to the head ; spiracles black ; three lateral black dots on the three anterior rings, the last being ocellate. •'In Ceylon it feeds on the Cinnamon and Sour-sop." — E. L. Layard. Pupa. Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., I. t. III. f. 8a. (1857). Copied from Mr. E. L. Layard's drawing, taken in Ceylon. Green, with some longitudinal yellowish rays; the most striking pe- culiarity is the abrupt termination of the hend ; it is reduced to the level of the protuberance on the thorax. 25. Pap. Moorei, nov. sp. Male — Upper surface pale yellowish-white ; seven transverse black bands on the primaries; all arising from the costal margin, the first extends to the inner margin ; the second, as far only as the sub-median nervure : the three following are bounded by the median nervure, and are contained within the disc, the fifth being at its extremity; the sixth and seventh, which last is marginal, are continued to the inner angle, becoming confluent beyond the third sub-median nervule; the space confined between these latter two, and the fifth, is of a deeper yellow than the rest of the surface, and sub-divided into spots by the black nervules. Base of wing somewhat greenish. Secondary wings, of the same color, but so very thin that the mark- ings of the lower surface can be plainly seen above; area near the exterior margin and tail, thickly powdered with dark gray atoms; a marginal row of seven black lunate spots, situated above the white in- dentations , an obscure sub-marginal row of the same at the upper part of the grayish area, of which the two outer are the most distinct; anal indentations yellow; tail very long and narrow; length 1.08 inches; ciliae white; expanse 3.75 inches. Body yellowi.sh-white. with a black dorsal and two lateral bands. Under surface: fore wings same as above, with the exceptions that the second band is produced a little farther than the sub-median nervure, and the sixth and seventh are not confluent. Posterior wings yellowish; three principal transverse bands, one very narrow, extends along the sub-median nervure ; the other two, much broader, arise, one at about a fourth, the other at half the lenuth of -^i^O [December the costa; all these are thrown into a large sub-triangular black spot, situated ou the abdominal margin, and divided by two narrow white lines; beyond the third transverse band a row of seven large black rounded spots, arising also from the costa ; of whict the first three are confluent: the three following; are arrana-ed in the form of a triangle, the one which forms the apex being within the cell ; and the seventh at the extremity of the third transverse band; the marginal and sub-mar- ginal lunules very distinct, that one on the anal angle throwing off a broad grayish-black prolongation, nearly touching the seventh spot, and the large black patch on the anal margin; enclosing between these three, a large orange spot; some orange atoms on the lower side of this offshoot, and also in the third median interspace; tail has a v,hitish ray down the middle. Hah. — Philippines, (In my collection.) I take pleasure in dedicating this fine species to Mr. Frederick Moore, who has contributed very largely to our knowledge of Eastern Lepi- doptera. 26. Pap. Xuthus. Linne. Pap. Xuihm. Linn. Syst. Nat. II. p. 751. n. 34. (1767). Drury, II. t. 9. f. 2. (1773). Cram. I. t. 73. f. A. B. (1775). Herbst. Pap. t. 49. f. 3, 4. (1788). Fab. Ent. Syst. III. i. p. 32. n. 92. (1793). Godt. Enc^c. IX. p. 58. n. 90. (1819). Lucas, Pap. E.xot. p. 36. t. 19. f. 1. (1835). Boisd., Sp. Gen. I. p. 327. n. 170. t. 1. f. 1, 2. (1836). De Haan. Verb. Naturl. (Tesch. p. 41. (1839). Herr. Scbjeff. Sui)pl. t. 86. f. 411—413. (1843). E. Doubled., List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 15. (1844). Diurnal Lepidoptera, I. p. 16. n. 157. (1846). G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 36. n. 178. (1852). List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 49. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co. L p. 111. n. 223. (1857). Jasoniades Xuthus. Hubn., Verz. bek. Scbraett. p. 83. (1816). Upper surf;\ce, fore wings black; discoidal cellule contains two trans- vei'se pale yellow dashes near its extremity; farther up, foui- interrupted rays, of the same color, converging at the base ; two broad lines below the median nervure, one very near the inner margin, and the upper is bent at a very obtuse angle; a mesial band of sagittate spots, the two upper containing a black pupil ; above these, and nearer the margin. 1864.] 