VIII. REPORT ON A COLI.ECTION OF BRYOZOA FROM THE BAY OF BENGAL AND OTHER EASTERN SEAS. By Alice Robertson, Ph.D. The collection of brj'ozoa here reported upon was sent me bj' Dr. Annandale, Superintendent of the Museum at Calcutta, India. It consists of ]:)ryozoa obtained, for the most part, at various points on the coast of India and from various depths in the Baj' of Bengal and vicinity. Both shore and deep water species are included, the bathymetric range varying from a few to several hundred fathoms. The specific identification is accompanied with one or two sj-nonyms only, referring both to a description and a plate, the endeavour being simply to make the identification intended unmis- takable. In case the plate referred to is not easily accessible, or in those instances in which new species are described, drawings are given together with a description. No attempt has been made to give a complete synonymy, the authority adopted being that of Miss Jelly (1889). .'Vny departure from this has been chiefly on the authority of Waters, especially as given in his recent papers on the Red Sea (1909) and the Zanzibar (1913) faunas. This collection contains representatives of forty-five genera and ninety-five species. Of these nine species and one variety are thought to be new to science. Two genera, Kinetoskias and Farciminaria, are of special interest, since not onl}- are they from abyssal depths, but also while possessing undoubted characteristics of these two genera, the two species by which they are represented possess other characters which link them to other but probably related genera in a manner not hitherto shown. Considerable interest attaches to certain membraniporas found in brackish waters. Three such are considered new to science. Their mem- braniporidan character was early recognized but certain other characters were extremely puzzling, and it was not until the work of Stoliczka (1869) on M. bengalensts was discovered that their true nature was revealed. Judging from the work done by Dr. Annandale on brackish water forms together with these river species of Membranipora, India abounds in brackish water vari- ational forms of much interest. Considerable difficulty has been encountered in this investiga- tion since the writer has been unable in most cases to secure actual specimens for comparison. My thanks are specially due to Professor Trevor Kincaid in so cordially lending the facilities of 34 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XXII , the Department of Zoology and of the Library of the University of Washington for the furtherance of this work. List of Species treated. 1021.] A. Robertson : Report on Bryozoa. 35 73. Relepora piinctiligera , Ort- mann. 74. Reteporella minor, Ortmann. 75. Haswellia australicnsis, Has- well. 76. Adeonella japonica, Ort- mann. jj. ,, platalea, Busk. 78. ,. inargiiiata, sp. nov. 79. Lagenipora costazii, Aud. 80. ,, tuberculata, MacG. 8r. Holoporella aperta, Hincks. 82. ,, trideuticu/afa, Busk. 83. ,, maniniillata, Busk. 84 Ciipularia canay/ewsjs, Busk. 85. Crista sp ? 86. Filisparsa ttibulosa, Busk. 87. Idmonea atlantica, E. Forbes. 88. ,, gracillima, Busk. 8g. Entalophora raripora, d'Orb. 90. Lichenopora radiata, Aud. 91. Domopora trimcataj anieson. 92. Alcvonidium mytili, Dalyell. 93. Amathia seiniconvoluta, Waters. 94. Zoobotryon pellucid tis, Eh- renberg. 95. Pedicellina cernna, Pallas. Abbreviations used in text-figures. av. avicularium. av.ar. avicularian area. av.zoe. avicularian zooecium. b.j. break joint. ba.sp. basal spine. chi.y. chitinous rim. de.inus. degenerating muscle. de.poly. degenerating polypide. emb. embryo. icr.zoe. fertile zocecium. /. lobe, lat.sp. lateral spine. m/fs. muscle. nu.zoe. nutritive zocecium. oe. ocecium. oe.zoe. ooecial zocecium. op. operculum. op.r. opercular rim. op.sp. opercular spine. p. pore. ped.av. pedunculated aviculari- um. pi. plate. pr. process. pri.tno. primary mouth. re.ele. reproductive elements. ses.av. sessile avicularium. sh. sheath. sp.av. spatirlate avicularium. &t. stomach. t.ba. tubular base. urn. umbo. zoe. zooecium. Cheilostomata. I. Aetea truncata, L,andsborough. Aetea truncata, Robertson, 1905, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 246, pi. iv, figs. 5, 6. A mere fragment growing on a piece of shell together with other Bryozoa. Obtained on the Pearl Banks, Ceylon, depth unknown. This species seems to be a northern form which has strayed south. It is present as a .shore form on the coast of Alaska, has been obtained on a holdfast at La JoUa, California, at a depth of two fathoms, and is reported from Zanzibar at eight fathoms. 2. Synnotum avicularc, Pieper. Synnotiim aviculare, Hincks, 1886, ser. 5, vol. 17, p. 257. Synnotum aviculare. Robertson, 1905, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 286, pi. xiv, figs. 84. 85. 36 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XXII, Mr. Waters (1913) criticises 1113' identification of 5. aviculare obtained from the coast of California, considering that the species there obtained is 5. contorta. After examining the specimen from Madras Harbour I am the more inclined to the opinion that the California species is identical with the species in this collection and that both are S. aviculare. A piece of a colony growing with B. neriiina obtained from Madras Harbour ; also found at a depth of 6 to 8 fathoms, growing on cinder at the entrance to Palk Straits. 3. Catenaria lafontii, Audouin and Savigny. Catenaria lafontii, Harmer, igoj, vol. xl\-i, p. 305, pi. 17. tig. 49. Obtained at three stations in Madras Harbour, dredged at from 6 to 8 fathoms ; also at Mergui, Burma. 4. Scrupocellaria ccrvicornis, Busk. Scrupocellai-ia cei'vicuniis, Busk, 185J, pt. i, p. 24, pi. Ixii. Common in Madras Harbour at depths of from 4 to 6 fathoms ; obtained also at the entrance to Palk Straits and at Mangalore, west coast of India. 5. Scrupocellaria jolloisii, Audouiii and Savignj-. Scrupocellaria joltoisii, Waters, igoi), p. 132, pi. 10, figs. 5-10. A common species in this vicinity obtained at several local- ities : Mangalore, Caspar Straits, Malay Archipelago and Mergui, Burma. Also dredged at depths of from 30 to 24 fathoms off the Ganjam coast and at station 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, I5°25' N., 93°45' E.) at depths of from 49 to 40 fathoms. 6. Scrupocellaria pilosa, Audouin and Savigny. Scrupocellaria pilosa. Waters, 1913, p. 478, pi. l.wiii. figs. 3, 4. Found growing on cinder at depths of from 6 to 8 fathoms, at the entrance of Palk Straits. 7. Scrupocellaria macandrci, Busk. Scrupocellaria' macandrei, Busk, 1852, pt. i, p. 24, pi. xxiv, figs. 1-3. Dredged at 31 fathoms at Mangalore, west coast of India. 8. Canda retiformis, Pourtales. Cauda retiformis, Waters 1913, p. 479, pi. Ixix. figs. I, 2, 6. Obtained at the Andamans growing on coral ; also at station 287 (Arabian Sea, 2i''8'3o" N. 65°47' E.) and dredged at 34 fathoms in 8i°i6' E., 6°oi' N. 9. Caberea lata, Busk. Caberea lata, Busk, 1S52, pt. i, p. 39, pi. xlix. Obtained off Ganjam, east coast of Madras Presidency, at 24 to 30 fathoms. I92I.] A. Robertson : Report on Bryozoa. 