A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE SIM- 
PLE GENERA OF THE MADREPORARIA FUNGIDA, WITH 
A TENTATIVE CLASSIFICATION. " 
By T. Wayland Vaughan, 
Custodian, Madreporian Corals. 
INTRODUCTION. 
CAUSES THAT LED TO THIS COMPILATION AND THE ATTEMPTED 
CLASSIFICATION. 
The foUowino^ paper has grown out of the necessities of my work 
on the fossil corals of North America and the study of the recent 
Fungid corals in the United States National Museum. In my Some 
Cretaceous and Eocene corals from Jamaica ^' I had to describe simple 
Fungid corals belonging to three different genera; other species of 
Fungids had to ))e considered in my Corals of the Buda Limestone 
(Texas)'"; and they are well represented in collections of Tertiary 
corals that I am at present studying for the United States Geological 
Survey.'^ 
The last comprehensive attempt at the classification of these corals 
is that of Duncan, in his Revision of the Families and Genera of the 
Madreporaria.*' This work is very faulty, and is often insufficient 
for the determination of the genera described in it. I was therefore 
unable to identify the genera to which some of the specimens referred 
to me belonged, even after I had collected the descriptions of those 
proposed since 1884. Furthermore, the original generic diagnoses 
were often inadequate and type-species had not been designated — in 
fact, it not onlj^ seemed, but actually is, hopeless, to find in the litera- 
ture the differential characters of man}" of the proposed genera. 
"Published by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. 
&Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXXIV, 1899, pp. 242-246. ► 
c\J. S. Geol. Surv. Bull., No. 205, 1903, pp. 39, 40. 
d Tertiary corals of North America. Part II. Faunas of the Post-Eocene forma- 
tions of the eastern and southeastern United States and the Tertiaries of the West 
Indies, U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon., vol. . (In preparation.) 
«Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVIII, 1884. 
Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXVIII— No. 1401. 
371 
372 PROCEJEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvm. 
OBJECT OF THIS WORK. 
1 therefon^ decided to inuko a compilation of the original diagnoses 
of the various genera, to tix tiie type-species wherever possil)h% to sup- 
plement the original diagnoses by subsequent observations based pri- 
marily upon the type-species, to make a tentative classification, and, 
where the information concerning a genus or a grou}) of genera is not 
sufiicient for purposes of classification, to point out what should be done 
in order to make the genera recognizable. After having given the 
original diagnosis of a genus, designated its type-species, and stated 
its distribution, under "remarks" a historic sketch of the increase in 
knowledge concerning it and critical notes on it are given. The method 
is cumbersome, but, as this paper is pi-imarily a critical review of lit- 
erature, it seems to me to be the correct one. 
THE NECESSITY FOR THE DESIGNATION OF TYPE-SPECIES. 
Most modern systematic biologists will probably ])e surprised to see 
stated in a heading a principle that is all but universally recognized. 
Several of the older zoophj'tologists recognized the necessity/ of type- 
species for genera. Leuckart in 1841 did, Milne Edwards and Haime 
invariably designated a type-species, and Laube erected monotypic 
genera. Many of the later workers have not done this, making :.t 
extremely difficult to tind out precisely how the genera should be 
defined. Investigations subsequent to the founding of a genus have 
frequently been based on some other species than the geno-type, and 
often not even the name of the species investigated is given. These 
studies have not infrequently been used in redefining a genus, giving 
rise to extreme confusion. The failure to base redefinitions of genera 
primarily upon type-species and the failure to give the names of the 
species upon which studies were based have invalidated some of the 
most painstaking work that has been done on corals. 
The genus ThamnaMerla^' Le Sauvage furnishes an excellent illus- 
tration. This genus was estal)lished for lliariDiasterki laiiKnirouxi Le 
Sauvage = % A^trea dtiidrolded Lamouroux. ^' The spelling of the 
name was subsecjuently changed to TJiamnastrea^ and is now usually 
spelled Th((ninasti';v((. Pratz, in his Lleber die verwandschaftlichen 
Berziehungen einiger Korallengattungen,'' gives an elaborate descrip- 
tion of the finer sti'ucture of a coral referred b>' him to TJiamnaxtrsea^ 
but he does not give the name of the species. Duncan, in his Revi- 
sion of the Families and Genera, utilized Pratz's work. Ogilvie, 
in her Korallen der Stramberger Schichten, did the same. Kob}' 
a Mem. Soc. d'llist. nat., Paris, I, 1822, p. 243. 
^ Expos, method. Genres Polyp., 1821, p. 85, pi. lxxviii, lig. 6. 
ePalaHmtographiea, XXIX, 18S2, i)p. 92-98. 
