112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, 
GENERIC TYPES OF NEARCTIC REPTILIA AND AMPHIBIA. 
BY ARTHUR ERWIN BROWN. 
By the adoption of the new Article 30 of the International Zoological 
Code at the Boston meeting of the seventh Congress in August, 1907, 
the methods of nomenclature are brought measurably nearer to 
uniformity; perhaps as near as is possible under any set of rules, for 
it must always be true of inelastic rules — and fortunate that it is so — 
that they cannot excuse the individual from the exercise of independ- 
ent judgment in cases such as those where diverging opinions may 
fairly be held as to their application. Absolute agreement is not 
likely to be reached until, in respect of the past, names themselves 
are formally adopted by general accord, instead of rules. 
So completely representative a body as the International Zoological 
Congress having unanimously adopted the new Article, the way is 
made easy for the minority of zoologists who are dissenters as to some 
of its provisions, for they may now be willing to yield their practice 
to so great a preponderance of opinion in matters which are those onl}' 
of convention. 
For this reason the Code is here followed in all essential details, even 
to the acceptance of undefined genera, such as those of Fitzinger in 
the System Reptilium, in place of others which in the author's own 
opinion have a better claim to be preferred. But it is not now profit- 
able to discuss the question. 
For most of the genera here included types have been ascertained 
from time to time as necessity required, but the whole list has now 
been re\dsed in accordance with the present rule. 
No full synonymy of the genera has been attempted, the names 
cited as equivalents being only those that have been in recent use for 
the whole or a part of the contents of the one adopted. 
REPTILIA. 
The name was first used by Laurenti (1768) for his three divisions, 
(I) Salientia, (II) Gradientia, (III) Serpentes, and included all reptiles 
and amphibians. The correct limits of the class were first laid down 
by Gray (Annals of Philosophy, (2), 10, p. 194, 1825). 
1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 113 
CROCODILINI. 
First separated as a distinct order, under this name, by Oppel 
{Ord. and Fam. Rept., p. 19, 1811). By Linnaeus they were placed in 
his genus Lacerta. By Laurenti in Gradientia with lizards and tailed 
amphibians. By most other early authors under "sauriens" or 
saurii, usually with lizards. "Emydosauriens" was used by Latreille 
(1801) and Blainville (1816). This w^as Latinized into Emydosauria 
by Gray (1825). Loricata Merrem (1820) was used twenty-eight years 
earlier for a subdivision of edentate mammals by Vicq. d'Azyr {Syst. 
Anat. des Anim., 1792). 
Crooodilus Laur. (Syst. Rept., p. 5.3, 1768). 
Type by tautonomy Crocodilus niloticus Laur. (= Lacerta croco- 
dilus Linn. part.). 
Alligator Cuvier (Ann. du Musee, X, p. 63, 1807). 
Type by elimination Crocodilus lucius Cuv. (= Crocodilus missis- 
sippiensis Daudin). 
TESTUDINATA. 
Oppel (Ord. and Fam. Rept., p. 3, 1811). Turtles were placed in the 
genus Testudo by Linnaeus. They were not mentioned by Laurenti. 
According to Dr. Stejneger they were named Testudines by Batsch 
(1788). They were called "cheloniens" by Brongniart, Daudin and 
Cuvier. Chelonii by Latreille {Hist. Nat. des Salamandres de France, 
etc., p. xi, 1800) and Dumeril (1806). Cataphracta Link (1807). Dr. 
Stejneger properly objects to the use of the mere plural of the generic 
terms Testudo and Chelonia, and accepts Oppel's name rather than 
resurrect the obscure Cataphracta Link, four years earlier. 
ATHECE. 
DERMOOHELID^. 
Dermochelys Blain. (Bull. Soc. Philom., 1816, p. 111). 
This genus was based upon the "tortue a cuir" (= Testudo coriacea 
Linn.). 
= Sphargis Merrem (1820), same type. 
THECOPHORA. 
CHELYDRID^. 
Chelydra Schweig. (Prod., p. 23, 1814). 
Monotype TestuAo serpentina Linn. 
= Chelonura Fleming (1822). Same type. 
8 
114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, 
Maoroolemmys Gray (Cat. Sh. Kept., I, p. 48, 1855). 
Monotype Chelonura temminckii Holb. 
= Macrochehjs Gray (1856). Same type. 
OINOSTERNID^. 
Cinostemum Spix (Spec Nov. Test., p. 17, 1824). 
Founded upon Kinosternon longicaudatum and K. hrevicaudatum. 
Both being synonyms of Testudo scorpioides Linn., the genus is mono- 
typic. 
> Thyrosternum Agass. (1857). Type Cinostemum pennsylvanicum. 
> Plafythyra Agass. (1857). Type Cinostemum flavescens. 