37 10. Diploecium simplex, Kirkpatrick. Diplirciinn simplex KirUpatrick, iS8S, ser. 6, vol. i, p. 73, pi. vii, fig. i. Zoarium consisting of many branches composed of relatively short internodes, the whole forming bushy tufts 25 or 30 mm. in height. Internodes separated by chitinous joints which form in place of the two distal zooecia of the in- ternode, and consisting commonly of eight zooecia although varying in number from four to twelve. Branching dichotomous. Zocecia arranged in pairs, back to back, each pair at right angles to the preced- ing pair (Fig. i) ; tubular, some- what wider in the middle. Zocecial wall delicately calcareous, and regu- larly porous. Orifices rounded above with a sinus on the lower margin. Ooecia porous, somewhat flattened, ilosed b}^ the operculum ; lower margin curved so that the orifice of the fertile zooecium is larger than that of an ordinary zooecium. In older parts of the colony the rim of the ooecia is somewhat thickened, due probabl}' to increased calcifica- tion. The species here identified differs slightly from that described by Kirkpatrick, notably in the greater size of internodes and in the shape of the ooecio-zooecial orifice. The latter is thought to be an import- ant difference, perhaps of specific value. For the present, however, these differences will be considered mere variations of the original species. This species is a puzzling one and it is doubtful, as Kirk- patrick remarks, just where it belongs in the present classifica- tion of the bryozoa. Obtained at station 47, off mouth of Godaveri R., 5-6 fathoms. Probably dredged or taken in tangles, judging from the condition of the material. Miss Thornely reports this species from the Andamans at 17 fathoms. FiG. 1- Diplceciiiin simplex Kirk. X 40. II. Bugula neritina, Linnaeus. Bugula nevitina, Waters, 1909, p. 135. pi. xi, figs. 1-3. Abundant in Madras Harbour, often growing in large masses with hydroids and other bryozoa ; in one instance entangled in Zoobo- tryon pellucidus. Dredged at depths varying from 4 to 6 fathoms. 38 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XXII, 12. Bugula neritina, var. minima, Waters. B. nen'fii/a, var. minima, Waters, igug, \'ol. xxxi, p. 136, pi. ii. figs. 4, 7. Small piece of a colony dredged at 31 fathoms, 21 miles S. W. by W. of Mangalore, west coast of India. 13. Beania ostia, sp. nov. Zoarium forming a flat lace-like mass growing on old pieces of bone. Zocecia lioat-shaped, each connected with its neighbour by four tubes of approximately equal length (Fig. 2). Aperture occupying the whole or almost the whole of the front. Five short spines at the distal extremity. In a few instances there are but four spines, the margin between the second and fourth being raised, much curved and bounded by a strong chitinous rim. Kig. 2. — Beania Oitia, X 5' This is thought to represent the ocecium (a?.). In one instance only has an avicitlariwn been found, although many zooecia have been examined. Unfortunately the material became dry before it could be studied, and hence very brittle. On a few zooecia there are indications of the remains of an avicularium but nothing that can be positively so regarded. Avicularium small, pedunculated, situated at one side near the base of the aperture. Obtained at Gopalpore, east coast of India, dredged at depths of from 25 to 28 fathoms. 14. Beania confcrta, MacGillivray. Beania confeyfa, MacGillivra)', 1S86, vol. xxii, p. 130, pi. i, fig. 5. A minute quantity growing with F. ociilata on a worm tube, obtained at Gaspar Straits, Malay Archipelago. 19-21.] A. Robertson: Report on Bryozoa. 39 15. Kinetoskias arabianensis, sp. nov. Zoariiim incomplete, consisting of a single stem with a few branches at the distal end and breaking into a number of rootlets at the attached end. The stem is composed of a number of radical tubes, and of zocecia which are smaller and stifferthan the zocecia of the distal branches, the two forming a stalk or stem which is probably flexible in the natural state but sufficiently rigid to hold the crown of branches two or more inches above the ocean-floor. That the substratum in which this specimen grew is similar to that usually described for Kinetoskias is shown by the globigerina and other shells, and grains of sand adhering to the finest rootlets. The branches at the distal end consist of zocecia in two series, the zocecia of each series forming an acute angle with the zooecia of the other. The adult or nutritive zooecia (Fig. 3, A) are very long and may be considered to consist of two parts or regions, the zooecia proper {zoe.) and the tubular base (t.ha.) more or less independent of the former, and into which the polypide does not extend. Indeed, the connection between it and the main body of the zooecium is easih' and frequenth' broken, in which case the tubular portion remains attached to the zocecium from which it sprang, while the main portion is lost. Outlining each zooecium and thus strengthening the rim is a chitinous border. At the point of union of the zooecium proper and the basal prolongation, the chitinous rim is frequently bent inward forming a weakened place or break joint (b.j-)- At the distal end of the zooecium the chitinous margin grows thinner and there forms a blunt point. The wall of the zooecium is delicate and transparent, the orifice is formed by the opening of a broadl}- semicircular lip bounded by a heavy chitinous bar. Both sessile and pedunculated avicularia occur. At the dorso-lateral angle of each zocecium there is a sessile avicularium [ses.av.) with a mandible curved at the extre- mity and fitting into a chitinous groove. This avicularium is seated on a distinct area on the dorso-lateral wall to which the strong mandibular muscle is attached and which is outlined by a delicate rim (C, av.ar.). These avicularia frequently break off, in which case the area is exposed. On a few zocecia only were frontal pedunculated avicularia found, attached to the lower inner margin (B, pcd.av.). These have an extremely short peduncle, but the avicularia are relatively large. Through the transparent wall of the zooecium the polypide is clearly visible especially in stained preparations. Within the zocecium is found also a large and powerful muscular organ (A,B, mus.). This is composed of two groups of muscle fibres lying in the lower part of the zooecium just above the tubular prolongation and spreading on two sides of the median line like two fans. Viewed from the front, the stomach of the contracted polypide is visible between the two groups of muscle fibres (A, sL). In this colony there is but one fertile zooecium. It arises as ses.av __emi> v;#o/y. Fig. 3 — Kinetoskias ai-abiaiiensis, sp. now x 40. {A) Outlines of a few nutritive zooccia showing detail in one. B) Three zooecia possessing both pedunculated (^ped.av.) and sessile avicula- ria (ses.av.). (C) Dorsal surface of a zooecium to show area from which a sessile aviculariuin has broken away (av.ar.). (D) Three nutritive and o^e fertile zooecia (/iv-.soe.) to show especially the relative position and she of the latter, together with certain details : embryo (emb.), ooecium (oe.), sheath of embryo (sh.), degenerating polypide {de. poly.) and muscles tde. iiiiis.). [Vol. XXII, 1921.] A. Robertson: Report on Bryozoa. 