of Salmon and other Fish artificially, 169 
rest till half dry, and occupied by worms and the ova of insects, 
appear to suit them best. About the 1st of September last, 
when on an agricultural tour of Belgium, I visited an esta- 
blishment belonging to King Leopold, and adjoining his 
new palace of Ardennes, on a much more expensive scale 
than that now described, where the breeding of trout had 
been tried for the three previous seasons, though with but 
little success. A very few small trout bred 1839-40 were 
still alive, but the ova of 1841 were a complete failure, chiefly 
from not properly covering the spawn with gravel, and other 
errors. Bread made of brown and white flour mixed was the 
food found best suited to the few living, who, judging from 
their shape as seen swimming about in a small pool, were in 
excellent condition. The trout-breeding establishment of 
Ardennes, however, proves that their spawn, if treated in the 
same way as that of salmon above described, will produce the 
same successful results, and that any one possessing a con- 
venient pond or stream may stock it with the best kinds of 
trout or other fish in one or two years, and by good feeding 
have them in high condition. Where trout already exists of 
small size and inferior quality, I would recommend wholly 
destroying the breed by saturating the water with quick-lime 
or any other mode more advisable, and procuring spawn or 
fry from lakes where the best kinds of trout are found, in 
Scotland or elsewhere. The same may be said of grayling, 
pike, or any other kind of fish suited to ponds or brooks and 
rivers as may be desired by their owners, which renders the 
discovery now made known of value to all, and in all quarters, 
as well as to salmon-fishing proprietors. In conclusion, I 
hope that the above brief account may not only be well under- 
stood, but that the ease and comparatively trifling expense 
at which the breeding of fry can be accomplished may induce 
many this season to try this novel but successful mode of in- 
creasing our stocks of salmon and other fish, and consequently 
adding largely to the wealth of our country. — F. M. 
Should any further information be wanted, Sir F. will 
gladly reply to such inquiries ; and he now expresses a hope, 
that those who may be successful in spring 1842, or after 
years, will communicate to him any account of improvement 
on the mode of breeding, feeding, &c. now described; as, 
though perfectly satisfied with the results of his own expe- 
riments, Sir F. is ready to acknowledge that there exists no- 
thing so perfect devised by man as not to admit of improve- 
ment. 
Cohan House, Ross-shire, Oct. 1st, 1841. ] 
170 Mr. Stephens on Epilobium angustifolium. 
XXII. — On Epilobium angustifolium, and species which have 
been confounded with it. By Mr. H. O. Stephens. 
To the Editors of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 
There appears to be two species of Epilobium confounded by 
British botanists with E. angustifolium, Linn. ; one is proba- 
bly indigenous, the other certainly so. I shall endeavour to 
furnish discriminating characters. 
1st. Epilobium angustifolium, Linn. Leaves scattered, rather 
broadly lanceolate, veined, smooth ; inflorescence subspicate ; 
petals unequal ; genitalia declined ; stigma large, club-shaped ; 
capsule short, turgid. Species Plantar. 493 ; Aiton, Hort. Kew., 
torn. ii. p. 4 ; Smith, Eng. Flor., torn. ii. 212 ; Eng. Bot., tab. 
1947; Hooker, ed. iii. 182; Lindley, 108. E. spicatum, DeCan- 
dolle, Prodrom., pars iii. p. 40. Lysimachia speciosa, &c, 
Raii Synop., 310. Chamaenerion, Ger. Emac, p. 477- fig« 7« 
This is the common plant of the gardens, and is figured in 
6 English Botany/ The leaves are of a very dark green colour, 
rather broadly lanceolate, distantly and faintly serrated, in 
general outline resembling those of Salix alba. The upper 
part of the stem, towards the spike of flowers, very obscurely 
angular ; flowers deep crimson ; capsules short and very turgid. 
2nd. Epilobium macrocarpum. Leaves scattered, linear- 
lanceolate, veined, smooth ; inflorescence subspicate ; petals 
unequal ; genitalia declined ; capsule very long, linear. 
This plant is of a lighter and more elegant habit than the 
former ; the flowers are of a paler shade, inclining to rose-co- 
lour ; upper portion of the stem, towards the inflorescence, of 
a coral-red, and acutely angular. Stigma much smaller than 
in E. angustifolium, barely club-shaped. Leaves very pale 
green, narrow, lanceolate, distantly and faintly toothed, in ge- 
neral outline resembling those of Salix viminalis. Capsule 
very long, exceeding three inches in length, quite linear, with- 
out the least turgescence. 
This plant differs from Epilobium angustifolium, Linn., in 
the leaves being narrow-lanceolate, of a very pale green, in 
the smaller stigma, paler flowers and more angular stem ; but 
the specific difference consists in the very long linear capsule, 
totally unlike the short and turgid seed-vessel of E. angusti- 
folium, Linn. Modern British botanists deny (unnecessarily, 
I think,) E. angustifolium to be a native plant ; it was consi- 
dered as such by Gerarde and Ray; and as it abounds in 
Sweden in situations much like those in which it is found 
here, this strengthens the supposition of its nationality. How- 
ever this may be, there can be no doubt that the second spe- 
Flora of Western Norfolk. 171 
eies, E. macrocarpum, is indigenous ; it cannot have escaped 
from cultivation, because the plant so common in gardens is 
E. angustifolium. 
Discovered by my friend Mr. G. K. Thwaites in the lower 
portion of Leigh Wood, Somerset, in a coppice which had 
been cut two years ago, a situation very distant from any ha- 
bitation. 
Henry Oxley Stephens. 
Bristol, 3 Terrill Street, Aug. 26, 1841. 
XXIII. — A List of Flowering Plants found growing wild in 
Western Norfolk. By the Rev. George Munford*, Cor- 
responding Member of the Botanical Society of London. 
The tract of country embraced by the hundreds of Freebridge 
Lynn, Freebridge Marshland, Clackclose and Smithdon, and 
which forms the western side of the county of Norfolk, con- 
tains the remarkable district called Marshland — a part of the 
great level of the Fens, and the higher ground bordering on 
the Wash, which lies between the counties of Norfolk and 
Lincolnshire. 
From the extent and variety of this field, it will easily be 
seen that the botanist will find in it ample space for the ex- 
ercise of his favourite pursuit. 
Local advantages, derived from a residence of almost twenty 
years in the principal and central town of the district, maybe 
supposed to enable the compiler of the following list to cor- 
rect, in some few instances, the errors into which others, not 
residing on the spot, may have fallen ; and perhaps to point 
out here and there a new locality for some of the rarer plants 
growing in the neighbourhood. 
It is with this view that, with the kind assistance of two or 
three botanical friends also residing on the spot, the attempt 
has been made to give, as far as possible, a correct and per- 
fect list of the plants that are found growing wild in Western 
Norfolk. 
As little more has been done than to collect into one place 
what was previously known, but scattered throughout several 
published works, it may appear that labour and pains have 
been unnecessarily expended ; but the employment itself has 
served to fill up, and very agreeably to amuse, many a leisure 
hour, and will tend to refresh the memory when the power of 
searching for these favourite objects of pursuit in the place of 
their growth shall no longer exist. 
* Read before the Botanical Society of London, Gth August, 1841. 
1?2 The Rev. G. Munford's List of Flowering Plants 
The English Flora contains about 1500 vascular and 2800 
cellular plants : 722 vasculars are here enumerated as grow- 
ing wild in the district which forms the western side of the 
county of Norfolk. The writer's acquaintance with the cel- 
lulars is too limited to admit of his attempting to give any ac- 
count of them in this paper. A catalogue of the plants grow- 
ing in the neighbourhood of Yarmouth, on the opposite side 
of the county, has been published by Mr. James Paget, in 
which are found 725 vasculars and 450 cellulars ; and the 
Flora of Central Norfolk, by Mr. R. J. Mann, is printed in the 
( Magazine of Natural History/ New Series, vol. iv. No. 44 ; 
and in the 7th vol. of the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural 
History,' No. 43, an addenda by S. P. Woodward, Esq. 
These two lists contain together 708 vasculars and 121 cel- 
lulars. They are confined to the neighbourhood of Norwich, 
and embrace but a small portion of what may be called central 
Norfolk ; so that the greater part of the county may yet be 
considered as unbeaten ground. 
All the plants previously admitted into works of established 
authority as having been found wild in Western Norfolk are 
included in this list. To all these, and to others which I have 
not myself seen growing, the authority on which they are in- 
troduced is given ; while for every species and locality not 
thus marked the compiler is responsible. 
The arrangement made use of is that of Professor Lindley 
in his e Synopsis of the British Flora/ as best agreeing with 
the advanced state of botanical science in England ; and the 
nomenclature is for the most part that of Sir W. J. Hooker 
in his e British Flora/ which is generally acknowledged to be 
the best authority in the present day for determining the 
plant intended. 