Sternothoerus Gray (Ann. of Philo.s., 1825, p. 193). 
Type by ehmination S. odoratus Daudin. Also by designation of 
Fitzinger {Syst. Rept., p. 29, 1843). 
Stemothceriis as cited by Gray from Bell's manuscript contained S. 
odorata and S. pennsylvanica. The last belonging strictly to Cino- 
stemum Spix, odorata becomes the type. This use of the name ante- 
dates by a short time Sternothoerus Bell (Zool. Jour., 11,305, 1825). 
Aromochelys Gray (1855) also has odorata for type. 
TESTUDINID^. 
Chrysemys Gray (Cat. Tort., p. 27, 1844). 
Founded on Emys picta Schweig. and E. belli Gray. Gray retained 
■picta as the type {Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 191). 
> Pseudemys Gray (1855). Type Pseudemys concinna. 
> Ptychemys Agass. (1857). Type Ptychemys concinna. 
'^ Trachemys Agass. (1857). Type Trachemys scabra. 
> Deirochelys Agass. (1857). Type Deirochelys reticulata, 
y- CaUichelys Gray (1863) . Type Emys ornata. 
Halaooolemmys^ Gray (Cat. Tort., p. 27, 1844). 
Monotype Testudo concentrica Shaw (= Testudo terrapin SchoepfT). 
> Graptemys Agass. (1857). Type Graptemys geographica. 
Clemmys Ritgen (Nova Acta Acad. Leop. Car., XIV, pt. 1, 272. 1828). 
Type by elimination Emys punctata ( = Testudo guttata Schn.). 
= Chelopus Rafin. (1832). Same type. 
= Nanemys Agass. (1857). Same type. 
> Calemys Agass. (1857). Tj-pe Calemys muhlenbergi. 
> Giyptemys Agass. (1857). Type Glyptemys insculptus. 
> Actinemys Agass. (1857). Type Actinemys marmorata. 
Emys Oppel (Ord. Fam. Rept., p. 11, 1811).= 
Oppel cited three species : 
' Written Malaclemys by Gray, but stated by him to be a mistake. 
^Emys Dum^ril {Zool. Anal, p. 76, 1806) 'is not used in a properly generic 
sense and has no standing. 
1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 115 
"Sterno antice mobile — E. lutaria." 
''Sterno cmciforme j '^'P'^'f,^;; ^^f ^/'" ^^ ^^^^^ 
( longicoUis < Chelodina Fitz., 1826. 
Emys lutaria was also designated as the type by Fitzinger in 1843, 
under the name of Emys europcea Schw. 
= Ermjdoidea Gray (1870). T>T)e Emys Blandingii. 
Ttrrapene Merrem (Tent. Syst. Amph., p. 27, 1820). 
Type T. clausa Merr. ( = Testudo Carolina Linn.). By designation of 
Gray (Ann. of Philos., X, 1825, p. 192). 
Cistudo Fleming (Phil. ZooL, II, p. 270, 1822), often used for these 
turtles, is wanting in definition and in any case is an exact synonym 
of Terrapene Merrem, two years its senior, both being founded on 
Cuvier's "tortues a boite." 
Didicla Rafin. (Atl. Journal, 1832, p. 64) has T. dmisa for type and is 
also a synonym. 
Testudo Linn. (Syst. Nat., Ed. X, p. 197, 1758). 
Type Testudo graeca Linn. By designation of Fitzinger (Syst. 
RepL, 29, 1843). 
> Gopherus Rafin. (1832). Type Testudo polyphemus. 
> Xerobates Agass. (1857). Type Testudo herlandieri. 
CHELONID^. 
Chelonia Latreille (Hist. Nat. Kept., 1, p. 22, 1802). 
Type Testudo mydas Linn. By original designation. This genus is 
often attributed to Brongniart (Bull. Soc. Philom., 11, p. 89, 1800). 
In that place, however, it rests upon these words onl)% "G. Chelone- 
Chelonia (ce sont les tortues de mer)," and is a nomen nudum. 
Caretta Rafin. (SpeccioSci. (Palermo), 11, 66, 1814). 
Monotype C. nasuta Raf. (= T. caretta Linn.). 
Rafinesque's words are "Caretta nasuta Raf., Testudo caretta Linn." 
= ThalassochelysY'iiz.{\S'ib). Same type. 
Eretmoohelys Fitz. (Syst. Rept., p. 30, 1843). 
Type Chelonia imhricata Cuv. By original designation. 
TRIONYOHID^. 
Platypeltis Fitz. (Ann. Wien Mus., 1, pp. 120, 127, 1835). 
Type Platypeltis ferox Schweig. 