41 do the nutritive zocecia, and indeed is a transformed nutritive zooecium. It also consists of two parts, a much enlarged zooecium proper and a basal prolongation (Fig. 3, D). The zooecium proper, again, consists of two parts. These may be distinguished liy a dit^erence in the texture of the wall, the lower half being membranous, the upper half being thickened and strengthened by delicate calcareous plates {jcr.zoc). The calcareous wall of the upper half is bulging and rounded and obviously forms a brood sac or oceciuni {oe). The dorsal and ventral walls of this zooecium unite distally atid are bounded by broadly rounded chitinous bars, one forming the distal edge of the dorsal wall, the other forming the distal edge of the ventral wall, the whole closing the mouth of the ooecium through which the developed embryo {emb.) or larva eventually escapes. That the chitinous rim of the ventral wall is homologous with the operculum of the nutritive zooecia is obvious when the muscular attachment of each is studied. The chitinous opercula possess a rather broad expansion at each end to which the opercular muscles are fastened. The chitinous rim of the ooecium possesses a similar expansion at each end to which muscle fibres are attached, and whose action presumably serves to open the ooecium. Conclusive proof that the fertile zooecium is a transformed nutritive zooecium is afforded by the presence within the fertile zooecium of the degenerating remains of a polypide (de. poly.) and of parietal muscles {de. miis.). Lying above these is the large opaque body of the embryo suspended in a membran- ous sheath (sh.) and only partially enclosed by the calcareous wall of the ovicell. Traces of reproductive elements were found in a few zooecia (B, re. ele.), and in each case these resemble testis rather than ovary. In the zooecium adjoining the ooecium, what is regarded as testis is also found and it is perhaps signi- ficant that similar tissue extends into the basal prolongation of this zooecium (1 re. ele.). In no case has undoubted ovary been apparent. Obtained at station 193, Arabian Sea, 72°28'45" E. I5°ii' N., dredged at 931 fathoms. This interesting specimen was obtained at a depth of 931 fathoms or from a depth of over a mile and is therefore to be regarded as an abyssal form. Considerable difficulty has been encountered in the attempt to identify it because, while it possesses features undoubtedly allying it with. Kinctoskias , it possesses others which differ markedly from any known species of that interesting genus and which relate it to another family, viz. the Cellulariidis. It is aUied to Kindoskias by its unique muscular organ coupled with the possession of articulated avicularia, and b}' its abyssal habitat. It is allied to the Cellularians by the possession of sessile avicularia and by the structure of its peduncle, while the unique structure of the ooecium is unlike that of any Cheilostoma- tous ovicell known to the writer save one, that of Cellularia cirrata, Busk (1884), to which the species under consideration is related if not identical. 42 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XXII, According to the discussion of the genus Kinetoskiaa presented b}' Busk (1881), this genus was originally established to embrace two peculiar abyssal species of bryozoa first described by Daniels- sen in 1867, later more full}' by Koren and Danielssen. Among the Challenger bryozoa, Busk (1884) describes two new species of this genus obtained in the North x\tlantic, the one from a depth of 1526 fathoms, the other from 265 fathoms. The distinguishing mark of these four species is the strong "parietal muscle arising near the base of the zocecium and passing obliquely backwards and upwards expanding in a fan-shaped manner to be inserted into its hinder wall to the height of about one-third or one-fourth of the zocecium." To quote further, the author adds, "the action of this muscle must be to draw the entire zocecium downwards and forwards, or in other words, to bend it on itself, and thus by the concurrent action in many zooecia to curl the branches forwards ; an action that has in fact been noticed by Koren and Danielssen in the living condition." It is clearly shown in the various figures that this Arabian species possesses the Kinetoskian muscle developed to a greater degree than it is in any of the species heretofore described. It is seen to arise at two points near the base of the zocecium proper and to spread out in two directions forming a double muscle, that portion lying toward the inner side of the zocecium being some- what more strongly developed than that lying toward the outer side. The four species hitherto described agree in the possession of pedunculated avicularia, one for each zocecium. One of the puzzhng things about the K. arahianensis was the apparent lack of these structures. After a close and painstaking search three zooecia were found, each of which possessed one. Whether the rest of the material is mutilated in this respect it is impossible to say. The union between these avicularia and the margin of the zooecia is extremely delicate and may have been broken, leaving no trace. Certain it is that no traces of their former presence are visible. It is further noted that in this species the pedun- culated avicularia are attached to the inside border, where- as in other species reported i\\ey are attached to the outside border. In the discussion mentioned above Busk makes a point of the structure of the peduncle, considering it to be a specialized, highly differentiated structure, formed by a coalescence of radicle fibres. In the species he describes, the peduncle consists of transparent, homogeneous tissue, homologous, according to that investigator, with an internode of a root fibre. In the Arabian species the peduncle is a more primitive structure, consisting as does that of some Bugulas, its near relatives, of an intermixture of root fibres and zooecia, the former twisting about the somewhat rigid zocecia for a considerable distance before the stem thus formed divides into several branches. One root fibre at least continues upward on the dorsal side of each branch, while at the base the main stem again divides into a few coarse fibres, these into smaller and 1921.] A. Robertson: Report on Bryozoa. 43 smaller branches, the finest rootlets clasping minute objects in the substratum. In so far the characters of the K. arabianensis, while differing somewhat from other members of this genus, do not remove it from the familj' Bicellariids; to which Kinetoskias and the Bugulas belong. The two characters remaining to be discussed, viz. sessile avicularia and the peculiar structure of the ooecium are both unknown in that family. The former is a distinguishing mark of the family CeUulariida^ and except in a slight dift'erence in position the sessile avicularia on the Arabian species are similar to the lateral avicularia found on such Cellularians as Menipca or Scrupoccllayia. The unique ooecium of this species reveals a wholh- unexpect- ed dimorphism previously unknown in either of the two families mentioned above and only rarely occurring in t!ie Cheilostomes. The only other Cheilostomatous bryozoan which shows a similar condition is Adennella and its congeners where a trimorphism exists, resulting in nutritive zocecia, reproductive or ooecial zoitcia, and zooecia transformed into avicularia. In Ciisia, a Cyclostome, there is found a dimorphic condition quite similar to that which obtains in K. a>abianensis, in which a zocecium grows to an unusual size and takes on the reproductive instead of the nutritive function. Unlike the ooecium of Crista which never assumes the nutritive functions, the species found in the Arabian Sea first performs- the nutritive function, indicated by the presence of a polypide, and only secondarily assumes the ooecial func- tion. The ocecial condition most nearly resembling that shown by K. arahianensis is found in Cellularia cirrata, Busk (1884). " The ooecium," as Busk remarks, "is formed by an entire metamor- phosed zocecium, with a wide opening closed by a broad valve having a semilunar chitinous border." At first glance, the occur- rence of ocecia so unusal in structure and yet so similar externally would lead one to suspect close relationship between C. cirrata and the present species. And indeed for a time the two were thought to be identical. This opinion was strengthened by the facts that both are abyssal and both come from regions geographi- cally similar. Busk, however, makes no mention of internal structure, but remarks that the material was in poor condition and much curled. He evidently found no articulated avicularia and no parietal muscles, and the characters which his specimen disi losed justified him in placing it in the Cellulariida^. How- ever he expresses a doubt that he is correct and remarks that perhaps a new genus should be established to receive his species. The occurrence of this peculiar orecium in these two species leads one to wonder if C. cirrata and the species from the Arabian Sea are identical, especially when one reflects that the curled condition upon which Busk remarks might be caused by the contraction of parietal muscles and at the same time might make the detection of these muscles impossible. 