487 an oblong dash of grayish-blue atoms, and a rectangular yellow spot; a sub-marginal row of yellow lunules ; indentations marked with narrow yellow lines. Posterior wings, basal half yellow, divided into spots by the nervules, black and dilated; a large black spot above the sub-costal nervure, just touching the midille of the cell ; exterior balf black, containing a sub- marginal row of large yellow lunules, of which one limb of the fifth extends part way down the tail, which is long and tapering, but blunt at the extremity ; some obscure lunules, formed of bluish-gray atoms, just below the yellow basal half; and a yellow anal spot, containing a black pupil ; expanse 4.08 inches. Body : thorax, above black, with two sub-dorsal yellow bands ; abdo- men yellowish-brown above, with an incomplete dorsal black band co- vering the first two segments only ; yellow below. Under surface, primaries, paler than above ; general markings the same, though the spots and dashes are much larger ; the sub-marginal lunules are confluent, and separated only by pale brown nervules ; between these and the central band there is a waved grayish line, ex- tending nearly the length of the wing. Posterior wings, yellow space larger, veins not so much dilated; upper part of the black portion marked with seven bluish lunules, the fourth and fifth surmounted by two red spots ; the sub-marginal lunules are very large, the first three containing some red atoms, the fourth as- suming a quadrilateral shape ; anal ocellus has the iris orange-red. Hts; that one at the apex, however, is a large oblong dash; the place of the indentations marked with small white spots. Posterior wings have two rows of white marks; the inner sagittate and indistinct, the outer white and lunate, excepting the anal spot, which is bright orange-yellow ; indentations same as in the male ; ex- panse 4.25 inches. Below, rich chocolate-brown ; white spots on the fore and hind wings are more brilliant; and in addition to the two rows of white marks on the hind wings, there is a marginal row of yellow spots, as in the male, above the indentations. Body as in the male. JIab. — The same as the male. Var. a. Pap. dissimilis J Moore, Oat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., I. p. 92. n. 187. (1857). "Anterior wings wholly brown." Hah. ? (Coll. E. I. Co.) Vav.H. 9 Pap. dissimilis. G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. Pt. I. p. 72. n. 330. (1832). List. Lep. Br. Mus. Pt. I. p. 84. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., I. p. 92. n. 187. (1857). Pap. Pahphates. Westw., Arc. Ent. p. 127. t. 79. f. 1. (1845). E. Doubled.. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 19. (1844). Diurnal Lepidopt., I. p. 21. n. 265. (1847). '• Closely allied to P. Panope., Linn., of which it will probably prove only a geographical variety, differing from the typical Continental indi- viduals in the large pale patch near the tip of the fore wings, and in the hind wings beneath, having the veins margined with pale buff. In the disposition of the markings it otherwise accords with P. Panope but its fore wings are more ovate, the apical margin being a little rounded ; they are of a rich brown color, with a large whitish patch, formed of three confluent oblong spots near the apex of the wing, fol- lowed by a single small oval spot close to the apex; and beneath these are several small conical spots, which become united with the marginal 1864.] 493 spots, of which there are only six, the apical portion of the wing- Udt possessing them; besides these there are three oval or round spots pre- ceding them, towards the anal angle. The hind wings are brown, with five cuneated pale patches extending from the anal margin, succeeded by six lunate pale spots extending from the outer angle, and with five fulvous incisural spots, the anal angle bearing a larger oval fulvous spot, in which is a black dot. The fore wings on the under side are of a paler brown color, but similarly marked beyond the middle ; the base also with several pale dashes. The hind wings have the veins from the base to beyond the middle edged with pale bufi"; halfway between the discoidal cell and the hind martrin of the wing is a row of five white crescents, shaded off into the grounrl color of the wing, and separated by brown arches from a row of white horse-shoe marks, within which are six large fulvous incisural marks : the base of all the wings with small round white spots ; the body and abdomen are also spotted with black." — Westv-ood. Huh — Philippines, (In my collection.) " Manilla. (Mus. Nat. Paris.)" Westwood. " Occurs in warm glens, as well as in the Dhoon, but it does not ap- pear to be very numerous." — Hutton. This species is very common in the Philippines. Larva. Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., t. II. f. 3. 