The geography of plants is of much interest to the bota- 
nist, and every attempt to promote the knowledge of this 
branch of the science is worthy of observation. It is now 
universally admitted, that the geological character of every 
district exercises very great influence over its vegetation. An 
attempt has therefore been made to mark, as nearly as pos- 
sible, the substratum of soil on which the rarer plants in the 
following list are found. Where the place of growth is not 
added, the plant may generally be considered as distributed 
throughout the district. 
By a reference to Woodward's Geological Map of Norfolk, 
published in 1833, it will be seen that, proceeding eastward 
from Lynn, which is situated on the alluvium, we meet with 
a narrow strip of the Kimmeridge clay and oolite that runs in 
a direction north and south nearly the entire length of the di- 
found growing wild in Western Norfolk. 
173 
strict. This is followed by a much wider portion of the car- 
stone, running in the same direction; and parallel with this 
lies about the same quantity of chalk marl. The indentations 
of the eastern side of the district extend into the hard and 
medial chalk, but embrace only a small portion of the latter 
towards the north. 
The annexed tabular view will show, as nearly as possible, 
the geological character of the several habitats in which the 
rarer plants are found. G. M. 
Lynn Regis, 1840. 
Class I. VASCULARES. 
Subclass I. DICOTYLEDONES. 
Division I. DICHLAMYDEiE. 
Order RanunculacejE. 
Thalictrum minus ; Ringstead, Marham, Shouldham, Burnham, Nar- 
borough : not common. 
> flavum ; Setch, Barton-Bendish : not common. 
Adonis autumnalis ; by Denver Sluice, Mrs. Plestow in Eng. Bot. 
No longer found : perhaps it should be erased, as it was probably 
thrown out from a garden : Miss Bell. 
Anemone nemorosa ; Castle- Rising Wood : abundant. 
Myosurus minimus-, Hard wick, Wimbotsham, Runcton-Holme, Bough- 
ton : not common. 
Ranunculus Flammula ; Castle-Rising, Thorpland, Denver, Wimbots- 
ham, Barton-Bendish, Fincham. 
1 74 The Rev. G. Munford's List of Flowering Plants 
Ranunculus j3. reptans ; Barton-Bendish, Fincham : Mr. Dawson Tur- 
ner. 
Lingua ; N. Runcton : not common. 
Ficaria, sceleratus, bulbosus, hirsutus, repens, acris ; very- 
common. 
arvensis ; N. Lynn, Thorpland, Hard wick, Barton-Ben- 
dish, Beechamwell. 
parviflorus ; Gt. Bircham, Burnham, Rev. K. Trimmer. 
— hederaceus ; Hardwick, S. Wootton, Denver: not common. 
aquatilis; very common. 
Caltha palustris ; very common. 
Helleborus viridis ; plentiful in a plantation at Ingoldisthorpe : Miss 
Bell. 
fcetidus ; castle-hill, Castle- Acre. 
Aquilegia vulgaris ; thicket behind the Red Mount, Lynn : rare. 
Delphinium Consolida ; W. Winch, Docking, Barton-Bendish : rare. 
Berberide^e. 
Berberis vulgaris ; Narborough, Barton-Bendish : rare. 
Nymph^eace^e. 
Nymphaa alba ; Lynn, E. Walton, Shouldham: common. 
Nuphar lutea ; Lynn, E. Walton, Shouldham : common. 
Papaveracejs. 
Papaver hybridum ; Barton-Bendish, B. G. ; Burnham, Miss Bell. 
Argemone, dubium, Rhceas ; common. 
somniferum ; borders of Castle-Rising Wood. 
Glaucium luteum ; Heacham beach. 
Chelidonium majus ; Gay wood, Congham. 
Fumariace^. 
Corydalis claviculata ; Woolferton Wood, Bawsey, Blackburgh. 
Fumaria officinalis ; common. 
Crucifer.e. 
Cheiranthus Cheiri ; Grey Friar's Tower, Lynn : not uncommon. 
Nasturtium officinale ; plentiful. 
syJvestre ; banks of the Ouse, Stow Bridge, Downham 
Miss Bell. 
terrestre ; Middleton, Stow. 
amphibium ; N. Runcton. 
Barbarea vulgaris ; very common. 
Arabis thaliana; Castle-Rising, N. Runcton. 
hirsuta ; S. Gates, Lynn, walls at Downham. 
Cardamine hirsuta, pratensis ; very common. 
amara ; Reffley Wood, Pentney : not uncommon. 
Draba verna ; very common. 
Cochlearia anglica ; very common. 
Armoracia ; Outwell, on the banks of the Wisbeach canal. 
Thlaspi arvense ; S. Wootton, Mr. Wardall : not common. 
found growing wild in Western Norfolk. 1 75 
Teesdalia nudicaulis ; Castle-Rising, Wimbotsham, E. Winch. 
Iberis amara ; E. Winch : Mr. G. Cooper in N. B. G. 
Cakile maritima ; abundant on Hunstanton beach. 
Hesperis matronalis ; Castle-Rising* E. Winch, Ingoldisthorpe : rare. 
Sisymbrium officinale, Sophia ; very common. 
Alliaria officinalis ; very common. 
Erysimum cheiranthoides ; Hardwick, Stow, Wimbotsham, Runcton- 
Holme, Downham, Denver : not uncommon. 
Coronopus Ruellii ; very common. 
Capsella Bursa Past oris ; very common. 
Lepidium latifolium ; found at Magdalen a few years ago : Miss Bell. 
ruderale; N. Lynn, S. Lynn. 
Isatis tinctoria ; in a field at Barton-Bendish, where it is never known 
to have been cultivated : B. G. 
Brassica Napus, Rapa, campestris ; naturalized. 
Sinapis arvensis, alba, nigra ; common. 
tenuifolia ; walls by the gas-works, Lynn. 
Raphanis Raphanistrum ; common. 
VlOLACE^E. 
Viola hirta ; Marham, Mr. Crowe in Eng. Ft. ; Shingham, Mr. 
Dawson Turner. 
odorata ; not uncommon. 
palustris ; Rev. W. Allen found it at Lynn some years ago : 
not now on that spot. 
canina, tricolor ; common. 
Cistine,e. 
Helianthemum vulgare ; Hunstanton, Grimstone, Barton-Bendish, 
Beechamwell. 
Droserace^e. 
Drosera rotundifolia ; Royden Fen, Dersingham, Marham Fen. 
longifolia ; Rising Heath, Dersingham, Barton-Bendish, 
Marham Fen. 
anglica ; Barton-Bendish, Shouldham, Roydon, and Marham 
Fens. 
Frankejstiace^e. 
Frankenia Icevis ; salt-marshes, Titchwell, Rev. K. Trimmer : rare. 
Polygale^e. 
Poly gala vulgaris ; Hardwick : common. 
Malvaceae. 
Malva sylvestris, rotundifolia ; common. 
moschata; S. Wootton, Mr. Wardall : very rare. 
Althaea officinalis ; Tilney, Terrington, and throughout Marshland. 
Hypericine^e. 
Hypericum quadrangulum ; Rising Wood, Mr. Wardall. 
perforatum; N. Runcton, Barton-Bendish : common. 
dubium ; not unfrequent about Stow and Wimbotsham ; 
Miss Bell in N. B. G. 
1 76 The Rev. G. Munford's List of Flowering Plants 
Hypericum humifusum ; Rising, Wimbotsham, Wallington. 
pulchrum ; Middleton, Heacham, Mr. Wardall. 
elodes ; bogs on Rising Heath, Dersingham. 
CaRYOPHYLLEjE. 
Dianthus deltoides ; Swaffham Heath, near Barton-Bendish : B. G. 
Saponaria officinalis ; W. Bilney, Hillington : not common. 
Silene anglica ; Runcton- Holme, Miss Bell. 
inflata ; Grey Friar's Tower, Lynn : common. 
maritima ; Hunstanton, Brancaster. 
noctiflora ; near Stow, Miss Bell ; Barton-Bendish, Fincham, 
Mr. Dawson Turner. 
Otites ; between Swaffham and Narford by the old road- side, 
Mr. Wardall ; Barton-Bendish, B. G. 
Lychnis Flos Cuculi, dioica a. red, /3. white ; common. 
Agrostemma Githago ; common. 
Spergula arvensis ; common. 
nodosa ; Castle-Rising. 
Sagina procumbens, apetala ; common. 
Mcenchia erecta : Burnham, Miss Bell. 
Arenaria peploides ; Hunstanton beach. 
trinervis ; Wallington, N. Runcton, Miss Bell : frequent. 