44 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XXII, The facts in regard to the reproductive elements and the reproductive processes which have been ascertained through a study of this material reveal a curious parallel between it and Crista and other Cyclostomes. In both, testis is abundan* while ovar}^ is apparently correspondingly scarce. Is it perhaps true, as has been shown for Crista, that but few ova are produced , oj; that ova arrive at maturity in Ijut one zocecium, or in but few zooecia ? Again, since, the ovicells and embryos are of such size and character it seems probable that zooecia destined to become ovicells are earb/ set apart for that purpose, and likewise possible, as in the Cyclostomes, that the ova are produced in the growing tissues and become secondarily united with a zocecium. Judging from the size of the embryos together with their small number, the supposition that embryonic fission may occur here is not improbable, and increases the interest in this species as an object of study. l6. Farciminaria andamanensis, sp. nov. Part of a colony consisting of a long stem and numerous branches (fig. 4, A). Stem incomplete, made up of four rows of aborted zooecia arranged around an imaginary axis, four sided, the corners strengthened by chitinous bars or modified root fibres, from the inner edges of which strong teeth project into the interior of the zooecia ; the four zooecia in each group at the same level so that the stem has a segmented appearance. At the distal end the stem divides into two branches connected for a short distance by a filmy membrane. The segmented appearance continues for four or six segments above the first branches when the second branching occurs, and the zooecia from this point contain polypides. The branches, at first biserial, soon become tri- or quadriserial, the zooecia assuming an alternate arrangement (fig. 4, ^)- . . Branches lose their segmentation, and the zooecia face out- wardly and laterally. ZocFcia elongated, area occupying the whole of the front. Orifice at the summit closed with a protruding lip. No spines and no avicularia. No ocecia have been observed. In older parts of the colony rounded or oval bodies occur which may be embryos. These are always found, when they occur, in the upper part of the zooecium, sometimes in company' with a degenerating polypide, again with a regenerating one. These are not brown bodies. Considerable hesitation is experienced in placing this speci- men in this genus since the zooecia are not all arranged around an imaginary axis, as is usually described for Farciminaria, but simply folded, as it were, one or two middle rows projecting forward and the two lateral rows turned somewhat, so that the zooecia when viewed from the front are seen in profile. So many characters, however, both of the zooecia and of the zoarium as a whole, are Farciminarian that it seems to belong here rather than with any allied genus. I92I.] A. Robertson : Report on Bryozoa. 45 In the absence of spines, avicularia, and ooecia this species resembles Farciminaria hexagona, Busk {1884). That species, how- ever, has six series of zooecia facing around the branch, the two inner rows consisting of sterile zooecia only. There is also consider- able resemblance between it and Farciminaria simphx, MacGillivray (1886). The Australian species has a prominent ooecium, and both description and plate are so meagre that identification h\ their means alone seemed impossible. Material obtained at the Andamans (1899). Fig. 4. — Fayciminaria andanianensis, sp. nov. A. Habit sketch. X 2. B. .X few zocecia. X 50. 17. Ccllaria salicornioides. Lamouroux. Cellaria johnSoni, Hincks, 1880, p. 1 12. pi. xiii. figs. g-12. Obtained at one locality only, Santapilly, Madras (east coast). 18. Farcimia oculata, Busk. Nellia octilaia. Busk, 185?, pt. i. p. 64, fig. 6. Extreme!}- abundant, obtained at at least nine stations : Mergui ; Palk Straits ; Mangalore ; Gaspar Straits ; Ganjam coast ; Ancutta Reef, Laccadives ; Gopalpore. 46 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XXII, 19. Flustra cribriformis, Busk. Carbasea cribriformis. Bu^l;, 1S84, vol. x, p. 50, pi. \xn. Zoarium dry and in fragments, but fenestrated condition very apparent. Zooecial characters agree with description as given b}' Busk. This material contained many embrj^os in various stages of growth. When full grown, the embrj-os hang suspended in a bag or membrane, the distal end shoved into the shallo\\ ooecium while the larger portion extends into the zooecium, aboul filling the upper half. Obtained at Singapore. 20. Flustra rhizophora, Ortmann. Carbasea rliizoplwra, Ortmann, 1S90, p. 27, taf. i, fig. 24. Dredged at 31 fathoms, 21 miles S.W. by W. of Mangalore, east coast of India. 21. Membranipora cervicornis, Busk. Meinbranipora cervicornis, Busk, 1S54, pi. ii, p. 60, pi. C, fig. 3. Obtained at two stations at the entrance to Palk Straits, 3 miles N.N.W. of Pt. Pedro, dredged in sand at from 6 to 8 fathoms. 22. Membranipora curvirostris, Hincks. Membranipora ciirvirostris, HincUs, i88ci, p. 153, pi. xx, figs. 5. 6. Dredged off the Gonjam coa.st at from 24 to 30 fathoms. 23. Membranipora incrustans, Waters. Meiiibraniporn incrustans, Waters, 1898, p. 686, pi. 47,lfig. 13. Obtained at entrance to Palk Straits and on Ancutta Reef, Laccadives. 24. Membranipora lacroixii, Audouin. Metnbranipora lacroixii, Busk, 1854, pi. ii, p. 60, pi. 69, fig. I. Found growing on shells and pieces of bamboo at Puri beach, Orissa coast. Also growing on crab. 25. Membranipora perfragilis, MacGillivray. Membranipora perfragilis, Hincks, 1S84, ser. 5, vol. xiv, p. 278, pi. viii, fig. 4. Abundant in this collection, being found at nine or ten stations : Madras; Mergui, on the Brig "Cassandra; " off Akyab, Arrakan coast at 17 fathoms ; Puri beach and Black Pagoda. Orissa coast ; Virkala}', Travancore coast; at Andamans Is., ; off Car war and Molki ; and Gopalpore. Also at stations 468 (Andaman Is., Port Blair Harbour) ; st. 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, I5°25'N., 93°45' E.) at 49 to 40 fathoms, and st. 532 (Mergui Archipelago, i2°i5'2o" N., 97°io'io" E.), 62 fathoms. rg2i.] A. Robertson : Report on Bryozoa. 47 26. Membranipora simplex, Busk. Nellia simpler. Bu'-k. 1852. pt. 1. p. 19, pi. Ixv, fig. i ; pi. Ixv (bis), fig', y, Obtained at Santapilly and at Madras. 27. Membranipora tehuelcha, D'Orbigny. Mcnibninifiova tehuelchci, Robertson, lyoS, p. 265, pi. 15, figs. 16, 17; pi. 16, fig. 18. More or less abundant at Puri beach, Orissa coast on bits of \yood, also at station 380 (off Akyab, Burma, i9°8' N., 92°59' E.), said to be dredged at 530 fathoms, but since the specimens were growing on sea weed this is thought to be doubtful. [The weed on which it grew commonh' floats on the surface. N. A.