THE TAXONOMIC ARRANCiEMEIN T OF THE PIIASMATODEA WITH KEYS TO THE SI BFAMILIES AND TRIBES James Ciikster Bhauley' and Bella S. Galil Conu'll Uiii\cT,sit>, Itliaca, New York 14853 ABSTRACT — Keys are presented for the six families, seventeen sul)faniilies, and thirty-three tribes of Phusmatodea. Lists of genera, synon\mies and t\pe-genera are given for eacli sul)faniily and tribe. The Phasmatodea have been less studied than any other order of the Orthopteroidea, arc usually referred to as a 'minor order' and have not been nionoj^raphed in recent years. This paper is an at-tempt to assist entomologists with the classification of the group by supplying keys to the six families, seventeen subfamilies and thirty-three tribes, for which we give a Hst of genera, synonymies and type-genera. We have not settled all the difficulties involved in the taxonomic study of the group, on the contrary there are still problems. Authors disagree as to the position of certain genera in the family-group taxa, and they do not even fully agree on their names or taxonomic limits. The literature of this order also reveals the lack of definite conclusions as to the xalidity of certain species and genera. There exists a di-versity of opinion as to the proper names of certain genera. In this paper lists of genera are given for each subfamily and tribe, but it is not our intent to positively place all the genera in subfamilies or tribes. Stick insc^cts were first described as Gryllidae and Mantidae by Drury (1773). Latreille (1825) proposed them as a family, now ('([uivalent to an order, using the vernacular name specti'a for them. He introduced four genera (Pliillie, PJiasma, Bacterie, Bacille) none of which were cited by a latin name, but which included all the known stick insects. Various names such as Phasmida, Cheleutoptcra and Phasmodca were used for this group. Jacobson and Bianchi ( 1902) intioduced the present term Phasmatodea. The outstanding work on the classification of stick insects by Brunner v. Wattenwyl and Rcdtenbacher (1906-1908) is considered a virtual starting point for work on this group. It includes keys to fourteen tribes and to many genera and species. The inadequacy of their work stems from the large number of bibliographical errors. 'The death of Professor J. C. Bradley on Februaiy 25, 1975, left this paper in preparation. For more than a year before his death I helped him with the hihliographical research and late in 1975 I took it on myself to bring this paper to print. 176
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