— — serpyllifolia ; common. 
tenuifolia ; Barton-Bendish, B. G. 
rubra, marina ; common. 
Cerastium aquaticum ; Stow, Miss Bell ; Barton-Bendish, by the Car, 
Mr. Dawson Turner. 
vulgatum, viscosum ; common. 
semidecandrum ; walls at Stow, Miss Bell. 
arvense ; W. Winch, Magdalen, Narford. 
Stellaria uliginosa ; common. 
media ; very common. 
' Holostea ; very common. 
graminea ; common. 
glauca ; S. Wootton, banks of the Ouse : common. 
Line^:. 
Linum usitatissimum ; Hunstanton, Downham. 
perenne ; Wisbeach, Fincham, Barton-Bendish. 
catharticum ; Barton-Bendish, Shouldham, Hunstanton, Wal- 
lington, Stow. 
Radiola millegrana ; Rising Heath, Runcton-Holme. 
Acerine^e. 
Acer Pseudo-platanus ; not very common. 
campestre; Reffley Wood, hedges : very common. 
Geraniace^e. 
Geranium sylvaticum ; Leziate, Mr. Crowe in B. G. 
robertianum, molle, pusillum ; very common. 
— — pyrenaicum; E. Winch and W. Bilney, Mr. Crowe in 
Eng. Fl. 
found growing wild in Western Norfolk, 177 
Geranium dissectum ; common. 
columbinum ; Hunstanton, Snettisham. 
Erodium cicutarium ; common. 
OxALIDEjE. 
Oxalis Acetosella ; Reffley Wood, Stow. 
Illecebre^e. 
Herniaria glabra ; Caldecot, B. G ; Beechamwell, Miss Bell. 
PoRTULACEiE. 
Montia fontana ; W. Winch, Hardwick, N. Runcton, Stow Bridge. 
Crassulacejs. 
Tillcea muscosa ; Roydon, Dersingham Heath. 
Sedum Telephium ; N. Runcton, Wimbotsham. 
acre ; common. 
reflexum ; roofs of cottages at Setch, Rev. J. Bransby. 
Sempervivum tectorum ; roofs of cottages, &c, but not very common. 
Saxifrages. 
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium ; Reffley, Rising. 
Adoxa Moschatellina ; Middleton, Stow Wood. 
Parnassia palustris ; Roydon Fen, Barton Car. 
Saxifraga granulata ; W. Winch, N. Runcton, Wimbotsham. 
— — — — tridactylites ; walls and roofs, Lynn, Stow. 
SaLICARIjE. 
Peplis Portula ; N. Runcton, Wimbotsham. 
Lythrum Salicaria ; Babingley, Stow, Denver, Barton-Bendish. 
RhAMNEjE. 
Rhamnus catharticus ; Burnham, Miss Bell. 
Frangula ; Blackburgh, Miss Bell ; Barton-Bendish, Mr. 
Dawson Turner. 
Ilicines. 
Ilex Aquifolium ; Castle-Rising : not common. 
Celastrines. 
Euonymus europaus ; Middleton, Stow : rare. 
Leguminoss. 
Ulex europceus ; abundant. 
Genista tinctoria ; Stow, Miss Bell. 
anglica ; Stow, N. Runcton : not unfrequent. 
Cytisus scoparius ; common. 
Anthyllis vulneraria ; Hunstanton, Shouldham, Barton-Bendish : 
common. 
Ononis pro currens, spinosa ; frequent. 
Astragalus glycyphyllos ; old hedges by the church at Shouldham, 
B. G. 
hypoglottis ; Marham, Barton-Bendish, B. G. 
Ann. fy Mag. N. Hist. Vol. viii. N 
178 The Rev. G. Munford's List of Flowering Plants 
Melilotus officinalis ; S.Lynn: not common. 
Trifolium repens-, abundant. 
5— subterraneum ; Hardwick, Burnham : not common. 
ochroleucum ; Runcton-Holme, near the river, Miss Bell. 
pratense; abundant. 
maritimum ; Snettisham beach, Eng. Fl. 
arvense ; sandy fields : common. 
scabrum; Wimbotsham, S. Runcton, Miss Bell; Snettis- 
ham beach, Mr. Crowe in Eng. Fl. 
fragiferum ; salt-marshes : very common. 
procumbens ; not uncommon. 
-filiforme ; N. Runcton : common. 
Lotus corniculatus ; very common. 
major ; Stow, Denver, &c. : very common. 
Medicago lupulina ; N. Runcton, Stow. 
maculata ; salt-marshes : not uncommon. 
minima ; Narborough : rare. 
Ervum tetraspermum, hirsutum ; common. 
Vicia Cracca, sativa ; common. 
angustifolia ; Denver, and in a gravel- pit at Wimbotsham, 
Miss Bell. 
lathyroides ; Wimbotsham Mill Hill, Narborough. 
sepium ; Castle-Rising Wood, Mr. Wardall. 
Lathy rus pratensis ; common. 
Ornithopus perpusillus ; common. 
Hippocrepis comosa ; Shouldham, Mr. Dawson Turner ; Marham, 
Eng. Fl. 
Onobrychis sativa ; Heacham : rare. 
Rosacea. 
Spircea Filipendula; Castle- Acre, Westacre, Mr. Wardall; S. Runcton, 
Miss Bell ; Barton-Bendish, Beechamwell, Mr. Dawson Turner. 
Ulmaria; common. 
Prunus spinosa ; very common. 
insititia ; Burnham, Miss Bell. 
Cerasus ; Newbridge Wood, Snettisham, Mr. Wardall ; N. 
Runcton, Crimplesham, Miss Bell. 
Rubus suberectus (nitidus) ; Blackburgh Thicket (Mr. Mackay doubted 
this being R. suberectus), Miss Bell in N. B. G. 
fruticosus ; very common. 
corylifolius ; Stow, Runcton-Holme, Miss Bell. 
ccesius; very common, Miss Bell. 
idaus; S. Wootton, Barton Car, Blackburgh. 
Fragaria vesca \ Reffley, Castle-Rising and Wootton Woods. 
Poientilla anserina ; very common. 
' argentea \ W. Winch, Middleton, Wimbotsham, Walling- 
ton, Denver, Barton-Bendish : not common. 
reptans; very common. 
fragariastrum ; Stow Wood, Miss Bell. 
Comarum palustre ; common in fresh marshes. 
found growing wild in Western Norfolk. 179 
Tormentilla officinalis ; common. 
Geum urbanum ; very common. 
var. intermedium ; Stow Wood, Wallington and Woolferton 
Wood. 
rivale ; Reffley and Woolferton Woods : plentiful. 
Agrimonia Eupatoria ; not uncommon. 
Rosa rubiginosa ; S. Lynn, Middleton, N. Runcton. 
canina ; common. 
arvensis ; Stow, Miss Bell. 
Alchemilla arvensis ; Middleton, Mr. Wardall ; Stow, Wimbotsham, 
Miss Bell. 
Poterium Sanguisorba ; Barton-Bendish, Marham, Mr. Dawson Tur- 
ner ; Heacham, Mr. Wardall. 
Pomaces. 
Mespilus Oxyacantha ; very common. 
Pyrus Malus ; not uncommon. 
GrOSSULACEjE. 
Ribes rubrum ; Stow Wood, Miss Bell ; Castle-Rising Wood, Mr. 
Wardall. 
grossularia ; Stow Wood, Miss Bell. 
Onagrari^e. 
Epilobium hirsutum ; very common. 
parviflorum ; Gay wood, Mr. Wardall ; Runcton-Holme, 
Miss Bell. 
montanum ; Castle-Rising Wood, Mr. Wardall ; Stow, 
Miss Bell. 
tetragonum ; S. Lynn, Mr. Wardall ; Wallington, Denver, 
Miss Bell. 
palustre ; Stow, Miss Bell. 
ClRCEACEiE. 
Circtea lutetiana ; Refiley Wood: common. 
HALORAGE.E. 
Myriophyllum spicatum ; common. 
Hippuris vulgaris ; Gay wood River : common. 
Umbellifer^e. 
Daucus Carota ; common. 
Caucalis daucoides ; Fincham, Mr. Dawson Turner ; Marham, Mr. 
Crowe. 
Torilis Anthriscus ; common. 
infesta ; S. Runcton, Miss Bell. 
nodosa ; common, 
Pastinaca sativa ; Castle-Rising, banks of the Ouse. 
Heracleum Spondylium ; very common. 
Angelica sylvestris ; Stow Bridge, Miss Bell ; Castle-Rising Wood, 
Mr. Wardall. 
Silaus pratensis ; S. Lynn, Stow : rare. 
Fceniculum vulgare ; Hunstanton : abundant. 
N 2 
180 The Rev. G. Munford's List of Flowering Plants 
JEthusa Cynapium ; not uncommon. 