\ 28. Membranipora tehuelcha var. intertuberculata, Waters. M. tehuelclia \ar. iiitertiibercttlata, Waters, 1898, p. 676, pi. 48, figs. I, 2. Obtained from two localities, Puri beach, Orissa coast and from tide pools at Kyouk-Phyu, Burma. In the adult stage this variety assumes a most fantastic appearance due to the elevated, folded, spinous walls. The tubercles are often more numerous and fantastic than represented by Waters, mere seasonal or environmental variations, probablj^ of this cosmopolitan species. 29. Membranipora trifolium var. minor, Hincks. Monbrnnipova trifolium \'ar. minor, Hincks, 18S5, ser. 5, vol. 15, p. 255, pi. \iii, fig. 7. Obtained at Mangalore at 31 fathoms, and at the Andamans ; also off Cej'lon at 703 fathoms, growing on shell. 30. Membranipora spinostoma, sp. nov. Zoarium loosely incrusting a stem. Zocecia irregularly quadr- angular with a broad calcareous border crenulated on the inner margin (fig. 5, A). Aperture membranous, occupying the whole of the front. Operculum, large, with a heavy chitinous rim, opening close to the calcareous border. The spinal adornment of operculum and area constitutes the unique feature of this species. Spines occur in three locations : (i) on the margin of the area ; (2) on the oper- culum ; (3) below and at each extremity of the operculum. Spines on the margin of the area, delicate, finely pointed, varying in number from 12 to 15 placed regularly, to a few at irregular intervals. Spines on the operculum (fig. 5, A, C) heavy, chiti- nous, arranged in two rows, alternate, at least six, usuallj- eight in number, one springing from near the base of the operculum, the other about half way from the base, stiff, longer than the width of the operculum, directed upward or toward and beyond the distal border (C, op.sp.). Two lateral spines at the extremi- ties of the opercular bar invariably present. These grow in sockets and are movable in two directions, upward and downward. 48 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XXII, (A, B, C, lat.sp.). In their slenderness, length and mobility they resemble vibracula. In the space between these lateral spines or vibracula, other spines, from one to four in number, are some- times found springing from the top of the area and extending stiffly downward. These are more or less inconstant being apparently easily broken. -Satsf Fig. 5. — Membyanipora spinostonia, sp. nov. A. Three zocEcia, X25. Operculum thrown widely open showing the inner surface, primary mouth (pri.nio.) and chitinous rim above it. X 100, A magnified view of operculum and opercular spines. X 100. B. C. Obtained at station 352, Persian Gulf, 29°2o' N., 48°47' E , at a depth of 13 fathoms. The material upon which these observations are made is dry, hence brittle and difficult to study. The upstanding spines on the operculum serve to catch and hold debris, thus increasing this difficulty. In Figure 5, B, showing the operculum thrown back and revealing the inner surface, the primary- mouth [pri.mo.) 1921.] A. Robertson: Ri'porl on Bryozoa. 49 seems to consist of a slit or opening under the operculum. Above and close to the calcareous margin is a rather broad, delicate, semi-chitinous rim (chi. r.) against which the spiny operculum closes. The space formed by the opening of the operculum consti- tutes a secondary mouth. Moreover the heavy operculum fre- quently tears away from the delicate membrane of the area, leaving an opening between operculum and area having the appearance of a mouth. This was confusing until, after soaking small pieces in oil for a few hours, then teasing on a slide, instances weie found in which the operculum was thrown back and opened as in fig. 5, B. It is im])ortant that this species be examined further, either fresh or preserved in alcohol. Brackish Water Membranipora. The three species of Membranipora which follow belong to brackish-water forms similar to Membranipora bcngalensis des- cribed bv Stoliczka (1869). That investigator found this species in a tank of water only one-fifth as saline as sea-water. Later he found it distributed throughout that region of India known as the Sunderbans, incrusting old pieces of wood, or trunks of trees at the mouths of rivers and on the shores of salt lakes, but never in fresh water. In his description of this species, Stoliczka remarks that he has observed similar forms incrusting shells and fragments of wood in various places along the coast of Bengal Bay, but had not succeeded in obtaining specimens which were in a good state of preservation. In this collection there are three species of Membranipora which have proved most puzzling until the description and plates of M. bengalensis were obtained. These three species resemble each other and M. bengalensis in several features: (i) in the loose connection existing between the zoaria and the substratum, and often between the zocecia themselves ; (2) in the possession of delicate chitinous rather than calcareous lateral walls, together with an extremely delicate calcareous wall over portions of the front of the zocecia; (3) in the development, as a rule, of con- spicuous spines which are highly characteristic and distinct for each species. Like M . bengalensis also, all grow on wood more or less sodden or on shells of brackish- water mollusks. 31. Membranipora amoyensis, sp. nov. Zoarium loosely incrusting a shell and in places forming bilaminar folds. ZocBcia large, quadrasgular, alternate, separated by thickened lines (fig. 6). Aperture occupying more than half the front. Operculum semicircular, large, situated close to the top. Aperture surrounded by a calcareous margin from which project numerous small calcareous spines, 17 or 18, or perhaps 10 to 12, depending on the size of the zooecium. On young zooecia a single stout spine on each side at the upper angles. On older 50 Records vj the Indian Museum. [Vol. XXII, zocecia this spine becomes trifid, one branch usually extending outward, one upward and one downward. No oacia have been found. This species was obtained from Amoy, China. No other data given. The material incrusts a shell which is judged to be from water only slightly saline since, while calcareous, it is extremely soft and chalk-like and not of the ordinary marine type. Fig. 6. — Ulembi-anipora nmoyensis. sp. nov. X90. 32. Membranipora devinensis, sp. nov. Zoariuin incrusting bark of sodden wood, loosely attached. Zocecia elongated, sometimes of extreme length and connected together loosely (fig. 7). Aperture occupying almost all of the front, the margin beset with a large number of spines which meet across the front. Opcrculmn semicircular, large at the top of the aperture. The portion of the zooecium below the aperture covered with a delicate calcareous wall marked by two large pores. Some- times two zocecia form in the place of one, when each zooecium possesses but one pore. In no case has a spine been found project- ing from these pores. Ocecium small, projecting over the zooecium above, alrnost to its pores. I92I.J A. RoBEKTSON : Report on Bryo~oa. 51 Obtained on the Orissa coast at the mouth of the Devi river, Bay of Bengal, dredged at depths varying from 23 to 25 fathoms. 1>"IG. 7. -Meinbranipora devinensi': nov. X 50. 