The two species named by Fitzinger, Trionyx brongniartii Schw. and 
T. ferox Schw. are identical, and the genus is therefore monotypic. The 
same species was designated by Fitzinger (Syst. Rept., 30, 1843). 
Amyda Oken (1816). Type Trionyx euphraticus. 
Aspidonectes Wagl. (1830). Type Trionyx cegypticus. 
116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, 
SQUAMATA. 
Correctly outlined by Merrem {Tent. Syst. Amph., p. 39, 1820) with 
groups (I) Gradientia, (II) Repentia, (III) Serpentia. 
Oppel used Squamata in 1811 with groups (I) saurii, (II) ophidii, 
but he included crocodiles in saurii. 
LACERTILIA. 
Authors previous to Owen either included with lizards the crocodiles, 
or omitted serpentiform lizards, under the names Gradientia, "sau- 
riens," or saurii. They were first correctly delimited under the name 
Lacertilia by Owen {Rep. Br. Ass. Adv. of Sc, 1841, p. 162). 
GEOKONIDuE. 
Phyllodactylus Gray (Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 3, 1830). 
Monotype Phyllodactylus pulcher Gray. 
Sphfflrodaotylua Wagl. (Syst. Amph., p. 143, 1830). 
Type Sphcerodactylus sputator Sparr. By designation of Fitzinger 
{Syst. Rept., 18, 1843). It was also the only one of Wagler's species 
retained in the genus by Gray (1831) and Dumeril and Bibron (1836). 
EUBLEPH ARID^ . 
Coleonix Gray (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 184,5, 162). 
Type Coleonyx elegans Gray. By designation of Boulenger {Cat. 
Liz. Br. Mus., 1, p. 234, 1885). 
IGUANID^. 
Anolis Daudin (Hist. Nat. Rept., IV, p. 50, 1803). 
According to Dr. Stejneger {Herp. of Porto Rico, 625, 1904) the type 
of Anolis is A. hullaris. But the pertinency of this name to any known 
species is far from certain. Lacerta hullaris linn, rests on Catesby's 
plate 66, "Lacerta viridis jamaicensis ," whose recognition is chiefly 
an act of faith. No other of the early authors added exactness to its 
use. A. hullaris Daud. {I. c, p. 69) is based on L. hullaris Linn., adding 
thereto Catesby's plate 65, "Lacerta viridis carolinensis /' and another 
unassignable Linnean name, L. strumosa. Dumeril and Bibron (Vol. 
4, pp. 117, 120) divide A. hullaris Daud. into A. chloro-cyanus and A. 
carolinensis, considering the first of these species to be questionably 
L. hullaris Linn. As A. carolinensis D. and B. rests on a firm basis in 
Catesby, it would seem that this name should not be disturbed, and 
that hullaris of authors should be permitted to remain in obscurity. 
1508.] NATUKAX, SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 117 
Ctenosaura Wiegman (Isis, 1828, p. 371). 
Monotype Ctenosaura cyduroides Wieg. (= Lacerta acanthura Shaw). 
Dipsosaurus Hallowell (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 92). 
jMonotype Crotaphytus dorsalis B. and G. 
CrotaphytUS Holbrook (No. Am. Herp., II, p. 79, 1842). 
Monotype Agama collaris Say. 
Sauromalus DuoKiril (Arch, du Mus., VIII, 535, 1856). 
Monotype Sauromalus ater Dum. 
Callisaurus Blainville (Nouv. Ann. du Mus., IV, 286, 1835). 
Type Callisaurus draconoides Blain. By original designation. 
Uma Baird (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253). 
Monotype Uma notata Bd. 
Holbrookia Girard (Proc. A. A. A. Science, IV. 201, 1851). 
Monotype Holbrookia maculata Gir. 
Uta Baird and Girard (Stans. Exp. Gr. Salt Lake, 344, 1852). 
Type Uta stanshuriana B. and G. By original designation. 
Soeloporus Wiegman (Isis, 1828, p. 369). 
Type Sceloporus torquatus Wieg. By designation of Fitzinger 
(Syst. Rept., p. 17, 1843). 
PhrynoBoma Wiegman (Isis, 1828, p. 367). 
Subgenus Phrynosoma Wieg. Type Lacerta orhicidare Linn. By 
designation of Wiegman {Herp. Mex., 18, 1834). 
Subgenus Anota Hallowell {Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 182). 
Monotype Anota Mccallii Hallow. 
HELODERMATIDiE. 
Heloderma Wiegman (Isis, 1829, p. 627). 
Monotype Heloderma horridum Wieg. 
ANGUID^. 
OpMsaurus Daudin (Hist. Rept., VII, 346, 1803). 
Monotype Anguis ventralis Linn. 
DiploglosSUS Wiegman (Herp. Mex., 36, 1834). 