(Enanthe fistulosa ; common. 
pimpinelloides ; near Lynn, B. G. 
peucedanifolia ; Runcton-Holme, Miss Bell. 
Phellandrium ; very common. 
Bupleurum tenuissimum ; banks of the Nar, near Lynn, Mr. Wardall. 
Bunium ftexuosum ; Wallington, Shingham, RefHey, Hardwick. 
Pimpinella saxifraga ; Barton-Bendish, Mr. Dawson Turner ; Wim- 
botsham, Miss Bell. 
Slum latifolium ; Barton-Bendish, Mr. Dawson Turner. 
angustifolium ; Stow, Denver : common. 
Helosciadium nodiflorum ; common. 
repens ; Stow, Denver : common. 
inundatum ; Watlington, Miss Bell. 
Carum Carui ; marshes north of Lynn. 
Apium graveolens ; very common. 
^Egopodium Podagraria ; Barton-Bendish, Stow,Wimbotsham, Cong- 
ham, Horsley's Chace, Lynn. 
Anthriscus vulgaris ; very common. 
Char ophy Hum sativum ; W. Winch. 
sylvestris ; S. Lynn. 
temulum ; common. 
Scandix Pecten- Veneris ; common. 
Conium maculatum ; common. 
Eryngium maritimum ; Hunstanton beach . 
Sanicula europaa ; Reffley Wood : plentiful. 
Hydrbcotyle vulgaris ; Rising Heath, Barton-Bendish. 
Stellate. 
Galium cruciatum, palustre ; common. 
Witheringii ; Wallington, Miss Bell. 
saxatile; N. and S. Runcton, Miss Bell. 
■ uliginosum ; common. 
erectum ; Middle ton. 
■■ tricorne ; Barton-Bendish, B. G. ; Fincham, Mr. Dawson 
Turner. 
verum ; common. 
parisiense ; on a wall between Fincham and Lynn, B. G. 
Aparine ; very common. 
Mollugo ; Burnham, Miss Bell. 
Asperula cynanchica ; Shouldham, Ringstead Yards : rare. 
Sherardia arvensis ; common. 
Caprifoliace^. 
Lonicera Periclymenum ; Blackburgh, Stow, Wallington, &c. 
Viburnum Lantana ; Cars, E. Winch. 
Opulus ; E. Winch, Stradset, Wimbotsham, Barton-Ben- 
dish. 
Sambucus nigra ; common. 
Cornus sanguinea ; common. 
Hedera Helix ; common. 
found growing wild in Western Norfolk, 181 
CUCURBITACEJE. 
Bryonia dioica ; common. 
Vaccines. 
Vaccinium Oxycoccos ; Roydon and Dersingham Fens, Bawsey-Bot- 
tom. 
Campanulace^e. 
Campanula hybrida ; Stow, Sedgeford, Fincham, Shouldham ; not 
common. 
rotundifolia ; very common. 
Trachelium ; W. Winch. 
glomerata ; Fincham, Miss Bell ; Barton-Bendish, Mr. 
Dawson Turner. 
Lobeliace^:. 
Jasione montana ; Castle-Rising, S. Runcton, Beechamwell. 
VALERIANE2E. 
Fedia olitoria ; Town- walls, Lynn. 
dentata ; Stow, Wimbotsham, Miss Bell. 
Valeriana dioica ; Reffley Wood, Stow. 
officinalis ; near the Red Mount, Lynn, Wormegay, Stow, 
Dipsace^e. 
Dipsacus sylvestris ; frequent. 
Scabiosa succisa ; Middleton. 
columbaria ; Hunstanton, Snettisham, Fincham. 
Knautia arvensis ; Hunstanton, Stow. 
Composite. 
Eupatorium cannabinum ; Babingley, Wormegay, Barton-Bendish. 
Pulicaria dysenterica ; very common. 
Aster Tripolium ; abundant. 
Erigeron acre ; Hunstanton, Barton-Bendish, Beechamwell : not 
common. 
Solidago Virgaurea ; Gay wood, Shingham : rather rare. 
Gnaphalium rectum ; Wimbotsham, Miss Bell ; Barton-Bendish, Mr. 
Dawson Turner. 
— — — uliginosum ; common at Stow, Wimbotsham and Denver, 
Miss Bell. 
minimum, germanicum ; common. 
Senecio vulgaris ; very common. 
tenuifolius ; Holme-near-the-sea, Rev. Mr. Sutton in Eng. 
Bot. 
Jacobtea ; very common. 
Tussilago Farfara ; W. Lynn, Downham, &c. 
Petasites vulgaris ; Wimbotsham, Miss Bell ; Fincham, Mr. Daw- 
son Turner. 
Bellis perennis ; everywhere. 
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum; Reffley, Barton-Bendish, Blackburgh. 
segetum ; N. Runcton, Bilney, Barton-Bendish, Wor- 
megay, &c. : common. 
Pyrethrum Parthenium ; Castle- Rising. 
182 The Rev. G. Munford's List of Flowering Plants 
Pyrethrum inodorum ; N. Runcton, Middleton. 
Artemisia maritima ; river-bank, Lynn, Brancaster. 
Absinthium ; Stow Bridge, Miss Bell. 
vulgaris ; common. 
Tanacetum vulgar e ; common. 
Anthemis Cotula ; common. 
arvensis ; Gayton, Mr. Wardall. 
Achillea Ptarmica ; N. Runcton, Stow, Fincham : not common. 
Millefolium ; very common. 
Bidens tripartita ; N. Runcton, Castle-Rising, Stow, Stradset, Bar - 
ton-Bendish. 
cernua ; N. Runcton, Watlington, Barton- Bendish. 
Onopordum Acanthium ; common. 
Cnicus lanceolatus ; Mr. Wardall. 
palustris, arvensis ; common. 
pratensis ; Roy don Fen, Barton-Bendish : rare. 
— acaulis ; Ringstead Yards, Beechamwell. 
Carlina vulgaris ; Shouldham, Castle- Acre, Castle- Rising : rare. 
Arctium Lappa ; common. 
Carduus marianus ; Hard wick, Wimbotsham. 
Centaur ea nigra, Cyanus ; common. 
Scabiosa ; Castle-Rising, Heacham. 
Calcitrapa ; Downham Bridge : rare. 
Carduus nutans ; common. 
acanthoides ; Denver : not uncommon ; Miss Bell. 
tenuiflorus ; road- side between Stow and Lynn, Miss Bell. 
Sonchus arvensis ; Mr. Wardall. 
oleraceus ; very common. 
Lactuca virosa ; Castle- Acre, Miss Bell. 
Prenanthes muralis ; road from Narborough. 
Lapsana communis ; very common. 
pusilla ; Wimbotsham Mill Hill, gravel- pits and corn-fields 
at Stow, Miss Bell. 
Leontodon Taraxacum ; very common. 
Barkhausia foztida ; Barton-Bendish and Beechamwell in several 
places, B. G. 
Crepis tectorum ; very common. 
Picris echioides ; common. 
Hieracium pilosella ; very common. 
■ paludosum ; Hunstanton. 
umbellatum ; wall in Wimbotsham, hedge-banks between 
Stow and Wimbotsham, Miss Bell. 
Hypochceris glabra ; Mill Hill, and in a planted gravel-pit at Wim- 
botsham, Miss Bell. 
radicata ; N. Runcton, Mr. Wardall ; Stow, Runcton- 
Holme, Wimbotsham, Miss Bell. 
Tragopogon pratensis ; common. 
Thrincia hirta ; grass-plot, Stow, Miss Bell : common. 
Apargia hispida ; N. Runcton, Mr. Wardall; Stow, Miss Bell. 
. autumnalis ; Stow, Miss Bell. 
Cichorium Intybus ; Hunstanton, Barton-Bendish ; common. 
found growing wild in Western Norfolk. 1 83 
BoRAGINEjE. 
Echium vulgare ; very common. 
Lithospermum officinale ; Babingley, Wallington, Shingham : not 
common. 
arvense ; Hunstanton : common. 
Symphytum officinale ; Outweil, &c. : common. 
Borago officinalis ; Hunstanton ; common. 
Lycopsis arvensis ; Castle-Rising : common. 
Myosotis palustris, arvensis, versicolor ; common. 
Cynoglossum officinale ; common. 
CoNVOLVULACE^E. 
Convolvulus arvensis, septum ; very common. 
Soldanella ; beach at Hunstanton. 
Cuscuta Epithymum ; Rising Hill; rather rare. 
PlANTAGINE^E. 
Plantago major, media, lanceolata, maritima, Coronopus ; very com- 
mon. 
Plumbagine^e. 
Statice Armeria, Limonium ; very common. 