3«. (IS.iT). Cylindrical, fleshy and smooth on the surface ; bluish ; from the se- cond to the sixth segment, inclusive, each ring is furnished with a dou- ble pair of lateral spines, short, black, and curved backwards; beyond this, a simple latei'al spine; three yellow bands on the anterior portion, confluent at the head and seventh segment, whence the united dorsal band extends to the end of the ninth segment; two sub-dorsal bands on the three following rings, disconnected from the dorsal, and terminating on the anal segment in two round yellow dots, separated from the band by a narrow black line. Surface spotted with black, and marked with red tubercles; length about three inches. Chriysalis straight, cylindrico-conical ; brown, wing covers and head drab ; head truncate and indented. This description was taken from the figures mentioned above, which were copied from the drawings of General Hardwicke, now deposited in the Library of the British Museum. ^^•^^ [December "This species has been also reared in Ceylon by E. L. Layard, Esq. Its transformations were observed by Mrs. Hamilton in Moulmein. They were also observed by Lady Gilbert, among whose drawings figures are given. Her ladyship states that ' it feeds on a plant called by the natives Maike. The larva was obtained on the 26th of July; two days after it commenced its transformation, and on the following day the chrysalis resembled a dried twig, adhering to the frame only by the extremity of the tail, and supported on each side by two fine threads; in this state it died.' " * LEPTOCIRCXIS, Swainson. 29. Leptocircus Meges, Zinkeu-Sommer. sp. Fap. Meges. Zinken-Sominer. Nova Acta Acad. Cur. Nat. XV. p. 161. (18:51).. Leptocircus Megcs. E. Doubled.. Zoologist. III. jJ. 2.3. fig. (1843).- List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 20. (1844). Diurnal Lepidopt., I. p. 23. n, 2. (1847). G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. Pt. L p. 73. n. 337. (1852) " List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 86. (1856). Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., I. p. 85. n. 173. (1857). Erycina Curius. Godt. Encyc. IX. p. 827. n. (1819). Iphiclides Curius. Hiibner Zutrage. f. 645-fi. (1818). Leptocircus Curius. Swains. Zool. 111. 2nd series, t. 106. (1832-33). Boisd., Sp. Gen. L p. 381. t. 3. B. f. 1, t. 1. C. f. 3. (1836). Upper surface, wings black, traversed between the base and middle by a common green band, and suddenly contracting on the disc of the secondaries, where it terminates in a white streak; apical half of prima- ries hyaline, edged by a narrow black border and crossed by black veins ; tail very long, recurved at the extremity, and bordered externally with white; expanse 1.75 inches. Below, the band changes to a greenish-white on the fore wings; na- creous on the hind wings, which are marked on the abdominal margin by three curved white streaks, chevron-shaped. Baseof wings also whitish. Body black; a green sub-dorsal line on the thorax; white below, with a lateral and sub-lateral row of black dots. Antennaj black, under part of club, reddish. Hah. — Philippines, (In my collection.) Northern India, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Java, Siam, (Coll. Boisd.) Java, (Coll. E. I. Co.) »Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co. I. p. 92. (1857). 1864.] 495 My single specimen ("S ) is in such poor conrlition that I am still doubtful whether it should be placed under this title, or that of (hirius. I located it temporarily under this species, though the other would have answered equally as well, for the purpose of contrasting it with the following new and very distinct species. It may perhaps be L. Corion. (jray, of which, however, 1 have seen neither figure nor description. 30. Leptocircus Wilsonii, nov. sp. Upper surface black; abdominal margin of posterior wings chocolate- brown, fringed with long hairs; apical half of fore wings hyaline, and bordered as in Mcges ; common pale green band on the wings, termi- natin"- on the disc of the secondaries in a white streak as in Mcqea ; but that part on the primaries is, in the nude, simply a narrow pale green line; in the /hnale, it is half the width of the band on the posterior wings; the lower half of which, together with the tail, is irrorated with brilliant white atoms; this last, which is not recurved at its extremity, and the indentations above it, are bordered with white, as in Meges. Expanse 1.50 inches, % ; 1.62 inches, 9 . Under surface, the common band is shining, pearly white on both wings ; base greenish-white. In the male, a white lunule on the anal margin, followed by a small dot, and an oblong dash of the same color; in the femaU^ the white luue is followed by two small dots, the last situated anteriorly. Body black, with two lateral white lines on each side of the abdo- men; palpi whitish; antennae black, club white at the tip; claws bifid. Hah. — Philippines, (In my collection.) I have dedicated this pretty little species to Dr. Thos. B. Wilson, of Philadelphia. This genus is certainly well represented, and considering its compa- rative rarity, appears to be quite common in the Philippines. It is with regret that I cannot give a diagnosis of the larva, as it would enable us to determine with certainty its position, at present very ano- malous, in the family PapiUonulse. EUEYCUS, Boisd. 