Type Tiliqua fasciata Gray. By designation of Dum. and Bib. 
{Erp. Gen., V, 588, 1839).^ 
Subgenus Celestus Gray (Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1839, p. 288). 
Monotype Celestus striatus Gray. 
^ The subgenus Diploglossus is extra limital. 
118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Apfil, 
GerrhonotUS Wiegman (Isi?, 1828, p. 379). 
Subgenus Gerrhonotus Wieg. Type Gerrhonotus tessellatus Wieg. 
( = G. liocephalus Wieg.)- By designation of Fitzinger {Syst. Rept., 
21, 1843). 
Subgenus Barissia Gray {Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1838, p. 390). Type 
Barissia imbricata Gray. By designation of Stejneger {Proc. U. S. 
Nat. Mus.,XUI, 183, 1890). 
XANTUSIIDiE. 
XantUBia Baird (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 255). 
Monotype Xantusia vigilis Bd. 
Zablepsis Cope (Amer. Naturalist, 1895, p. 758). 
Type Xantusia henshawi Stej. B}'^ original designation. 
Amoebopsis Cope (Amer. Naturalist, 1895, p. 758). 
Type Xantusia gilberti Van Den. By original designation. 
TEIID^. 
Cnemidoplieraa Wagler (Syst. Amph., 154, 1830). 
Subgenus Cnemidophorus Wagl. Type Seps murinus Laur. By 
designation of Fitzinger {Syst. Rept., 20, 1843). Dr. H. Gadow, in an 
interesting analysis' of this genus (P. Z. S. London, 1906, 1, p. 288), 
makes reference to C. sexlineatus as being the type. But in no way 
could this be, for it is not one of the species enumerated by Wagler. 
Subgenus Verticaria Cope {Proc. Am. Phil. Sac, 1869, p. 158). Type 
Cnemidophorus hyperythrus Cope. By original designation. 
SOINOIDuE. 
LygOSOma Gray (Zool. Journal, III, 1827, p. 228). 
Monotype Lacerta serpens Bloch ( = L. chalcides Linn.). 
Subgenus Liolepisma Dum. and Bib. {Erp. Gen., V, 742, 1839). 
Monotype Scincus telfairi Desj . 
= Oligosoma Girard (1857). Type Mocoa zelandica. 
PlMtiodon Dum. and Bib. (Erp. Gen., V, 697, 1839). 
Type Lacerta quinquelineata Linn. By designation of Fitzinger 
{Syst. Rept., p. 22, 1843). 
Eumeces Wiegman {Herp. Mex., p. 36, 1834) can not be used for this 
genus. Wiegman included in it three species : 
1. Scincus pavimentatus Geofi. < Plestiodon D. and B., 1839. 
2. Scincus rufescens Merreni = type of Eumeces Fitz., 1843. 
3. Scincus punctatus Schn. = type of Eumeces D. and B., 1839. 
The selection of S. punctatus Schn. (not Riopa punctata Gray, 1839) 
1008.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 119 
as type by Dumeril and Bibron (Vol. Y, p. 630) ties Eumeces to a sec- 
tion of skinks with iinseparated pterygoids. The available name for 
the present genus seems to be Plestiodon. 
ANELYTROPID^. 
AnelytropsiS Cope (Proc. Am. Phila. Soc, 1885, p. 3S0). 
Monotype Anelytropsis papillosus Cope. 
ANNIELLID^. 
Anniella Gray (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1852, p. 440). 
Monotype Anniella pulchra Gray. 
EUOHIROTID^. 
Euchirotes Cope (Amer. Naturalist, 1894, p. 4.36). 
i\Ionotype Euchirotes biporus Cope. 
AMPHISBuS3NID ^ . 
Rhineura Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 75). 
Type Lepidosternum floridana Bd. By original designation. 
OPHIDIA. 
Serpentes Linn, included snakes, amphisbsenians and csecilians, as 
also did Serpentia Laiir. (1768) and Ophidii Daudin (1803). Serpentes 
Dumeril (1806) included csecilians. Ophidii Oppel (1811) and Ser- 
pentia Merrem (1820) included amphisbsenians. The serpents were 
first cleared of unrelated forms by Ciray, using the name Ophidii 
(Ann. of Philos., 1825, p. 204). 
LEPTOT YPHLOPID^ . 
LeptOtyphlops Fitzinger (Syst. Rept., p. 24, 1843). 
Type Typhlops nigricans Schlegel. By original designation. 
= Glauconia Gray (184.5). Type Typhlops ?iigricans. 
> Rena B. and G. (1853). Type Rena dulcis B. and G. 
> Siagonodon Veters (1881). Type Typhlops septetnstriatus Schn. 
BOIDiE. 
Lichanura Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 304). 
^lonotype Lichanura trivirgata Cope. 