■ reticulata ; Holme -by-the- Sea : rather rare. 
spathulata ; Norfolk coast, Rev. K. Trimmer. 
Oleineje. 
Ligustrum vulgare ; N. Runcton : not common. 
Fraxinus excelsior ; common. 
EltICE.dE. 
Calluna vulgaris ; Rising Heath : abundant. 
Erica Tetralix ; Rising Heath : abundant. 
cinerea ; Dersingham Heath : abundant. 
Pyrole^. 
Pyrola rotundifolia ; Roydon Fen : very rare. 
Apocyne^s. 
Vinca minor, major ; Newbridge Wood, Snettisham, Mr. Wardall. 
Gentiane,e. 
Erythraa Centaurium ; Hunstanton : not uncommon. 
Menyanthes trifoliata ; Rising Heath, Fincham. 
Villarsia nymphioides ; plentiful in the Downham Canal. 
Solanejs. 
Datura Stramonium ; N. Runcton, Mr. Wardall. 
Hyoscyamus niger; not uncommon. 
Verbascum Thapsus, var. /3. ; Barton-Bendish, Mr. Dawson Turner in 
Eng. Fl. 
pulverulentum ; Brancaster, Burnham, Castle- Acre : rather 
rare. 
nigrum ; S. Wootton, Mr. Wardall ; Beechamwell, Mr. 
Dawson Turner. 
184 The Rev. G. Munford's List of Flowering Plants 
Verbascum pulverulentum, var. j3. nigro-pulverulentum, Eng. Fl. ; 
Beechamwell, Mr. Dawson Turner. 
Blattaria ; near Lynn, Hon. F. Howard in Eng. Bot. 
Solarium Dulcamara, nigrum ; common. 
Atropa Belladonna ; Reffley, Castle- Rising, Stow Bridge : not un- 
common. 
PrIMULACEjE. 
Centunculus minimus ; Rising Heath. 
Glaux maritima ; common. 
Primula vulgaris ; common. 
elatior ; Crimplesham, Barton-Bendish : rather rare. 
veris ; common. 
Lysimachia vulgaris; N. Runcton, Barton-Bendish: not common. 
nemorum, Nummularia ; common. 
Hottonia palustris ; common. 
Anagallis arvensis ; common. 
c&rulea ; I found a single specimen in the Lighthouse lane at 
Hunstanton in 1832, G. M. ; I found a single specimen by the 
road side, Stow, Miss Bell. 
tenella ; Rising Heath : wet places. 
Samolus Valerandi ; not uncommon. 
Lentibulari^e. 
Pinguicula vulgaris ; bogs on Rising and Wootton Heaths, and on 
Roydon Fen, between Barton and Fincham. 
Utricularia vulgaris ; Roydon Fen. 
minor ; E. Walton : common. 
SCROPHULARINE^E. 
Veronica serpyllifolia, Beccabunga, Anagallis ; common. 
scutellata ; S. Wootton, Mr. Wardall. 
officinalis ; S. Runcton, Stow, Miss Bell. 
Chamcedrys, agrestis, polita, hederifolia, arvensis ; common. 
triphyllos; Mill Hill, Wimbotsham, and several sandy fields 
at Wimbotsham and Stow, Miss Bell ; fields at Barton-Bendish 
and near Swaffham Heath 
Rhinanthus Crista- g alii ; common. 
Pedicular is palustris, sylvatica; common. 
Bartsia Odontites ; common. 
Euphrasia officinalis ; common. 
Linaria Cymbalaria ; walls of the White Friar's precincts at Lynn, 
chalk-pit at Burnham. 
Elatine ; Hunstanton, Miss Bell. 
vulgaris ; very common. 
minor ; Heacham, Mr. Wardall ; Shouldham, Miss Bell. 
Antirrhinum majus ; on the walls of the Alms-house at Castle-Rising. 
Orontium ; Stanhoe, Rev. K. Trimmer ; Wimbotsham, 
Miss Bell ; Fincham, Mr. Dawson Turner. 
Digitalis purpurea ; Mintlyn, Bawsey, Middleton, Blackburgh : not 
uncommon. 
found growing wild in Western Norfolk, 185 
Scrophularia nodosa ; Little Massingham. 
aquatica ; very common. 
Orobanche^e. 
Orobanche major ; Heacham, Mr. Wardall. 
elatior ; Snettisham, Mr. Wardall. 
minor ; Stow, Miss Bell ; Congham, Rev. J. Bransby. 
ramosa ; Outwell, Eng. Fl. 
MELAMPYRACE.E. 
Melampyrum arvense ; once found at Barton- Bendish by Rev. Mr. 
Forby, Eng. Bot., 5£ miles from Lynn towards Gayton ; road- 
side, Mr. Wardall. 
Verbenace^e. 
Verbena officinalis ; Hunstanton, Wormegay : not common. 
Labiate. 
Salvia Verbenaca ; common on and about town-walls, and in church- 
yards. 
Lycopus europeeus ; not uncommon. 
Ajuga reptans ; Reffley Wood : abundant. 
Teucrium Scorodonia ; Rising Heath : very common. 
Scordium ; Stow Bridge, one specimen, Miss Bell. 
Leonurus Cardiaca ; Ingoldisthorpe, Heacham, Ringstead New Road, 
Mr. Wardall ; Wimbotsham, and near Stoke Ferry, Miss Bell. 
Glechoma hederacea ; very common. 
Mentha sylvestris ; Runcton-Holme, Wimbotsham, Miss Bell. 
piperita ; ditch at S. Runcton ; I think escaped from a gar- 
den, Miss Bell. 
hirsuta; Rising Wood: very common. 
arvensis ; Gaywood, Tilney, Mr. Wardall ; Barton-Bendish, 
Mr. Dawson Turner. 
Pulegium ; Shouldham Thorpe, formerly, Miss Bell. 
Ballota nigra ; very common. 
Marrubium vulgare ; Castle Hill, Castle- Acre. 
Stachys sylvatica ; common. 
palustris; Gaywood, Mr. Wardall; Stow, Miss Bell; Barton- 
Bendish, Mr. Dawson Turner. 
Galeobdolon luteum ; woods at Stow Bardolph, Miss Bell. 
Lamium album, purpureum ; very common. 
amplexicaule ; N. Runcton. 
Nepeta Cataria ; C. -Rising, Mr.Wardall ; Runcton-Holme, Miss Bell. 
Galeopsis Ladanum ; Ringstead, Hunstanton. 
Tetrahit; Gaywood, N. Runcton, Barton-Bendish. 
versicolor ; W. Winch, Watlington, Denver, Stow, Barton- 
Bendish. 
Scutellaria galericulata ; Gaywood, Marham Fen : common. 
Thymus Serpyllum ; Ringstead Yards. 
Acinos ; Marham, Downham, Miss Bell ; Fincham, Mr. Daw- 
son Turner. 
Calamintha ; Castle Hill, Castle- Acre. 
186 The Rev. G. Munford's List of Flowering Plants 
Thymus Nepeta ; Snettisham, Mr. Wardall ; Barton-Bendish, Mr. 
Dawson Turner. 
Prunella vulgaris ; common. 
Clinopodium vulgare ; Burnham and on the Norfolk coast, Miss Bell ; 
Shingham, Mr. Dawson Turner. 
Origanum vulgare ; Hillington, Miss Bell ; Shingham, Mr. Dawson 
Turner ; Green lane between Narford Hall and the road from 
Narborough to Swaffham leading to Marham, Mr. Wardall. 
Division II. MONOCHLAMYDE.E. 
Santalace^e. 
Thesium linophyllum ; Limekiln Hill, near Shouldham, Rev. Mr. Forby 
in Eng. Bot. 
Thymele^e. 
Daphne Mezereum ; in a wood at Little Berwick, far from houses, 
Rev. K. Trimmer. 
POLYGONEJB. 
Rumex maritimus ; road-sides, Great Bircham, Wormegay, Miss Bell. 
palustris ; road leading to Downham Bridge, Miss Bell. 
pulcher ; road between Stow and Wimbotsham, near Stow 
Bridge, Denver, Wimbotsham and N. Runcton, Miss Bell. 
. obtusifolius, acutus ; S. Lynn, Mr. Wardall; Stow, Miss Bell. 
sanguineus, var. viridis ; Stow, Denver, Miss Bell. 
crispus ; very common. 
Hydrolapathum ; banks of the Ouse, Miss Bell. 
Acetosa, Acetosella ; common. 
Polygonum amphibium ; common. 
— ■ Persicaria ; Fring, Rev. J. Bransby. 
■ lapathifolium ; Stow, Miss Bell ; Barton-Bendish, Mr. 
Dawson Turner. 
— ■ Hydropiper ; common. 
i minus ; Wormegay, Miss Bell. 