31. Eurycus Cressida. Fabr. Sp. % . Papilio Cressida. Fab. Eut. Syst. III. i. p. 20. u. 62. (1793) ■ Donovan, Ins. New. Holl. p. 12. f. 2. (1805). Godt. Encyc. IX. p. 76. n. l-to. (1819). 49G [Decemrkr Nestorides Cressida. Hiibn., Zutr. t. 841, 842. (1818). Cressida Heliconides. Swains. Zool. 111. 2nd ser. t. 94. (1832). 9 . Papilio Harmonia. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. i. p. 20. n. 63. (1793). Donov., Ins. of N. Holl. PI. 12. f. 1. (1805). Papilio Harmonides. Godt. Encyc. IX. p. 76. n. 146. (1819). Eiirycus Harmonia. Boisd. Sp. Gen. I. p. 393. n. 2. (1836). % 9 Eurycm Cressida. Boisd. Sp. Gen. I. p. 393. n. 1, 2. il836). E. Doubled.. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. (1844). Diurnal Lepidopt., I. p. 24. n. 1. (1847). G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 73. n. 338. (1852). List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 86. (1856). Malr. — Upper surface: fore wiogs, oblong, diaphanous; the base. and two rounded areolar transverse spots, black, the costal and exterior borders, blackish. Inferior wings slightly dentate, black ; a white cen- tral band, deeply dentate, especially on the exterior border, divided into a number of spots by the black veins; disco-cellular nervules, marked by a black luuule ; a sub-marginal row of five vermillion-red round spots, all nearly or quite obsolete, with the exception of that one, nearest the angle, which is always very distinct ; indentations narrowly edged with \vhite ; expanse o.86 inches. Under surface, fore wings as above; hind wings not so black as above; the red spots are all very distinct, and on the margin five large whitish spots, placed upon the indentations. Body black, with the anus, two spots on each side of the thorax, and the sides of the pro-thorax red ; palpi, white. Fem,ale. — " A little less than the male. Superior wings oblong, semi-transparent, yellowish-white ; costa and apex, brownish, and a small deep black spot at the extremity of the discoidal cellule. Infe- rior wings slightly dentate, or the same color as the primaries, with a broad brownish border, containing a row of five yellowish white spots, very small, and rounded ; indentations of a yellowish-white. '' Under surface similar to the upper. . "Body, black; anus red, and prothorax spotted with white." — Boisd. Hah. — Australia. % . (In my Collection.) Australia. % . (Coll. Boisd.) Australia. S ? . (Coll. Brit. Mus.) " Van Dieman's Laud." Swainson. 1864.] . 497 SERIGINUS. 32. Sericinus Montela. Gray. % Sericinus Monte/a. G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 71. (1852). Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 78 n. 361. t. XIII. f. 1,2. (1852). List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 9.3. (1856). Sericinus Telemon. Diurnal Lepidopt. p. 530. Suppl. PI. f. 1. (1852). 31alc. — Upper surface, yellowish-white. Primary wings have a large sub-triangular black spot at the base, which is divided into three spots by the nervures ; a large black sub-costal patch in the middle of the cell ; two interrupted transverse lines, on the disc ; a marginal black band, obsolete, towards the inner angle ; costA faintly lined with black, and some black atoms near the apex. Hind wings have a broad areolar transverse black band ; a broad band obliquely across the costal area ; and a large black anal patch, extending inwardly as far as the discal nervure, and being connected with the costal band, by a narrow black line ; this anal patch contains anteriorly, a crimson band, posterior to which there are two lunes, com- posed of blue atoms ; head and thorax black, with a red collar ; abdo- men yellow, having a black dorsal band, a lateral row of large black dots, and some ventral longitudinal rays ; tail long, linear, yellow at base and extremity, and black in the middle ; expanse of wing 8.13 inches; length from head to tip of tail 2.5 inches. Below the only perceptible difference, though, as usual the markings are much paler, is in the presence of a red spot, in the black costal patch of the posterior wings. Hab. — China. (In my collection.) Northern China. (Coll. Brit Mus.) " This species was brought by Mr. Fortune, who says that they are found in the valleys among the hills." — G. R. Gray. Gray's figures differ somewhat from the specimens. Expanse % , 2.75 inches — 3.10 inches. Markings vary in size and number, the largest being the darkest, and also having the crimson band much brighter. In my % , there is an indistinct black lune, near the inner angle of the anterior wings, observable in neither of his figures; also, the blue marks on the posterior wings are distinctly lunate, instead of being- dots, as he represents. 