NO. 1401. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAUGHAN. 373 
says, in his Monographie des Pol3^piers Jurassiqiies de la Suisse: 
" Je prends pour type des veritables Tliamnastrecs la Thamnastrma 
aracknoides.^^ Felix, in his Anthozoen der Gosauschichten in den 
Ostalpen, follows Pratz's characterization of T/uannastrsea. Gregory 
was the first one to make a careful study of Le Sauvage's type-species, 
and pul)lished a description and tigure of the septa." He says: "Three 
septa of this specimen are shown on Plate ii a, tigure 8. The septa 
are laminar and not trabicular. The figures which Pratz gives to 
represent the septal structure of T/ia/nna.stra^a agree with those of 
Dlmorphar8ea continua. * * * Hence the ThamnmtTS'a of Pratz 
is an altogether difi'erent coral from the Thamnastnaa of Le Sauvage. 
We must retain the name for the corals placed in it by Le Sauvage, 
and for those later described species, which have the same septal 
structure. Pratz's Thamnastrsea must be relegated to another family." 
To another family ! And every species referred by Felix in his beau- 
tiful work on the corals of the Gosau Cretaceous to the genus Tliarii- 
nastviva is generically wrongl}^ identified. 
Blunders brought about by work like that of Pratz, in which type- 
species and specific names are ignored, are numerous. TJi ariin aster ia 
is given as an example. 
It can not be too strongly emphasized that a correct understanding 
of genera is impossible unless the definitions are based prima rihj upon 
a single type-species. 
REVIEW OF WORK ON THE GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE FUNGIDS. 
Duncan published, in 1883, '' two articles on the Fungida — (1) Obser- 
vations on the Madreporarian family (the Fungida:)., with especial 
reference to the hard structures, and (2) On the structure of the 
hard parts of the Lop/ioserina'. Li the first-mentioned article a his- 
tory of the development of the knowledge of the Fungidx is given. 
At the time of writing these articles Duncan apparently did not 
know of Pratz's Ueber die verwandschaftlichen Beziehungen einiger 
Korallengattungen. which was published during the previous year. 
Pratz's work is among the finest that has been done on the hard 
parts of corals, and can be regarded as of epoch-making importance. 
He unfortunately did not realize the importance of type-species and 
fixing the particular species that he investigated. 
Pratz divided the Fungidce into five subfamilies — Pseudoastraeinse., 
Pseudoagariciiiiv., Aga/'ici/ue, Funginse, and Merulinse. The Pseudo- 
astraeinse were divided into the Pegulares and Irregulares. The fol- 
lowing is the classification that he proposed: 
« Jurassic Fauna of Cutdi, The Corals, 1900, pp. 1:34, 135, pi. iia, fig. 3. 
fiJourn. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII, pp. 137-162, i)ls. v, vi; pp. 302-319, 
pi. XIII. 
374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvm. 
1. Subfamily Pseudoastraeinm: "Coralluin simple or compound. 
Septal apparatus trabecular, porous. Calices in the compound forms 
confluent, not separated by walls or ])y true ccjenench3nna, but united 
by radial septo-costa?. Pseudosynapticula, or true synapticula, pres- 
ent alont^side dissepiments." 
la. l^eudoaxtrivhvcV Rcgulares {;=Thanincmrpeinse IaH^^ G[idoli- 
timv. Verrill): "Trabecuhe composed of regularl}' (symmetrically) 
grouped calcareous nodules, which are in contact at quite regular 
intervals, thus forming more or less uniformly distributed rows of 
pores that run perpendicular to the septal margins. Faces of neigh- 
boring septa united by pseudosynapticula and dissepiments." 
The P.HeadoaHtrivhiPf Reg id ares are divided into two groups: 
1. Group: "With a pronounced tendency to form more or less 
compact septa through subsequent deposition of sclerenchyma. Septa 
not always and then only partialh' perforate." 
oenera: cyclolites, lEptophyllia, thamnastraea, etc. 
2. Group: " No tendency to fill the intertrabecular spaces through 
subsequent deposition of sclerench3m]a. Septa fine, and regularly 
fenestrated." 
genera: trocharaea, microsolena, etc. 
lb. Pseud oast V'pe in ce Irreyulares: "Trabecuhe composed of numer- 
ous irregularly grouped calcareous nodules, which are irregularly 
fused. Therefore, the intertrabecular spaces (pores) are of very dis- 
similar size and are irregular in arrangement. Septa united by both 
true synapticula and dissepiments. The basal part of the septa is 
often compact." 
genera: haplaraea, coscinaraea, etc. 
II. '^nhi'MmXy Pseudoagaricinx: "Corallum compound, massive or 
incrusting, never foliaceous or lobed. Septal api)aratus compact. 
Septa of neighboring calices confluent. Wall absent or rudimentar3\ 
No coenenchyma. Well-developed dissepiments and true synapticula 
present." 
genera: astraeomorpha, mesomorpha, etc. 
III. Subfamily Agwricinse Verrill {Lophosermee. Milne Edwards and 
Haime): "Corallum simple or compound, in the second instance; 
always more or less foliaceous or lobed, never massive. Septa solid, 
united by synapticula and sometimes by dissepiments. Common 
[basal] wall not spinose." 
IV. Subfamily Fangimr Milne Edwards and Haime: "Coralkim 
simple or compound. Se})ta solid, united b}^ synapticula. Common 
[basalj wall spinose." 