. — Bistorta ; Runcton-Holme, Miss Bell. 
arviculare ; common. 
Fagopyrum ; Castle-Rising, Narborough. 
. Convolvulus ; Castle- Rising, Blackburgh. 
Chenopode^e. 
Salsola Kali ; Hunstanton beach. 
Salicornia herbacea ; river-banks. 
— . procumbens ; Holme-near-the-Sea. 
. radicans ; Holme-near-the-Sea, Dr. Sutton in Eng. Fl. 
Chenopodium Bonus -Henricus, urbicum, rubrum; common. 
— murale; Gaywood, Mr. Wardall; Downham, Miss Bell. 
album ; Gaywood, Mr. Wardall. 
olidum ; Mill Fleet, Lynn. 
■ maritimum ; salt-marshes. 
fruticosum; Heacham. 
Beta maritima ; sea-bank, Lynn. 
Atriplex portulacoides ; sea-bank, Lynn. 
found growing wild in Western Norfolk. 187 
Atriplex laciniata ; Brancaster, Miss Bell. 
— patula, angustifolia ; Hunstanton. 
littoralis ; salt-marshes. 
— - pedunculata ; east-bank of the Ouse just below Lynn, Dr. 
Smith, 1778, in Eng. Bot. ; Plukenet in Eng. Fl. 
ScLERANTHE-E. 
Scler ant hits annuus ; common. 
perennis; Snettisham, Mr. Crowe in Eng. Fl. 
Urtice^e. 
Parietaria officinalis ; S. Gates, Lynn, C. -Rising castle. 
Urtica urens, dioica ; common. 
Humulus Lupulus ; Castle-Rising Wood, N. Runcton, Stow, Gay- 
wood, Shingham. 
RESEDACEuE. 
Reseda Luteola, lutea ; common. 
EUPHORBIACE.E. 
Euphorbia Helioscopia ; Ingoldisthorpe : common. 
exigua, Peplus ; common. 
Mer cur talis perennis ; Reffley Wood : common. 
annua ; new burial-ground, Lynn : rare. 
Ceratophylle^:. 
Ceratophyllum demersum ; Stow, Miss Bell : common. 
Ulmace^e. 
Ulmus campestris ; common. 
Division III. ACHLAMYDEiE. 
Amentace^e. 
Betula alba ; RefHey Wood. 
Alnus glutinosa ; common. 
Salix nigricans ; Wormegay Fen, Mr. Crowe in Eng. Fl. 
Helix ; Runcton-Holme, Miss Bell. 
< Forbiana ; Rev. Mr. Forby in Eng. Bot. ; osier-grounds near 
Lynn, Mr. Crowe in Eng. Fl. 
Croweana ; Cranberry Fen, E. Winch, Mr. Crowe in Eng. Fl. 
fcetida, var. (d. ; E. Winch and Wormegay Fen, Mr. Crowe in 
Eng. Fl. 
fusca ; E. Winch and Wormegay Fen. 
caprea ; Stow, Runcton-Holme, Miss Bell. 
Cupulifer^e. 
Quercus Robur ; common. 
sessiliflora ; Snettisham. 
Corylus Avellana ; Reffley Wood. 
Myrice^e. 
Myrica Gale ; Rising and Dersingham Heaths. 
188 The Rev. G. Munford's List of Flowering Plants 
CaLLITRICHINEjE, 
Callitriche verna ; very common. 
Subclass II. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
Division I. PETALOIDEjE. 
AltOIDEiE. 
Arum maculatum ; common. 
TyPHACEjE. 
Typha latifolia, angustifolia ; Wormegay, Stow. 
Sparganium ramosum ; common. 
simplex ; Denver Sluice, Miss Bell. 
Fluviales. 
Potamogeton densus, pectinatus, pusillus, gramineus, crispus, perfo- 
liatus ; Stow, Miss Bell. 
lucens ; Fordham, Hilgay, Miss Bell. 
natans ; Hunstanton, Miss Bell. 
Zoster a marina ; Burnham, Miss Bell. 
Ruppia maritima ; Burnham, Miss Bell. 
Zannichellia palustris ; Burnham, Miss Bell. 
PISTIACE.E. 
Lemna trisulca ; N. Lynn : not common. 
minor ; very common. 
gibba ; N. Lynn : rather rare. 
polyrrhiza ; Stanhoe, Rev. K. Trimmer. 
JUNCAGINEJJ. 
Triglochin palustre ; marshes, Lynn, Marham. 
— — — maritimum ; salt-marshes, Lynn. 
Alismace^:. 
Alisma Plant ago ; very common. 
ranunculoides ; Roydon : not common. 
Sagittaria sagittifolia ; common. 
Hydrocharide^e. 
Stratiotes aloides ; Lynn, Wimbotsham, Fordham : not common. 
Hydrocharis Morsus ranee ; common. 
Iride^e. 
Iris Pseud-acorus ; common. 
OrCHIDEuE. 
Neottia spiralis; Fincham, Miss Bell. 
Listera ovata ; N. Lynn, Stradset, Reffley. 
Epipactis palustris ; in a moist meadow near E. Walton, Rev. J. 
Bransby. 
Orchis Morio ; Stow, Miss Bell ; plentiful at Barton-Bendish, Mr. 
Dawson Turner. 
mascula ; common. 
ustulata ; Shouldham lime-kiln : very rare, B. G. 
found groioing wild in Western Norfolk. 189 
Orchis latifolia, maculata ; common. 
pyramidalis ; Barton-Bendish, Mr. Dawson Turner ; Runcton- 
Holme, Miss Bell. 
conopsea ; Barton-Bendish, Mr. Dawson Turner ; Gayton, 
Rev. J. Bransby. 
bifolia ; Dersingham Moor, Watlington, Shingham. 
Ophrys apifera ; Ringstead, Snettisham, Barton-Bendish, Stradset : 
rather rare. 
Herminium monorchis; in a great chalk-pit at Marham, 1779, Eng. 
Fl. ; near Snettisham, B. G. 
Amaryllide^e. 
Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus ; Ingoldisrhorpe. 
Asphodele^e. 
Allium oleraceum ; in a corn-field at Fincham, Rev. Mr. Forby in 
Eng. Bot. 
vineale ; N. marshes and town-walls, Lynn. 
ursinum ; Refney and Rising Woods : abundant. 
Ornithogalum nutans ; Wallington : (I have no doubt naturalized from 
the old garden,) Miss Bell. 
Hyacinthus non-scriptus ; Refney Wood, &c. 
Smilace^e. 
Convallaria majalis ; Woolferton Wood : plentiful. 
Tamus communis ; N. Runcton, Stow, Denver, Wimbotsham, Shing- 
ham. 
Butome^:. 
Butomus umbellatus ; common. 
JUNCE.E. 
Juncus acutus ; Brancaster, Eng. Fl. 
maritimus ; salt-marshes, Heacham. 
glaucus, conglomeratus, effusus ; common. 
squarrosus ; S. Wootton, Mr. Wardall. 
compressus, bufonius ; common. 
uliginosus ; Hunstanton, Stow. 
acutiflorus ; N. Runcton, Mr. Wardall. 
lampocarpus ; S. Wootton, Mr. Wardall. 
obtusiflorus ; Marham. 
Luzula campestris ; N. Runcton, Mr. Wardall ; Stow, Miss Bell. 
congest a ; N. Wootton, Mr. Wardall. 
Narthecium ossifragum ; Rising Heath, Marham. 
Division II. GLUMACE^. 
Cyperace^:. 
Rhynchospora alba ; west side of Roydon Fen, Mr. Wardall ; Der- 
singham, Miss Bell. 
Schcenus nigricans ; E. Walton : common : Mr. Wardall. 
Eleocharis palustris ; Gay wood. 
ccespitosa ; common. 
190 The Rev. G. Munford's List of Flowering Plants 
Scirpus lacustris ; 
maritimus; very common. 
Eriophorum vaginatum ; Bawsey Bottom. 
angustifolium ; Stow, Rising, Dersingham, &c. 
Cladium Mariscus ; Marham Fen, Mr. Wardall. 
Isolepis setacea. 
Heliogiton fluitans ; Dersingham, Rev. K. Trimmer. 
Carex dioica ; Castle-Rising. 
pulicaris ; Dersingham, Miss Bell. 
stellulata ; Middleton, Wallington, Bawsey. 
curt a ; S. Lynn. 
ovalis ; N. Runcton, Stow. 
remota ; Gaywood. 
arenaria ; Rising Heath, Burnham. 
intermedia ; N. Runcton. 
divisa ; Runcton- Holme, Miss Bell. 
muricata ; E. Winch, Wallington. 
divulsa ; Stow Wood, Miss Bell. 
vulpina ; Lynn, Stow. 
teretiuscula ; Wormegay, Miss Bell. 
paniculata ; Wormegay. 
sylvatica ; Reffley Wood, Stow Wood. 