Charina Gray (Cat. Sn. Br. Mus., p. 113, 1849). 
Monotype Tortrix hottce Blain. 
= Wenona B. and G. (1853). Type Wenona plunibea B. and G. 
120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, 
COLUBRID^. 
Tropidonotus Boi(S (Isis, 1826, I, p. 204). 
Type Coluber natrix Linn. By designation of Boie {Isis, 1827, p. 
518). 
= Natrix Laur. (Cope, 18SS). Not Cope, 1862. 
> Nerodia B. and G. (1853). Tj^pe Coluber sipedon Linn. 
> Regina B. and G. (1853). TyY>e Coluber leberis Linn. 
> Clonophis Cope (1888). Tj-pe Regina kirtlandii Kenn. 
The use of Natrix Laur. for this genus does not appear to me obliga- 
tory or excusable. The rule under which types of undefined genera 
are accepted does not constrain or even imply that, in the case of an 
originally defined genus, a species must be accepted as type having 
characters contrary to the definition. If it did so, the only consistent 
course would be to admit that the Code does not consider definitions at 
all. It was pointed out by me (Science, July 6, 1907, p. 117) that of 
the fourteen recognizable species cited by Laurenti under Natrix, now 
distributed among eight genera, the two belonging to the present genus 
are the only ones at diametric variance with " Truncus glabernitidus," 
which is the sole character of diagnostic value in the definition. 
Because Fleming (Philos. of ZooL, II, p. 291, 1822) chose to select an 
unconforming type for Natrix in T. torquata (= Coluber natrix Linn.), 
or because the rule of "type by tautonomy" could be applied to the 
case, it does not follow that we are compelled to use Natrix. It is still 
open to rejection for any group as a meaningless conglomerate. It is 
also questionable whether Fleming's citation of a species after some of 
the genera given by him constitutes selection of a type in accordance 
with paragraph llg of Article 30. 
As first published in a posthumous letter from Kuhl (Isis, 1822, p. 
473) Tropidonotus is a nomen nudum. But four years later it was well 
defined by Boie (Isis, 1826, 1, 204), who credited it to Kuhl, and named 
under it Coluber natrix Linn, and viperinus Daudin. The following 
year he definitely fixed natrix as the type. 
Thamnophis Fitzinger (Syst. Kept., p. 26, 1843). 
Type Tropidonotus sauritus Schl. By original designation. 
= Eutcenia B. and G. (1853). Same type. 
> Atomarchus Cope (1883). Type Atomarchus multimaculatus Cope. 
> Stypocemus Cope (1875). Tj^pe Stypocemus rufopunctatus Coi>e, by substitu- 
tion for Chilopoma Cope, preoccupied. 
Tropidoclonium Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 76). 
Type Microps lineatiim Hallow. By original designation. 
Seminatrix Cope (Anier. Naturalist, 1895, p. 678). 
Type Seminatrix pygceus Cope. By original designation. 
1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 121 
Helicops Wagler (S3-st. Amph., 170, 1830). 
Type Helicops carinicaudatus Wagl. B}^ designation of Fitzinger 
{Syst. RepL, 25, 1843). 
> Liodytes Cope (1885). T\-pe Helicops alleni Garm. 
Amphiardis Cope (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, p. 391). 
Type Virginia inornata Garm. By original designation. 
Haldea B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., 122, 1853). 
Type Coluber striatula Linn. By original designation. 
Storeria B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., 135, 1853). 
Type Tropidonotus dekayi Holb. By original designation. 
= Ischnognathus Dum. and Bib. (1853). Same type. 
DrymarcllOll Fitzinger (Syst Kept., 26, 1843). 
T3'pe Coluber corais Daudin. By original designation. 
< Spiloies ^^'agle^ (1830). Type S. pullatus. 
= Compsosoma Cope (1895). No tj^pe. = Compsosoma Dum. and Bib. part. 
= Georgia B. and G. (1853). Type Coluber couperi Holb. 
Drymobius Fitzinger (Syst. Kept., 26, 1843). 
Type Herpetodryas margaritiferus Schl. By original designation. 
Callopeltis (Fitz.) Bonap. (Icon. Fauna Ital., Vol. II, and Mem. Acad. Torino (2), 11,401, 1840). 
Type Coluber leopardinus. By original designation of Fitzinger. 
= Coluber auctores. 
> Scofophis B. and G. (1853). Tjqje Coluber allegheniensis Holb. 
= Xatrix Laur. (Cope, 1862). Not Cope, 1888. 
Arizona Kenn. (U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 18, 1859). 
Monot3'pe Arizona elegans Kenn. 
< Rhinechis^licah. (1833). Type Rhinechis scalaris. 
Pityophis Holbrook (No. Am. Herp., IV, 7, 1842). 