33. Membranipora hug- liensis, sp. nov. Zoarium growing in a sin- gle layer on chips of wood to which hydroid stems ad- here and encircling these stems, where it forms small bilaminate expansions. Zocecia elongated, aperture occupying three-fourths of the front or more, surround- ed by a delicate calcareous border crenulated on the inner margin (fig. 8). The lower part of the front of the zocecia covered with a calcareous layer. The dis- tal portion of each zooecium projecting over the zooecium above almost to the crenu- lated margin of the aper- ture. Where the zocecia are crowded, the aperture much reduced and may become almost circular. That part of the zoa- rium growing flat and single layered is without spines, while that part which climbs on the hydroid stems and sends out bilaminate folds, possesses many conspicuous basal spines. Usually each zocEcium in the spinous re- gion possesses two or more spines situated on the calca- reous laj'er of the front wall just below the aperture. In some cases where the zocecia are narrowed below, but one process maj' occur, usually then in the middle of the lower front wall. In still other instances no spines occur on the double layered portion. These spines (sp.) are tall, hollow, tapering processes formed of a trans- sp. parent membrane, and lined with a delicate epithelium Fig. 8. -Membranipora h uglieiisis, nov. X go. 52 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XXII, continuous with that of the parietal lining of the zooecium. They are not articulated but bend easily, the membranous layer simply wrinkling on one side. No ooecia were found. Obtained in considerable abundance at the mouth of the Hugli river, Bay of Bengal. 34. Membranipora ringens, Busk. Megapova ringens, HiiiL-ks, ilSSw, p. 172, pi. xxii, tig. i. Obtained at entrance to Palk Straits, 3 miles N.N.W. of Point Pedro, dredged at 6 to 8 fathoms. Incrusting a coral mass with sponge and other bryozoa. 35. Steganoporella magnilabris, Busk. Steganoporella magnilabris, Busk, 1884, pt. xxx, p. 75, pi. xxiii, fig. 2. Obtained at four rather widely separated localities showing that the species is abundant in the Bay of Bengal. Found at the Andamans growing over masses of coral ; on Ancutta Reef, Laccadives ; off Ceylon at 703 fathoms, and at station 384 (off C. Negrais, Burma, i6°o' N , 93^37' E.), dredged at 40 fathoms, growing over roots and debris. 36. Thalamoporella rozieri, Audouin. Tiialamoporella rozieri, Robertson, 1908, vol. 4, no. 5. p. 277, pi. 17. figs. 27, 28, 29. Obtained at one locality only, Pedro Shoal, Palk Straits. 37. Smittipora abyssicola, Smitt. Viiicularia abvssicola. Smitt, pt. ii, p. fi. pi. i, figs. 60. 61. Obtained at the entrance to Palk Straits, dredged at 6 to 8 fathoms, also at station 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, I5°25' N., 9.;°45' R.), dredged at 40 to 49 fathoms. 38. Cribrilina radiata, Moll. CribriUna radiata. Hincks, 1880, p. 185, pi. xxv, figs. 1-9. Abundant in this collection. Obtained at Palk Straits, dredged at 6 to 8 fathoms ; Andamans ; Laccadives ; Puri, Orissa coast ; off Ceylon at 703 fathoms ; off Gopalpore at 25 to 28 fathoms ; at station 522 (Mergui Archipelago, I2°35' 15" N., 98"" 16' E.) ; at station 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, I5°25' N., Q3°45' E.). 39. Cribrilina punctata, Hassall. CribriUna punctata. Hincks, 1880, p. 190, pi. 26, fig. ?,. Obtained at two points : off Gopalpore at 25 to 28 fathoms and in the Baj^ of Bengal at 15 to 30 fathoms. 1021.] A. Robertson: Report on Brvozoa. 53 40. Microporella ciliata, Pallas. Microporella ciliata, Hiiicks, i88o, p. 206, pi. wviii, tigs. [-8. Abundant in this collection : obtained at Gopalpore at 24 fathoms ; Palk Straits at 6-8 fathoms ; Andaraans, Ba^- of Bengal at 15 to 30 fathoms; at station 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, I5°25' N., 93°45' E.) dredged at 40 to 40 fathoms. 41. Microporella distoma, Busk. Aileonella distoma. Husk, 1884, pi. x\\, p. 187, wood cuts, 56, 57. Rather widely distributed. Obtained at ^he Andamans, North Sentinal I. ; station 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, I5°25' N,, 93°45' E.) dredged at 40 to 49 fathoms, at Cape Bluff dredged at 375 fathoms. 42. Microporella imprcssa, Audouin. Mictopni-ell'i linpi-enu, HincUs. i88i>, p. 214, pi. xxvi, figs. y-ii. Obtained off Cejdon, growing on a dead shell dredged at 703 fathoms. 43. Microporella malusii, Audouin. Microporella malusii, Hiiicks, iS8f), p. 211, pi. xxviii, fig. II. Dredged ai 6-8 fathoms at the entrance to Palk Straits. 44. Microporella yarraensis, Waters. Eschara tichenoiiias, Busk, 1854, pt. ii, p. go, pi. cvi, figs. i. 2,3. Obtained 21 miles S.W. by W. of Mangalore, west coast of India, dredged at 31 fathoms, growing on a shell. 45. Porina tubulosa, Norman. Porina tiihulosa. Hincks, 1880, p. 230, pi. xxxii, figs. 6-9. Obtained at the Andamans and dredged at the entrance to Palk Straits at 6-8 fathoms. 46. Tubucellaria cereoides, Ellis and Solander. Tubiiceilaria cereoides. Waters, 1907, p. 130, pi. xv, fig. 8. A small piece of a colony about an inch in height obtained by the " Investigator " at the Andamans at 20 fathoms. 47. Schizoporella auriculata, Hassall. Schizoporella anriculafa, Hincks, 1880, p. 260, pi. xxix, fig. 4. Dredged in the Bay of Bengal (off C. Negrais, Burma, I5°25' N., 93°45' E.) at 15 to 30 fathoms, also at station 237 (Andaman Sea, I3°i7' N., 93°7' E.) at 90 fathoms, at station 387 at 40 to 49 fathoms and off Ceylon at 703 fathoms. Obtained also at the Andamans. These specimens conform to the description and plates given by Hincks e.Kcept in a variation in position and size of avicularia. 54 - Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XXII, Most of the zooecia possess the avicularium just below the sinus. This is lacking in other instances but replaced apparently by anotUer avicularium, somewhat larger usually, but placed some- where else on the front wall, most generally on the lower part with mandible directed transversely. Occasionally both kinds of aviculiaria are found on the same zooecium. 48. Schizoporella biapcrta, Michelin. Schizoporella biaperia. Hincks. iSSo, p. 255, pi. xl, fisf?. 7-9. Obtained at two stations at the Andamans. Slight variations occur in these specimens differing from those described by Hincks. The ooecia possess twp transparent areas on the front instead of an area with radiating lines. The mammillated avicularia possess a spatulated mandible, not a triangular one, as does the British species. 49. Schizoporella brunnescens, Ortmann. Schizoporella briitDiesceu^. Ortmann, 1S90, p. 50, pi. 4, fig. 2. Obtained on the Ceylon Pearl Banks, and Marble Rock, Mergui. Also at ii°33J' N. and 98°2o|' E. 50. Schizoporella cccilii, Audouin. Schiioporella ceci/ii, HincUs, 1880, p. 269, pi. xliii, fio-. 6. Obtained at the Andamans. 51. Schizoporella linearis, Hassall. Schizoporella linearis, Hincks, 1880, p. 2-1.7, pi xxxviii, fig-. 5. Dredged at 31 fathoms 21 miles S.W. by W. off Mangalore ; at 29 fathoms, off Carwar and Molki ; off Ceylon ; 26 miles W. S.W. of Honawar, at 28 fathoms, west coast of India. 52. Schizoporella linearis, Hassall, form quincuncialis, Hincks. Schizoporella linearis. loi"iii qiiincnncialis, Hincks, 1881. ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 158, pi. ix, fig. ;,. A small colony growing on the inside of sea-urchin's test, obtained at "Investigator" stations 532 (Mergui Archipelago, I2°i3' 20" N., 97°io'io" E) and 534 (Mergui Archipelago, I2°59' N., 96°48'3o" E.). 53. Schizoporella nivea. Busk. Schizoporella nivea, Busk, 18S4, pt. xxx, vol. x, p. 163, pi. x\ii, fig. i. Dredged at 6-8 fathoms at entrance to Palk Straits, 3 miles N.N.W. of Pt. Pedro. Obtained also at Santapilly. I92I.] A. Robertson : Report on Bryozoa. 55 54. Schizoporella pcrtusa, Esper. Lepralia pertttsa. Hincks, 1880, p. 305, pi. xliii, figs. 4, 5. Obtained at Santapilly, and dredged o£E Ganjam coast at 24-30 fathoms. 55. Schizoporella dutertrci, Audouin. Masfigophora dutertrei, Hincks, 1880, p. 279, pi. xxxvil, fig. 2. Dredged off Gopalpore at 25 to 28 fathoms growing on Ostrea imhricata. Obtained also at "Investigator" station 384 (off C. Negrais, Burma, 16V N., 93°37' E.). S O Fig g. — Schizoporella dutertrei, \ar. foliacea, nov. A. Two zocecia showing detail, X 40. B. Operculum much magnified, X 90. C. Distal portion of older zocecium showing an avicularlam {ai on umbo below orifice, X 40. 