Pseudo-cyperus ; Gaywood, Wallington. 
limosa ; Cranberry Fen, E. Winch, Mr. Crowe in Eng. Bot. 
flava; Runcton- Holme. 
(Ederi ; Wet Common at Runcton-Holme, Miss Bell. 
distans : N. Runcton, Stow Bridge. 
prtecox; E. Winch, S. Runcton. 
pilulifera ; Runcton-Holme, Miss Bell. 
panicea ; N. Runcton, Runcton-Holme. 
recurva ; Runcton-Holme, Miss Bell. 
caspitosa ; N. Runcton. 
stricta ; Stow, Miss Bell. 
acuta ; N. Runcton, Wormegay. 
paludosa ; Stow, Miss Bell. 
riparia ; Lynn, Runcton-Holme, Stow, &c. 
vesicaria ; Pentney, Wormegay. 
ampullacea ; Pentney. 
hirta ; Middleton, Stow. 
filiformis; near Stoke, Rev. Mr. Forby in Eng. Bot. 
Gramine^;. 
Rottbollia incurvata ; Heacham, Runcton-Holme, and banks of the 
Nar. 
Lolium perenne ; Hardwick, &c. : very common. 
Nardus stricta ; N. Runcton. 
Hordeum murinum ; common. 
pratense. 
maritimum ; sea-bank, Lynn. 
Elymus arenarius-, Hunstanton. 
Triticum junceum ; Hunstanton. 
found growing wild in Western Norfolk, 191 
Triticum repens ; very common. 
caninum ; corn-fields, W. Winch, Mr. Wardall : scarce. 
Digitaria sanguinalis ; sandy fields between Barton and Moundeford, 
B. G. Mr. Borrer has reason to believe that the species in- 
tended is humifusa, not sanguinalis : see ' British Flora. ' 
Alopecurus pratensis ; common. 
■ agrestis ; Runcton- Holme, Wimbotsham. 
geniculates ; common. 
Phleum arenarium ; Narborough, Messrs. Woodward and Crowe in 
Eng. Fl. 
— pratense ; N. Runcton. 
— Boehmeri ; Narborough, Messrs. Woodward and Crowe in 
Eng. Fl. ; Marham, B. G. 
Phalaris arundinacea ; common. 
Ammophila arenaria ; Hunstanton beach. 
Agrostis Spica-venti ; Runcton- Holme, Miss Bell. 
— canina, vulgaris, alba ; Gay wood, Roydon Heath. 
Calamagrostis lanceolata ; in a run of water by Rising Mill : not 
plentiful : Mr. Wardall. 
Arrhenatherum avenaceum. 
Holcus lanatus, mollis ; common. 
Anthoxanthum odoratum ; very common. 
Cynosurus cristatus ; very common. 
Air a aquatica ; N. Wootton : common. 
— — f prcecox; very common. 
caryophyllea ; Narborough, Mr. Wardall ; Wallington, Miss 
Bell. 
Melica carulea. 
Avena flavescens. 
Setaria viridis ; Barton-Bendish, B. G. 
Arundo Phragmites ; common. 
Dactylis glomerata ; very common. 
Triodia decumbens ; boggy grounds, S. Wootton, Mr. Wardall; Runc- 
ton-Hplme, Miss Bell. 
Bromus secalinus ; Stow, Miss Bell. 
mollis, asper, sterilis ; common. 
Festuca ovina, duriuscula ; common. 
bromoides ; walls and sandy spots about Wimbotsham, Miss 
Bell. 
Myurus ; Wimbotsham, Miss Bell. 
gigantea ; Stow, Miss Bell. 
pratensis; common. 
Poa fluitans, rigida, aquatica ; common. 
— compressa ; Gay wood, Mr. Wardall ; Wimbotsham, Miss Bell. 
— trivialis, pratensis, annua ; common. 
— distans ; banks of the Nar near Lynn, Mr. Wardall. 
Briza media ; common. 
192 Mr. J. McClelland on Indian Cyprinidae. 
XXIV. — Indian Cyprinidae. By John McClelland, Assist- 
ant Surgeon Bengal Medical Service. 
[Continued from p. 121.] 
47. It remains to notice the analogical relations of the 
Loaches, an exceedingly numerous group in India, many spe- 
cies of which are common in every pond throughout Bengal 
and Assam. In these fishes we shall find the characters of 
rasorial birds as well as quadrupeds so strongly depicted as to 
leave no doubt of their forming an equivalent type among 
Cyprinidae. 
When noticing the difference between the true Loaches 
(Cobitis) and Schisturce, I omitted to mention, that in the dis- 
sections of five species of the former — all I have had an oppor- 
tunity of examining — I could find no natatory bladder ; while 
in the only species of the latter which I have been able to in- 
spect, I found that organ, though small and peculiar in its 
form, yet sufficiently developed to lessen considerably the 
specific gravity ; enabling the Schisturte to swim with facility, 
though perhaps with less buoyancy and ease than other Cy- 
prinidce*. But if a natatory bladder exists at all in the true 
Loaches (Cobitis prop.), or those whose caudal is entire, it 
must be in the manner described by Schneider, very small, 
and inclosed in a bony bilobate case which adheres to the 
third and fourth vertebrae ; but even in this rudimental shape 
I have been unable to find an air-vessel in any Indian spe- 
cies yet examinedf. 
This peculiarity, together with their small and weak fins, 
as well as lengthened and cylindric form, approaching to that 
of the Murcenida, afford satisfactory evidence that they are 
less adapted for swimming than any other Cyprinidae, and 
may therefore be said to be more terrestrial in their habits, 
* Schistura dario and geta have a membranous air-vessel placed in the 
upper part of the abdomen, as in ordinary Cyprins, but it consists only of a 
single lobe. S. dario, Buch., is the only species of the Linnaean genus 
which I have found to frequent deep waters in the open channels of the 
Ganges and Bramaputra. 
f Since this was written, I have found the air-vessel in all these species 
situated in a small bony case immediately over the entrance of the oesopha- 
gus from the mouth. Plate 56, fig. 5, is a magnified representation of the 
organ (which is not larger than the head of a pin) as it occurs in Cobitis 
guntea, Buch., and other neighbouring species of the same subgenus. Fig. 4, 
plate 56, represents the same organ in several of the smaller Schisturce, in 
which it is also placed over the entrance of the oesophagus, and in both cases 
probably answers the purpose of the branchial or pharyngeal teeth in the 
Pceonomince, especially as the external surface of the bony crust which sur- 
rounds the air-vessel is, as represented in the figures, studded with minute 
spines. 
Mr. J. McClelland on Indian Cyprinidaj. 193 
living chiefly on sandy and muddy bottoms, or in jeels amidst 
aquatic vegetation. 
How nicely does all this correspond with the character of 
rasorial birds and quadrupeds given by Swain son ! " Their 
toes are never united so as to be used for swimming, a pecu- 
liarity which confines them to dry land or to climbing among 
trees." " This is the type," says the philosophical observer 
just alluded to, " so remarkable for the greatest development 
of tail, and for those appendages for ornament or defence 
which decorate the head. If we went through the whole class 
of birds and selected those beginning with the Peacock, 
wherein the tail was most conspicuous either for its size or 
for the beauty of its colours, we should unknowingly fix upon 
those birds which analysis has already demonstrated to be ra- 
sorial types. The same results would attend a similar selec- 
tion of quadrupeds and of winged insects ; all these collec- 
tively would furnish many hundred proofs by which the uni- 
formity of this type is preserved : appendages to the head, 
whether in the shape of horns, crests, or fleshy protuberances, 
are no less a prevalent character of the group now before us*." 
48. These peculiarities will be found exactly to apply to 
Colitis prop., which I shall now prove. 
First with regard to tail, the Loaches are the only group of 
Cyprinida in which the caudal is not bifid or divided by a fis- 
sure into two lobes, reducing its size and power as an organ 
for propelling the body forward ; and on the tails of several, 
especially Cobitis pavonacea, J. M.fj we have even the zoned 
or eye-like spots exactly resembling those of the Peacock, 
although no instance of the kind is to be found in any other 
group of Cyprinidce : and in all Loaches the caudal is barred 
and otherwise ornamented, while that of every other species 
in the same family is perfectly plain J. 
Next, as to soft appendages to the head, the Loaches sur- 
pass every other group in the same family in the number and 
uniformity of these appendages ; and lastly, the Loaches and 
Schisturce present the very extraordinary relation to the tribe 
of Ruminants, and especially to the Cervida, or Stags, in hav- 
ing articulated to the orbitar process of the frontal bone on 
either side, a formidable horn which can be raised at pleasure 
* Geog. Dist. and Class. Quad., p. 258. f PI. 52. f. 1. 