498 [December 9 Sericinus Fortunei, G.R.Gray, Proe. Zool. Soc. p. 72. (1852). " Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. I. p. 79. n. 363. t. XIII. f. 5. (1852). " List. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. \. p. 93. (1856). Sericinus fasciatus. Brem. & Grey. Beitr. Schm. des Noerd. China, p. 5. (1853). Female. — " The primary wings yellowish-white, with many irregular black spots which vary in size, some of them are so placed that they appa- rently form five bands across the wing, and the exterior margin is also black. The secondary wings are also yellowish white, with a basal band and three irregular curved bands of black spots; the second band from the base is broadest at the anterior angle, and marked with a small crimson spot; while that portion towards the anal angle is margined exteriorly by an irregular crimson band, which extends from the angle to the second sub-costal nervule ; the third or marginal band is orna- mented on the deep black below the crimson by a series of pale blue lunes. The caudal appendages are slender, of about one inch in length, the base and apex yellowish-white, with the intermediate part black. " The under surface of all the wings is less prominently marked ; otherwise they are similar to the upper side ; except that on the pri- mary wings there are two crimson spots, one on the band near the costal area, and the other on the posterior margin. " The specimens brought by Mr. Fortune were found on the sides of the hills."— r?. R. Grarj. Expanse 2.87 inches. Hah. — China. (In my collection.) Northern China. (^Coll. Brit. Mus.) There is certainly great incongruity between Mr. Gray's description and his figure representative of the same sex. Neither are wholly correct, in comparison with the specimen in my possession. In the figure, there is but one blue lune on the posterior wings, instead of " a series," whilst in mine there are three. The caudal appendages, in the figure, are not very slender, and by no means an inch in length, as stated in the description, but only about .63 inch, neither is it at all yellow at the tip. In my specimen they are .iJo inch in length, otherwise agree- ing with his description. Below, there is not the slightest vestige of red spots upon the ante- 1864.] 499 vior wings, and there are two red spots on the costal margin, instead of heing " similar to the upper side." I have described a species below, which, if it does not prove to be «listinct from this, is at least a remarkable variation from either Mr. Crray's figure or description. I have named it after my friend. Mr. E. T. Cressou, of Philadelphia : — :'•''>. Sericinus Cressonii, nov. sp. Fi'nmJe. — Differs from Sen'cinua Forfiuiei (Montela. 9 ) in the follow- ing particulars : — Fore wings, have the fifth transverse black band connected with the margin by dilated black nervules, forming a sub-marginal row of small yellow lunes. Hind wing's, have the crimson band wider, and the two last sections are lunate, and separated from each other, and the remainder of the band by intervening black lines, below this, four pale blue lunes : a very hirge yellow patch on the costal margin near the outer angle; a large lune of the same color, situated on the angle : tail, yellow at ba.se and tip, intermediate portion black, very long, 1.25 inches and nar- rower than in any other species of the genus ; expanse o.lo inches. Below; the primaries have four red spots, two just beyond the ex- tremity of the discoidal cell, and the others on the inner margin. ►Secondaries, have two red spots on the costal border, and the space posterior to the crimson band is irrorated with blue atoms, not formed into distinct figures Hut covering the whole surface. Thorax and head, black, a yellow line on each side of the thorax, below yellow, with red spots. Abdomen yellow, a broad dorsal band, two rows of lateral dots, and two ventral rays, all black. Hub. — China. (In my collection.) Eggs, extracted from the body, resemble a flattened spheroid, great- est diameter, .042 inch, least, .025 inch, white, with a double black ring around the middle, parallel with the