56. Schizoporella dutertrei vai. foliacea, nov Zoariwn loo'^ely attached to coral conglomerate. Zocecia flat, surface finelj^ porous. Orifice surrounded by a thickened calcareous border from which six or eight spines extend (fig. 9, A). Upper margin of orifice arched, lower margin with a deep narrow sinus which widens suddenly at the lowest part. Oper- culum, assuming the shape of the orifice, resembles a flat rounded plate with a handle (fig. 9, B). The zooecial wall projecting on each side of the narrow neck or handle in two conspicuous cal- careous lobes (fig. 9A, &.), the thickened border of the orifice uniting below into a flat triangular platform (/>/.). In older zocecia an umbo forms below the orifice («/«.) hiding the stem-like portion of the operculum. Occasionally this umbo supports an avicularium (fig. 9 C, av.) with mandible directed horizontally. On each side of the orifice a sessile avicnlirium with mandible directed 56 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XXI T, upward. In at least one of these the mandible is prolonged into a branching process sometimes bifid, sometimes trifid, each branch assuming the form of a rather broad Ihin blade, reminding one of the wings of maple seed or of the membranous wings of an insect. The avicularium on the other side small, with a triangular mandible directed upward. Ocecimn shallow, widely open, two or three spines on each side projecting in front of it (fig. 9, A, oe.). Dredged at 25 to 28 fathoms off Gopalpore, Ganjam district, east coast of India. 57. Lcpralia adpressa, Busk. Lepi-alia adpressa. Bask, 1S54, pt. ii, p. 82, pi. cii, figs. ,^, 4. Obtained at "Investigator" station 532, at 62 fathoms, Mergui Archipelago (i2°i5' 20" N., 97°io' 10" E.). 58. Lepralia depressa, Busk. Lepyalia depressa, Busk, i85_i, pt. ii, p. 75. pi- xl. figs. ,v 4. Many avicularia possess mandibles long and tapering, almost vibraculoid in character, others possess stout mandibles which terminate in a three parted process resembling the claws of a gallinaceous bird. Commonly the avicularia are similar to those represented by Busk. Growing on a mass of conglomerate, dredged at 15 to 30 fathoms in the Bay of Bengal, and at 70 fathoms off Ceylon. 59. Lepralia feegeensis, Busk. Lepralia feegeensis, Busk, 1884, pt. x.xx, vol. x, p. 144. pi. xxii, fig. 10. Loosely incrusting coral conglomerate obtained from coral reefs of Kilakarai, Ramnad district, G. of Manaar. 60. Lepralia turrita, Smitt. Lepralia turrita. Smitt, 1873, pt. ii, p. 05, pi. xl, figs. 226, 228. Dredged at 24 fathoms on the Ganjam coast, also at 6 to 8 fathoms at the entrance to Palk Straits. Obtained off Gopalpore, and at Galle, Ceylon. 61. Escharoides occlusa, Busk. Lepralia occlusa, \\'aters, 1909, vol. xxxi, p. 152, pi. 14, figs. I, 2. A fine specimen obtained in Gaspar Straits. Malay Archi- pelago. Small, broken and somewhat imperfect specimens obtained at the Andamans and dredged at 112 fathoms off Port Blair, Anda- mans. 62. Petralia laccadivensis, sp. nov. Material consisting of several small colonies incrusting sponge or small shells. Adult zocecia with front wall rounded, porous. I92I.] A. Robertson: Report oti Bryozoa. 57 ^;. heavily calcified, ornamented with numerous outstanding processes (Fig. lo). Orifice rounded above, possessing in young zofjecia three distinct denticles on the lower margin, the middle one forming a relatively broad muc- ro. Below the orifice a plain non-porou« plat- form [pi.) which in old- er zo(Ecia tends to grow thicker and to extend up each side of the orifice to form the supports of small eleva- ted, sessile, lateral avi- cularia [av.). Frequent- ly one of these lateral avicularia is replaced by an elongated one of considerable size wivh spatulate mandible directed downward. {sp.av.). From the platform below the orifice there springs a tall urocess which may become bi- tri- or even quadrifid, almost completelj- obliterat- ing the orifice [pr.). The tips of the branches of these frontal processes may acquire small rounded avicularia. Other processes of considerable height, usually tipped with an aviculariurn, may decorate any part of the front wall. Oacia rounded, wall granu- lar or pierced with minute pores. A species easily recognized by the unusual number of fantastic processes scattered over the surface of the zoarium. Obtained at Ancutta Reef, Laccadives, at Santapilly, ^ladras, and dredged at 24 to 30 fathoms off the Ganjam coast. Fig. 10 — Petyalia laccudivensis, sp. iiov. x 40. 63. Petralia vultur, Hincks. MKcronella v.iltur. Hincks, 188.', 15', vol. \. p. 1O7, pi. \iii. fio-. _.. Identification tentative since no comparison with identified specimens has been possible and since certain variations occur here not noted by Hincks. These consist chiefly of numbers of large avicularia found mainly in older parts of the colonies, with mandibles of mucli variety of form. The mandibles of these avicularia are sometimes long and narrow, sometimes duck-bill shaped, and others again are forked at the extremity'. Material fairl}' abundant. Obtained off Gopalpore, Ganjarn district, Madras Presidency, at depths varying from 24 to 30 fathoms; near Mangalore at 31 fathoms ; also at Black Pagoda, Orissa coast, at 15 fathoms. Other material found at Santapilly and at station 296 (Per- 58 Records 0/ the Indian Museum. [Vot,. XXII, sian Gulf, 26°4' N., 56°2' E.) in 47 fathoms, agrees with the des- cription of P viiltiir in most respects, but differs in showing a variable number of upstanding processes around the orifice, often a median triangular one and several smaller lateral ones, all of which may or may not sup]iort small avicularia. These it is thought are only of variational value. 64. Petralia vultur, var. armata, Waters. Petrolia vultur. var, aniiafa, Waters, 1913, p- 518, pi. l\x, fig. 18. Material loosely incrusting small oyster-shells dredged at i6o fathoms, Java Sea, Malay Archipelago (Eastern Telegraph Co.). 65. Smittia landsborovii, Johnston. Siiiitfia laiidshornvii, Hincks, 1S80, p. ■?4i. pi. N]\'iii, figs. 6-9. Obtained near Puri, Orissa coast, and at Black Pagoda, Orissa coast, dredged at 15 fathoms. 66. Smittia marmorca, Hincks. Smitfia marmorca, Hincks, 1880, p. 350, pi. xxx\i, figs. 3-5. Obtained at the Andamans and dredged at 40 to 49 fathoms at station 3S7 (off C. Negrais, Burma, I5°25' N., 93°45' E.). 67. Smittia nitida, Verrill. Smittia nitida. Hincks, 1881, ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 159. pi. x, fig. 5. Obtained off Gopalpore, Oanjam coast, dredged at 24 fathoms. 68. Smittia trispinosa, Johnston. Smittia trispinosa, Hincks, 1880, p. 353, pi. xlix, figs. i-S. This species rather widely distributed : obtained at the Anda- mans ; the entrance to Palk Straits at 6 to 8 fathoms ; Black Pagoda, Orissa coast, at 15 fathoms; off Gopalpore at 25 to 28 fathoms at station 532 (Mergui Archipelago, i2°i5'2o" N., 97°io'io" E.) nt 62 fathoms. 69. Smittia trispinosa var. producta, Thornely. Smittia trispinosa var. producta. Waters, 191)9, p 173, pi, xvii, fig. 5. Obtained at Santapilly and at station 52.S (Mergui Archi- pelago, Elphinstone I., Port Maria). 70. Smittia latiavicularia, Kirkpatrick. Smittia latiavicularia. Kirkpatrick, i8S8,ser. 6, vol. i, pi. x, fig. 3. Obtairted off the Ganjam coast, dredged at 24 to 30 fathoms. I92T.| A. Robertson: Report on Brvozna. 59 71. Retepor,i delicatula, Busk. Retfpora delicatiiln. Busk. i,SS4, pi. xx\, vol. N, p. 124, pi. xwi, fig. t,. Obtained off the Ganjam coast, dredged at 24 to 30 fathoms, and at station jSv (off C. Negrais, Burma, I5°25' N., 93°45' E.) dredged at 40 to 40 fathoms. 