Monotype Coluber melanoleu^us Daudin. 
Coluber Linn (Syst. Nat. Ed., X, 216, 1758). 
Type Coluber constrictor Linn. By designation of Fitzinger {Syst. 
RepL, 26, 1843). 
= Zamenis 'SXagler (1830). Type Xatrix gemonensis Laur. 
> Bascanium B. and G. (1853). Type Coluber constrictor Linn. 
y>Masticophis B. and G. (1853). Type Coluber flagelhim Shaw. 
ITnder the new Rule 30 we are no longer bound to Laurenti's notion, 
as first reviser, of the Umits of Coluber and are therefore freed from the 
consideration of Dr. Stejneger's proposal {Herp. of Japan, pp. 307, 
443, 1907) to transfer the name to the genus otherwise known as 
Vipera I^aur. — a change which would have been serious in view of all 
the connotations of the word "coluber." The present shifting of the 
term to replace Bascanium, following Fitzinger's selection of a type, 
122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, 
long antedates Collett's designation of Vipera ferus and has the good 
fortune to preserve both the long established family names Coluhridce 
and Viperidce. 
Salvadora B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., 104, 1853). 
Type Salvadora Grahamke B. and G. By original designation. 
= Phimothyra Cope (1860). Same type. 
Phyllorhynohus Stejneger (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. 1890, p. 151). 
Type PhyUorhynchus hrowni Stej. By original designation. 
Opheodrys Fitzinger (Syst. Kept., 26, 1843). 
Type Herpetodryas cestivus Schl. By original designation. 
< Le pto phis BeW (1826) . Type Leptophis ahwtuUa. 
<; Cydophis Gunther (1858). Type Herpetodryas tricolor. 
Liopeltis Fitzinger (Syst. Kept., 26, 1843). 
Type Herpetodryas tricolor Schl. By original designation. 
> Chlorosoma B. and G. (1853). Type Coluber vernalis DeKay. 
Contia B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., 110, 1853). 
Type Contia mitis Bd. By original designation. 
Pseudoficimia Bocourt (Miss. Sci. au Max., 572, 1883) 
Monotype Pseudoficimia pulchra Boc. 
Conopsis Giinther (Cat. Sn. Br. Mus., 6, 1858). 
Monotype Conopsis nasus Giinth. 
Toluca Kennicott (U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., 23, 1859). 
Monotype Toluca lineata Kenn. 
DiadopMs B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., 112, 1853). 
Type Coluber punctatus Linn. By original designation. 
Lampropeltis Fitzinger (Syst. Rept.,25, 1843). 
Type Herpetodryas getulus Schl. By original designation. 
= Ophibolus B. and G. (1853). Type Coronella sayi Holb. 
> Osceola B. and G. (1853). Type Calamaria elapsoiclea Holb. 
Stilosoma A. Brown (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 199, 1890). 
Monotype Stilosoma extenuatum A. Brown. 
CarphopMs Gervais (Diet. Hist. Nat. d'Orbigny, III, 191, 1843). 
Monotype Coluber amoenus Say. 
> Carphophiops Gervais (1843). Type C. vermifortnis. 
= Celuta B. and G. (1853). Type Coluber amoejius Sav. 
= Brachyorros Holbrook (1842). Same type. Not of Boie (1827). 
Faranoia Gray (Zool. Misc., p. 68, 1842). 
Monotype Farancia Drummondi Gray (= Coluber abaciirus Holb.). 
Abastor Gray (Cat. Sn. Br. Mus., p. 78, 1849). 
Monotype Helicops erythrogrammus Wagler. 
1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 123 
Virginia B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., p. 127. 1853). 
Type Virginia Vcdcrice B. and G. By crrigmal designation. 
Ficimia Gray (Cat. Sn. Br. Mus., p. 80. 1849). 
^lonotype Ficimia olivacea Gray. 
Chilomeniscus Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1860. p. 339). 
^lonotype Chilomeniscus stramineus Cope. 
Cemophora Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 244). 
Type Coluber coccineus Blum. By original designation. 
Rhinochilus B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., p. 120, 1853). 
Type Rhinochilus Lecontei B. and G. By original designation. 
Hypsijlena Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 246). 
Type Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha Cope. By original designation. 
Rhadinea Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 10). 
Type Tceniophis vermiculaticeps Cope. By original designation. 
Prof. Cope subsequently (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 132) 
named R. melanocephala D. and B. as the type, and again {Rep. U. S. 
Nat. Mus., 1898, p. 754) he says the type is R. obtusa Cope. The 
genus was, however, distinctly founded upon T. vermiculaticeps on its 
first publication in 1863. 
Heterodon Latreille (Hist. Nat. des Kept., IV, p. 32, 1800). 