direction of compression. I have now finished the family Papiliunidse as far as possible in relation to my own collection, but before closing this paper, I desire to present a few remarks of Thos. Horsfield, Esq., treating of what may 500 [December be emphatically called the natural system of classification, in which the natural history of the whole insect is considered, from the ovum to the imago, in contradistinction to the artificial, which considers only the characters of the perfect insect. I kive here followed the latter, not because I think it is most correct, but simply because, like all artificial systems, it is much the most con- venient for reference, and for the more important reason that I was totally unac((uainted with the metamorphoses of these exotic butterflies, which play such a prominent part in the formation of the natural sys- tem, but was entirely dependent upon the statements and figures of others, which, however correct, can never be so fully relied upon as persona] observation. Without proceeding too extensively into the elaboration of Dr. Hori*- field's views, who distributes the butterflies with especial reference to the characters of the insect in all its stages, we find that the following points form the basis of his system : " First. That the series of afiinities in groups of the Animal Kingdom is progressive, and that it returns into itself 3 and thus the groups form circles." " Secondly. That the primary groups of those departments of the Ani- mal Kingdom, which have hitherto been investigated, have been as- certained to be limited to five." ■• Thirdly. That each group in a circle is analogically represented by the corresponding group in the other circles." These are the essential considerations; he also enumerates several others, but which are subordinate to these. According to the second law, '-the whole Animal Kingdom has been divided into quinary groups, which are again subdivided into groups of consecutively descending value ; thus the Animal Kingdom is divided in descending order into Sub-Kingdom, Class, Order, Tribe and Stirps." With reference to Tribe I, FaptVones, of the Order Lepidoptera — the one with which we are immediately connected — upon the axiom, • that in groups of consecutive minor value, the same principles are found to prevail," he has divided it into five stirpes, each supposed to be connected with the two adjoining, and the terminal to be, in like manner, allied to the first, so as to form a circle. These have been 1864.] 501 named according to the form of the larva, from their resemblance to the five t3'pica groups of the AniPtaholn. First Stirps, Vermiform. Second " Juliform or Ohilognathiform. Third " Scolopendriform or Chilopodiform. Fourth " Thysanuriform. Fifth " Anopluriform. To prevent any misapprehension of the application of these terms, Mr. Macleay says (H. E. p. 423.): "The distinction, however, between affinity and analogy, is perhaps nowhere in Entomology more necessary to be attended to than here; since, in terming larvae, Chiloynathi formes or Chllopodlformes^ it is not meant that they are Scolopendrse^ or Juli. or even near to them in affinity, but only that they are so constructed that certain analogical circumstances attending them strongly remind us of these Ametahola.'' Id the second stirps, the typical division of which (the fjimily Papi- lioniJse of Leach,) we have just completed, the following characteris- tics are especially prominent: '^Larva of a cylindrical form, generally swelled or thickened at the fourth or fifth section of the body, attenuated towards the head and posterior extremity; in the typical genera naked, or covered with short, obtuse, fleshy protuberances ; in the extreme genera at the boundary of the neighboring groups, covered with a close silky down, or with short scattered hairs, most remarkably distinguished by a furcula or forked tentaculum, situated between the head and neck, which may be drawn back or thrust forward at pleasure." "/^wyuo, angulated and mostly tuberculated ; in the typical genera, and in those at the confines of the first group, attached by the posterior extremity, braced and vertically suspended with the head upwards; in the genera approaching the third stirps, perpendicularly suspended, according to the habits of that stirps. Representing the ChUognathi- form or Juliform Amefabala." The genus Papilio (including Ornithoptera and Atrophaneura,) is at present very unwieldy; species are associated, which, except in their nervular arrangement, have but little generic relation with each other, yet sufficient to unite them under this system, provided that they were also agreed in their preparatory stages; but, according to the third