72. Retepora porcellana, MacGilhvray. Retepova cnissa. Busk, 1.SS4, pt. \\x. \ol. x, p. 115, pJ. xx\'i. fiy" 10 ; pi. xxvii, fig'. 3. Obtained at 6°oi' N. 8i-r6'E. at 34 fatlioms ; also in the Bay of Bengal, dredged at 15 fathoms. 73. Retepora punctiligera, Ortmann. Retepora piniriiligeva, Ortni.'inn, iSijo, p. .^5, taf. ii, fig. 24. Obtained off Gopalpore, Ganjam coast, dredged at 24 to 30 fathoms. 74. Reteporella minor, Ortmann. Retepprella niiinn , Ortmann, iScjo, p. ,37, taf. ii, fig. 28. Obtained at station 532 (Mergui Archipelago, i2°i5'2o" N., Q/^lo'io" E.) in 62 fathoms. 75. Haswellia australiensis, Hasvvell. Has'ive/h'a atistralieitsa:. Busk, 1SS4, pt. xxx, vol. x, p. 172, pi. xxiv, fig. S. Obtained off Port Blair at ri2 fathoms; also dredged at 8 fathoms in i^,6^ E., lo' S., and at 49 fathoms in 142° E., and 8'S. 76. Adeonella japonica, Ortmann. Adeonella japoiiica. Ortmann, l8yc, p. 54, taf. iv, fig. 11. Obtained at Santapilly and at station. 464 (S. of Ceylon, 6'^2' 30" N.^ 8i°29' E.) in 52-68 fathoms. 77. Adeonella platalea, Busk. Atieonella platalea, Busk, 1884, pt. xxx. \'ol. x, p. 184, pi. xxl, figs. 4,4(7 and text figtire 50. Fine specimen obtained at Mergui, Burma 78. Adeonella marginata, sp. nov. Zoarium consisting of numerous flat, strap-like branches, two or more inches in height. Mode of attachment not known, the material consisting of fragments only. To the naked eye each fragment or branch is seen to consist of a somewhat flattened middle portion with a border or margin of large zocecia forming irregularly radiatuig lines. The two surfaces of each branch are 6o Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XXII, almost exact duplicates of each other. This may be seen readily if one inspects the margins, and especially a cross section of a branch. As is characteristic of this genus, the zooecia are poly- morphic consisting of three kinds of individuals: i, the oidinary nutritive zooecia (fig. ii, A and B, nu. zee.), 2, the ocecial zocEcia (B, oe. zoe.), 3, the avicularian zooecia (B av. zcf.). The middle portion of each branch is occupied by six or eight rows of nutritive zooecia regularly alternate (A, ntt. zoe.). Bordering these on each side are two or more rows of large reproductive zooecia, and outside these a row of large avicularian zooecia. I'll.. I|. — Adeoiiella iiiarginafa, sp. nov. X 40. A. Four young zooecia in middle portion of a B. To show tile three kinds of /ooeecia on colony. '4"fTVMS. A branch, the inargfin of the At the tips of the branches, the young nutritive zooecia (fig. II, A) are more than half immersed although the whole of the out- line may be detected while the matrix is thin. Front wall hyaline, non-porous. Orifice round with a deep wide sinus, the upper edges of which soon close to form a large pore (p.). On each side of the pore an avicularium with triangular mandible directed upward. Lower down, somewhat to one side of the median line, another avicularium with mandible directed transversely (B). In older zooecia avicularia increase in number and with increase in calcifi- cation mav increase or decrease in size. I92I.] A. Robertson: Report on Bryozoa. 6i Even nutritive zooecia tend to become larger as they approach the margin (B, nu. zoe.), A relatively small number of zooecia attain a very large size (B oe. zoe.), whose wall becomes highly calcified and porous. These are the reproductive zooecia charac- teristic of this genus. The outermost row of the margin consists of zocecia which function only as avicularia (av. zoe.); mandible directed obliquely upward and outward. Dredged at 65 fathoms near Mergui Archinelago, station 535 (I3°4'30"N., 96°44'E.). 79- Lagenipora costazii, Audouin. Cellepora costazii, Hincks, 1880, p. 411, pi. 1\ , tigs. 11-14. Found quite commontyj incrusting stems of seaweed : Manga- lore, off Carwar and Mulki ; at Cheval Paar ; Colombo ; dredged at 10-15 fathoms at Seven Pagodas, Madras, and at 34 fathoms by the " Investigator " at 6°oi' N., 8i°i6' E.; also dredged off Gopalpore at 28-25 fathoms and Ganjam at 25 fathoms. 80. Lagenipora tuberculata, MacGillivray. Lagenipora tuberculata, MacGilli\ra)-, 1882, p. 209, pi. 156, figs, i, 2. Identification tentative. Material obtained at two localities growing on coral conglomerate: Laccadives, and dredged at 34 fathoms by the " Investigator " in 6°oi' N. and 8i°i6' E. 81. Holoporella aperta, Hincks. Holoporella aperta. Waters, iqog, p. 161, pi. 18, figs. 20-23. Dredged at 24-30 fathoms oft" the Ganjam coast. 82. Holoporella tridenticulata, Busk. Cellepora iridenticulafa, Busk, 1SS4, pt. xxx, vol. \, p. 195, pi. \\ix, fig. 5. Obtained at Cinque Island, Andanians, '' Investigator " ; also near Puri, Orissa coast. 83. ? Holoporella mammillata, Busk. .' Cellepora maiiinnllata, Busk, 1854. pt. ii. pi. cxx, figs. 3, 4, 5. In most points this species agrees with the description given by Busk, but this identification considered somewhat doubtful. Common, found at depths ranging from 15 fathoms to 703 falhoms at eight stations in the Bay of Bengal. 84. Cupularia canariensis, Busk. Ciipularia canariensis. Busk, 1859, vol. 7, p. 66, pi. 22,. figs. 6-tj. Several colonies of various sizes obtained at the Andamans. The largest colony is about ii mm. in diameter and 2 mm. high at the apex. The others vary from 8 to 5 mm. in diameter. The 62 Records of Ihe Indian Mnscimi. [Vol. XXII, material is dry, but it is thought to have contained living colonies when collected. CvCLOSTOMATA. 85. Crisia sp. Material consists of several fragments of Cy/sja which contain no ovicells, hence impossible to identifj\ Obtained off Ganjam coast at 24 to 30 fathoms, also from Gaspar Straits, and from station 152 (iiimiks 8.83° W. of Colombo Lt., Ceylon) at 26J fathoms. 86. Filisparsa tubulosa, Busk. Filisparsa tubulosa, Waters, 1910, p. 235, pi. xxv, figs. 16, 17. Obtained in Gaspar Straits growing with F. oculata. 87. Idmonea atlantica, E. Forbes. Idmonea ailantica, HiriLks, 18S0, p. 451, pi. Ixv, figs. 1-4. Obtained in Gaspar Straits and at station 47 (off mouth 01 Godaveri R., Bay of Bengal) in 5-6 fathoms. 88. Idmonea gracillima, Busk. Idmonea gyacilUma, Ortmann, iSgo, p. 60, pi. iv, fig. 26. Beautiful specimen obtained 4 miles south of Ganjam at 25 fathoms. 89. Entalophora raripora, d'Orbigny. Pustiilopora proboscidea, Busk, i8S6, pt. 4, vol. xvii, p. ig, pi. Iv, fiy. i. Several colonies obtained at Santapilly, also at station 152 (11^ miles S. 83° W. of Colombo Lt.) at 26J fathoms. 90. Lichenopora radiata, Audouin. Lichenopora radiata, Hincks, 1880, p. 476, pi. Ixviii, figs. 9, lu. A single colony growing on the inside of a shell obtained by the "Investigator" at station 384 (off C. Negrais, Burma, i6°o' N., 93°37' E.) in 40 fathoms. 91. Domopora truncata, Jameson. Domopora truncata. Hincks, iS8o, p. 4S5, Ixiii, figs. 5-9. A single specimen growing on a mass of coral conglomerate obtained at entrance to Palk Straits, 3 miles N.N.W. of Point Pedro, in 6 to 8 fathoms. Ctenostomata. 92. Alcyonidium mytili, Dalyell. Alcyonidiiim mytili, Hincks, 1880, p. 498, pi. Ixx, figs. 2, 3. Obtained at Puri beach, Orissa coast, growing on twigs. I92I.] A. Robkrtson: Report oh Bryozoa. 63 93. Amathia semiconvoluta, Lamouroux. Amathia semicoiivohifa, VN'aters, igio. p. 243, pi. 24, fig. 'i. Atnathia coiuiexa, Bii?^., Vol. xxx. 1909. Report on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. Pt. I, Cheilostomata. Proc. Zool Soc. London, Vol. xxxi. 1921.] A. Robertson : Report on Bryozoa. 65 1910. Report on the Marine Biolog}' of the Sudanese Red Sea. Pt. 2, Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, and Endoprocta. Ibid. 1913. The Marine Fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar. Ibid.