^Monotype Heterodon platyrhinus Latr. 
Trimorphodon Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 297). 
Type Trimorphodon lyrophanes Cope. By original designation. 
Leptodira Fitzinger (Syst. Kept., p. 27, 1843). 
Type Dipsas anmdatus Schl. By original designation. Sihon Fitz. 
{Neue Class Rept., 1826, p. 29) can not be used for this genus of opistho- 
glyph snakes. It has, by tautonomy, f or type Coluber nebulatus Linn. 
(= Coluber sibon Linn.), which is the type of Petalognathus Dum. and 
Bib. 
Manolepis Cope (Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 1885, p. 76). 
Type Tomodon nasutus Cope. By original designation. 
Concphis Peters (Monats. Berl. Acad., 1860. p. 519). 
jMonotype Conophis vittatus Peters. 
Erythrolamprus Boie (Isis. 1826, p. 981). 
Monotype Coluber venustissimus Pr. Max. 
= Coniophanes Hallow. (1S60). Type C. fissidens. 
Scolecophis Fitzinger (Syst. Rept., p. 25, 1843). 
Type Calamaria atrocincta SchL By original designation. 
124 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, 
Tantilla B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., p. 131, 1853). 
Type Tantilla coronata B. and G. By original designation. 
= Homalocraniuni Dum. and Bib. (Erp. Gen., YIl, 855, 1854). Type H. 
planiceps (not of Dum. and Bib., Mem. Acad. Sci., 1853, p. 490. Tj-pe 
Calamaria hrachyorros Hallow.). 
Elaps Schneider (Hist. Amph., II, p. 289, 1801). 
Type Ela'ps lemniscatus linn. By designation of Gray (Ann. of 
Philos., 1825, p. 206). 
Fleming (Philos. ZooL, II, p. 295, 1822) mentions Elaps lacteus, but it 
does not appear that in this work types are selected as required by the 
present rule. 
VIPBRID^. 
Anoistrodon Beauvois (Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, IV, p. 381, 1799). 
Monotype Agkistrodon mokasen Beau. (= Boa contortrix Linn.). 
Beauvois says (p. 381) under Agkistrodon, "In this last division 
should be arranged the mokasen," which on p. 370 he refei"s to as 
Agkistrodon mokasen. 
Sistrurus Garman (No. Am. Rept., p. 110, 1883). 
Type Crotalus miliarius Linn. By substitution. 
Crotalus Linn. (Syst. Nat., Ed. X, p. 214, 1758). 
Type Crotalus horridus Linn. By designation of Gray (Ann. of 
Philos., 1825, p. 205). 
A.AIPHIBIA. 
According to Dr. Stejneger Batrachia was used for the first time by 
Batsch (1788) as an exact synonym of Salientia Laurenti (1768), for 
which reason he thinks it should not be used for a di\ision of wider 
scope. Brongniart (1800) had very nearly an exact conception of the 
contents of this class, for he even suspected that the csecilians belong 
to it, but he used only the vernacular '' batraciens." All other authors 
omitted csecilians down to 1811, when Oppel used Nuda for the class, 
with orders (I) Apoda, (II) Ecaudata, (III) Caudata. Merrem (1820) 
used Batrachia with (I) Apoda, (II) Salientia, (III) Gradientia. 
Amphibia Linn, included reptiles and amphibians, but was never 
used in exact form until Gray correctly applied it (Ann. of Philos. 
(n. s.), 10, p. 213, 1825). 
By strict priority the name would be Nuda Oppel, but fortunately 
it is not necessary to replace a well-known class name by one so 
obscure. 
1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 125 
SALIENTIA. 
Salientia Laurenti {Syn. Rept., p. 24, 1768) contained the genera 
Rana, Pipa, Hyla and Bufo, as well as Proteus, which seems to have 
been founded on a tadpole of Rana. It is therefore equivalent to and 
much older than Ecaudata Dumeril (1806). Anura, attributed by 
Cope to Dumeril, has no standing, as that author used only "anoures." 
RANID^. 
Rana Linn. (Syst. Nat., Ed. X, p. 354, 1758). 
Type Rana temporaria Linn. By designation of Gray (Ann. of 
Philos., 1825, p. 214). 
ENGYSTOMATID^E. 
Engystoma Fitzinger (Neue Class Kept., p. 65, 1826). 
Rana oralis Schneider is the only one of Fitzinger's species retained 
in Engystoma by Dumeril and Bibron {Erp. Gen., 8, p. 741, 1841) and 
is consequently the type. 
Hypopachus Kerferstein (Gottingen Nachrichten, 1867, p. 352). 
]\Ionotype Hypopachus Seebachii Kerf. (= H. variolosum Cope). 
OYSTIGNATHID^. 