law, cited above, we should naturally expect analogical divisions in the genus, ^^^ [December corresponding with those of the tribe, and such, indeed, appears to be the fact, so far as incomplete and sectional investigation will verify it. The Eastern Lepidoptera, as examined by Dr. Horsfield, furnish three sub-typical divisions, all well marked by diiferences in the anteunjij and metamorphoses, and probably in the neuration, but this will require further investio-ation. Thus, then, a division or genus of the stirps having Chilognathiform larvae, contains within itself species, which, though the larva be Juli- form, present a certain analogical affinity to the larva of the other four stirpes, while in each of these separate groups the imago manifests a cha- racter which reciprocally confirms the distinct character of these divisions. We have already discovered the resewibling forms of the third and fourth stirpes ; perhaps, in collections of greater extent and from more extensive regions, the Vermiform and Anopluriform representatives may be found, and it would not be strange if one or both would be represented by American types. It would be interesting to determine whether this sub-representation of all the stirpes took place in each stirps, and also in its several genera, and, imperfectly, of course, in the species composing these genera. This subject I will discuss more fully in a future paper. These analogical divisions form then, very natural sub-genera, into which the present genus Papilio (FapUio, Ornithoptera, Atropha- neurd) may be appropriately divided. The sub-generic characters are : — " First. Anteanfe, filiform at the base, marked along their entire length, with prominent annular rings, and terminated by a cylindrical club, which is attenuated at both ends." '• The larva of this division is characterized by a smooth surface, and by a swelling or intumescence of the fourth or fifth segment of the body, from which it tapers more abruptly to the head, and in a gradual man- ner to the anal extremity." This division is exemplified by Pap. Memnon. Pap. Polytes. Pap. Machaon. " Emalthion. '• Paminon. " Turiius. " Aleinoiis. " Demolion. •• Troilus. " Polymnester. " Erithoniiis. " Asterias. " Heleiius. •• DeiiKjleus. •■ Thoas. " Iswara. " Arjuna. •• C'resphontes. " Varasi. •' Xuthus. and also by their metamorphoses, as far as known. 1864.] 503 To this division, as it is typical not only of the genus, but also of tht; whole stirps, and exhibits the most perfect production of the order. Lepidoptcru, V would reserve the Linna^an name FnpiUo. " Secondli/. The antennae agree in form and outline with those of the first, but the annuli, or rings, along their entire length, are com- paratively obscure." " The larva is cylindrical, very slightly attenuated at the ends, some- what thick and fleshy, smooth on the surface and provided with short obtuse tubercles along its entire length." This is the Chilopodiform modification of the genus Papiliu. and to which I have assigned the name of Pacldiopta. It is represented by the following species : — Ornithop. Darsius. Pap. Hector. " Pompeus. " Diphilus. " Rhadamanthiis. " Philenor ? " Priamiis. " Polydamus? Paj"). dissimilis. " Thirdhj. The antennae are slender, filiform at the base, but ter- minated by an oval, comparatively enlarged, compressed club, on which the annuli are closely arranged and crowded." " The larva is smooth, slightly attenuated towards the extremities, somewhat broader or arched in the middle, and marked with regular transverse bands ; but its chief character consists in two projecting points from the abdomen." It is exemplified by the following species : — Pap. Sarpedon. Pap. Marcellus. " Agamemnon. " Ajax. " Eurypylus. " Podalirius? " Antiphates. " Siiion. These form the Thysanuriform division of the genus Papillo, and which I have called Pathysa. The names which I have here proposed are not arbitrary, but have been derived from the union of the first syllable of the generic name, with those commencing the analogical name of the larval form : to complete the series in all its forms, we should then call the first sub- genus, as yet unknown. Pavermia, and the fifth, Panopluia. 504 [December A tabular arrangement would present the following form The truth of this analogical arrangement will be proven, as we be- come better acquainted with the preparatory stages of the insects ; and, to further this purpose, I would suggest to all. the great importance and necessity of making the larval form a subject of equal magnitude with the imago; and thus by patient study and attention we may finally be enabled to realize a truly natural system of this most beauti- i'ul division of the Animal Kingdom.