X This as well as all similar analogies afforded by the structure of Cypri- 
nidce were developed in the course of my examination of species, before I had 
ventured to form any general views on the subject, and even before I had 
studied those of Mr. MacLeay, or perused the works of Mr. Swainson, 
which have taught me the importance of characters, which although noted, 
I felt totally at a loss how to use. 
Ann. §• Mag. N. Hist. Vol. viii. O 
194 Mr. J. McClelland on Indian Cyprinidae. 
from a suborbitar sinus analogous to the suborbitar sinus in 
Antelopes, the use of which in them is conjectural. The horn, 
which is concealed in this sinus in the Loaches, appears to be 
equivalent to the suborbitar chain in the Perch, and to the 
corresponding plates in the ordinary Cyprinidae ; it is some- 
what flattened or palmated, as in many of the Deer tribe, 
ending in a sharp point which is directed forward : on the an- 
terior margin, and near the base of the horn, a strong antler 
is given off; this is also very sharp, and turned forward like 
the point of the horn itself. 
49. I have shown that Cyprinidae is a natural group, that 
it is circular* in its affinities; that, for instance, in setting out 
* " They might as well be called oval or square." " Why not linear? " 
The researches of zoologists during the last twenty years have fortunately 
left me nothing original to say in reply to this criticism, which perhaps de- 
serves notice as coming from a member of the committee of papers, Mr. 
C . Speaking of describing natural objects in the order in which they 
succeed each other in nature, Cuvier and Valenciennes observe, " He alone 
could build up such a pretension who would attempt to place animated na- 
ture on a single line, a project which we have long since renounced as one 
of the most false that could be entertained in natural history." — Histoire 
Naturelle des Poissons. 
On the same subject another authority observes : — " The day is now hap- 
pily gone past when zoologists thought that the infinite variety of animals 
which inhabit this globe owed their origin to the unsuccessful efforts of na- 
ture before she could attain the human structure as her term of perfection." 
— MacLeay, Linn. Transac. 
l{ As to the rule of natural progression, is it linear ? The idea of a simple 
scale in nature had long been discussed and finally abandoned."— Swain- 
son's Discourse on the Study of Natural History. 
As all natural objects have three relations of affinity, it is clear the chain 
that connects them cannot be straight, and not being straight, the next sim- 
plest form is circular; but there is no objection to the progression of affini- 
ties being square or oval, provided they can be proved to be so ; it is less 
the form than the circumstance of the opposite extremes of a natural series 
meeting that is insisted on. 
Some notion of circular affinities appears to have existed from an early 
date. Hermann, in his ' Tabula Affinitatum Animalium,' published in 1783, 
as Mr. MacLeay points out, refers to an earlier writer, who like himself 
seems to have had a glimpse of the same truth (' Linn. Transac.', vol. xiv. 
p. 49). M. Lamarck detected the existence of a double series, which setting 
out in opposite directions from a given point, met together in another. Un- 
acquainted with the result to which Lamarck had been led, Prof. Fischer, in 
1808, perceived a tendency in the series of affinities to form a circle; but 
these obscure intimations were first established by analyses in the ' Horae 
Entomologicae ' of Mr. MacLeay, published in 1819. Since then Mr. Vigors 
submitted a general analysis of the whole class of birds to the Linnaean So- 
ciety, in all the groups of which he found the affinities to confirm what had 
been observed by Mr. MacLeay during his examination of insects, as well as 
the views contained in a subsequent publication recorded in the ' Linnaean 
Transactions,' in which the same principles were applied by Mr. MacLeay to 
the whole animal kingdom. The birds of New Holland were subsequently 
examined by Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield with the same result (vide ' Lin- 
Mr. J. McClelland on Indian Cyprinidae. 195 
from the Gonorhynchs, we pass through a succession of spe- 
cies connected together by direct relations, and after arriving 
at an opposite point (Opsarius), at which the forms, habits, 
and structure differ totally from those with which we set out, 
we are led back again through a succession of different forms 
from those through which we passed at first, to the point 
from which we started. 
It has resulted from Mr. MacLeay's views applied to the 
analyses of the classes of birds, quadrupeds, and insects, that 
" the contents of such a circular group are symbolically (or 
analogically) represented by the contents of all other circles 
in the animal kingdom f but as such analyses have not yet 
been carried through fishes and reptiles, the conclusion just 
quoted has been submitted rather as a proposition by the 
distinguished author of the i Geography and Classification of 
Animals/ whose next proposition is, " That the primary divi- 
sions of every group are characterized by definite peculiarities 
of form, structure and oeconomy ; which, under diversified 
modifications, are uniform throughout the animal kingdom, 
and are therefore to be regarded as the primary types of * nature" 
I shall now merely copy from the work referred to one of the 
tabular views of the parallel relations of well-known groups of 
Mammalia and birds, adding in the first column what appears, 
naean Transactions,' vol. xvi.), and the whole of these observations have 
since been confirmed and their results more fully made out by Mr. Swain- 
son, who also has extended his views to the Mammalia. About the same 
period with the publication of the ' Horse Entomologicse/ the progression of 
affinities began to acquire additional interest among botanists. M. Agardh 
and M. DeCandolle both published their views on the subject, the first in his 
' Botanical Aphorisms,' and the second in the ' Memoires du Museum ; ' when, 
without knowing what had been done by Mr. MacLeay, Mr. Fries an- 
nounced the same results in the Fungi, attained by a different form of 
analysis. Similar views have since been more extensively applied to plants 
by Professor Lindley, in the last edition of his c Introduction to the Natural 
System.' 
Writers on natural history in the present day may be divided into three 
classes ; first, those who recognise no rules but such as appear to be laws of 
nature, and taking nature as their guide, form their views according to the re- 
sult of observations which are not confined to external characters, but embrace 
all that concerns natural objects. The second class consists of naturalists 
who pursue the easier course of following authorities, but their works con- 
sist chiefly of technicalities derived from external characters indiscriminately 
applied to genera and species ; their higher groups are consequently con- 
structed according to rule rather than nature. The third class comprises 
describers of species, whose books are only remarkable for their size and 
expense. Nor can I altogether overlook upon this occasion another class of 
persons, who, though they are not naturalists, and scarcely even allow us 
to call them writers, yet exercise but too often an influence in societies de- 
trimental to the objects of such institutions and the real advancement of 
science. 
02 
196 
Mr. J. McClelland on Indian Cyprinidae. 
from my analysis of Indian Cyprinidae, to be equivalent groups, 
and thus show at once how far this family of fishes is calcu- 
lated to exemplify the great leading principles of analogy dis- 
covered by Mr. MacLeay. 
Fam. of 
Cyprinidae. 
Paeon ominae... 
Orders of the 
Mammalia. 
i 
Analogical Characters. 
Typical. 
Pre-eminent in their"] 
powers of prehension, ( 
and in general organi- )>Quadrumanag 
zation; claws, spines or | 
Orders of 
Birds. 
Tribes of 
Insessores. 
Insessores. Conirostres. 
nails not acute. 
Subtypical. 
f Rapacious, feeding upon") 
Sarcoborine. J live animals ; claws or I 
> other organs of torture f 
L acute. J 
Aberrant. 
Natatorial. 
rHead or rostrum flat and! 
lartrp • nnfprinr pvfrp- I 
•Ferae Raptores. Dentirostres. 
Platycara and 
large ; 
i , mities more developed v C * etacea 
Pcecilianae A in proportion than the f 
posterior — habits car- j 
L nivorous. J 
Suctorial. 
/"Size diminutive; upper"] 
Natatores. Fissirostres. 
Psilorhynchus 
J jaw, mandible or snout 
"S prolonged ; run, fly, or 
L swim very fast. J 
VGli 
ires Grallatores. Tenuirostres. 
Rasorial. 
f Head ornamented either"] 
j with horns or soft ap- I 
Cobitinae < pendages — habits gra- >Ungulata 
| nivorous or herbivo- j 
(_ rous. J 
Rasores. Scansores. 
50. It would be too much to expect from the materials of 
one zoological province to demonstrate satisfactorily all the 
properties of natural groups in the minor divisions of this fa- 
mily. That its typical and subtypical groups are circular is 
plain enough, from the diminution in the length of the intes- 
tinal canal we experience in passing from the Cirrhins to the 
Barbels ; and again, from the Barbels through the Gono- 
rhynchs to the Gudgeons that canal becomes longer, indi- 
cating an union between the latter and the group from which 
we set out. 
The same thing is observed in passing from the Systoms 
through the Opsarions, Perilamps and Leuciscs ; a tendency