Lithodytes Fitzinger (Syst. Rept., p. 31, 1843). 
Type Hylodes lineatus D. and B. By original designation. 
Syrrophus Cope (Amer. Naturalist, 1878, p. 253). 
Monotype Syrrhophus marnockii Cope. 
HYLID^. 
Chorophilus Baird (Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 60). 
Monotype Cystignathus nigritus Holb. 
Acris Dum. and Bib. (Erp. Gen., 8, p. 506, 1841). 
Type Hylodes gryllus DeKay. By designation of Baird (Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 59). 
Hyla Laurenti (Syst. Rept., p. 32, 1768). 
T3q3e Hyla viridis ( = H. arhorea Linn.) fide Stejneger. 
Smilisca Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 194). 
Monotype Smilisca daulinia Cope (= Hyla haudinii Dum. and Bib.), 
BUFONID^. 
Bufo Laurenti (Sy.st. Rept., p. 25, 1758). 
Type by tautonomy Bufo vulgaris Laur. ( = Rana bufo Linn.). 
126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, 
PELOBATID^. 
Soaphiopus Holbrook (No. Am. Herp., I, p. 85, 1836). 
]\Ionotype Scaphiopus solitarius Holb. 
Spea Cope (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), VI, p. 81, 1866). 
Type Scaphiopus hombifrons Cope (= *S. hammondi Baird). By 
original designation. 
CAUDATA. 
Dumeril (Zoologie Analytique, 94, 1806), "les batraciens urodeles 
(caudati)." The following year {Nouv. Bull, des Sc, 1807, p. 36) he, 
definitely says ''order Caudati." Urodela is often based upon this 
reference, but Dumeril used neither it nor Anura in Latin form. 
PLEURODELIDuSJ . 
Diemyotylus Rafinesque (Ann. of Nature, 1820, No. 22, p. 5). 
Type Triturus viridescens. By original designat 
ion. 
DESMOQNATHID^. 
Desmognathus Baird (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 1, pp. 282,' 285, 1850). 
Type Triturus fuscus Rafin. , 
PLETHODONTID^ 
Autodax Boulenger (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1887, p. 67). 
Type Anaides luguhris Baird. By substitution for Anaides Baird 
(1849), preoccupied. 
Gyrinophilus Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 108). 
Monotype Salamandra porphyriticus Green. 
Spelerpei Rafinesque (Atlantic Journal, I, p. 22, 1832). 
Type Spelerpes lucifuga Rafin. (= Salamandra lorigicauda Green). 
By original designation. 
Mancalus Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, pp. 95, 101). 
Monotype Salamandra quadridigitata Holb. 
Stereoohilus Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 100). 
Monotype Pseudotriton marginatum Hollow. 
Plethodon Tschudi (M^m. Soc. Neuchatel, 1838, pp, 59, 92). 
Type Salamandra glutinosa Green. By designation of Bonaparte 
{Fauna Ital, H, 131). 
Hemidaotylium Tschudi (M^m. Soc. Neuchatel, 1838, pp. 59, 94). 
Type Salamandra scutata Schl. By original designation. 
1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 127 
Batrachoseps Bonaparte (Fauna Ital., II, 131). 
Type Salamandra attenuaia Esch. By original designation. 
AMBYSTOMIDJE. 
Dioamptodon Strauch (Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Peters., (7), XVI, No. 4, p. 68, 1870). 
Monotype Triton ensatus Esch. 
Ambystoma Tschudi (Mem. Soc. Neuchatel, 1838, pp. 57, 92). 
Type Ambystoma subviolacea Tsch. (= Lacerta punctata Linn.). By 
original designation. 
> Linguelapsus Cope (1SS7). Type L. lepturus Cope. 
ChondrotUS Cope (Amer. Naturali-st, 1887, p. 88). 
Type Chondrotus tenebrosus. By original designation. 
CR YPTOBR ANOHID^ . 
CryptobrancllUS Leuckart (Isis, 1821, Litt. Anz., p. 260). 
Monotype Salamandra gigantea Barton (= Cryptobranchus alle- 
gheniensis) . 
AMPHIUMID^. 
Amphiuma Garden (Smith's Corres. of Linn*us, I, 599). 
Type Amphiuma means Gard. By original designation. 
PROTEIDiE. 
Necturus Rafinesque (Jour, de Phys., Vol. 88. p. 418, 1819). 
JMonotype Necturus macidatus. 
Rafinesque gave the names of six species under Necturus, of which 
macidatus is the only one recognizable, leaving the genus practically 
monotypic. 
SIRENID^. 
Siren Linn. (Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, p. 371, 1766). 
Monotype Siren lacertina Linn. 
Fseudobranchua Gray (Ann. of Philos., 1825, p. 216). 
Monotype Siren striata LeConte.