NO. 1101 . GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNG ID CORA LS— VA VGIIA N. 375 
V. Subfamily MeruUninx Milne Edwards and Haime: "Corallum 
compound, foliac^cous. Septa confluent, united by dissepiments. 
Wall rudimentary. Common [basal] wall perforate." 
The principal value of the contribution of Pratz is that it showed 
that valuable information could be obtained from a more ^tletailed 
study of the septal structure. The terms proposed by him are cum- 
bersome, and they do not conform to modern nomenclatorial rules; 
it is, therefore, inadvisable to use them at the present time. 
The specimens that Pratz considered TJiannHistraea have been shown 
by Gregory not to be Thamnastraea at all (see p. 373). Thamnastraea 
Lesauvag'e (orij^iiially Thami)asten'a)he\ong>^ in Pratz's '"'' Pseudoagari- 
cinse,.'''' The distinction between the ^''Pse\id(Hi(jarlcin;v^^ and ^^Agari- 
mi<ys" is probably not valid, as shown by a species of Agaricia^ A. 
crassa., recentlj^ described by Professor Verrill." The septa of the 
Fanginai are often, the smaller one normally, perforate. 
Pratz laid much stress on whether synapticula are what he calls 
true or false ("true," where a calcification center joins opposed granu- 
lations; "false," where they fuse directl}"). Such a division of these 
structures is of no systematic importance.^ 
Duncan, in his Revision of the Families and Genera of the Madre- 
poraria, divided the Madreporaria Fungida into live families, as follows: 
"I. Family PLESIOFUNGID^. 
"This family unites more or less the Aporosa and Fungida. 
"Fungida simple or colonial, with synapticula in the interseptal 
loculi, besides endothecal dissepiments. Septa solid and imperforate, 
occasionally irregularly perforate and trabeculate." 
"11. Family FUNGIDyE. 
"(Subfamily Funginve. (part), Edwards and Haime, Hist. Nat. ties Corall., Ill, 1860, 
p. 4.) 
"Simple or colonial forms, usuall}^ depressed, with the septa solid 
or occasionally porous. Synapticula crossing the interseptal loculi 
and uniting the septa without the presence of dissepimental endotheca. 
Wall more or less synapticulate or special, perforated and echinulate. 
Calices with radiating septa in the simple forms; with or without radi- 
ating lamella?, along a central axial line, or scattered in the colonial 
forms. Tentacles short, scattered, sometimes obsolete. 
"This family stands very much by itself, and its genera are remark- 
able for their calicular structures and developments." 
«Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., XI, 1902, p. 145, pi. xxx, fig. 6; pi. xxxiv, fig. 2. 
'^Von Koch, Das Skelett der Steinkorallen, Gegenbauer Festschrift, 1896, p. 260; 
Vaughan, Eoc. and Lower Oligoc. Corals, Mon. U. S. Geol. Siirv., XXXIX, 1900, 
pp. 47, 48. 
376 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxviii. 
''III. Family LOPHOSERID.E. 
" (Sul)faiiiily Lo/ihoscrimr Edwards and Haime. ) 
'' Fuii«;i(la' ill wliicli the Willi is noitluM- perforated nor ecliinulate. 
Syiiapticiila exist, l»ut not endothecal dissepiments. Septal lamina* 
usually solid, but occasionally with ill-defined perforations, remote 
from the bottom of the septa. 
"Very considerable changes have taken place in the old subfamily 
of Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, the LopJioserlnde^ owing to the 
introduction of new genera and the elimination of old ones in conse- 
quence of the necessity of founding the family Plesioporitidte. 
"There are two subfamilies — the LopJio.se ridm sinijyUeeM and Lopho- 
nei'ldx aggregata;.^' 
"IV. Family AN ABACIAD^. 
"Madreporaria Fungida simple or colonial. Septa trabeculate and 
fenestrated. Synapticula small. Dissepiments absent. Wall indis- 
tinct." 
"V. Family PLESIOPORITID^. 
' ' Fungida with trabeculate and regularlj^ perforate septa. S^^nap- 
ticula between the septal lamina^ in the interseptal loculi. Schleren- 
chyma trabeculate. Dissepiments may or may not exist. Wall 
existing or not, and imperforate. Epitheca may exist and be well 
developed." 
M. Koby divided the Fungids described by him from the Jurassic of 
Switzerland into two families, Tharanastreides and Microsolenides." 
He unfortunately used the wrong species, TJiamnastrxa arachnoides^ 
as the geno-ty])e of TJuuiDiastn^o. 
Freeh, in his Korallen der juvavischen Triasprovinz,* recognized 
among his material two families of Fungids, Tliamnmirseidx, with two 
subfamilies, TJiamnastraihuv and Astra^omorjjhinx^ and a new family, 
Spongiomorphidm. Freeh was misled concerning the septal structure 
of the real Thanniasti'xa. 
Ogilvie, in her Systematic study of the Madreporarian types of 
corals,'" considered the Madreporaria Fungida of only family impor- 
tance and recognized three sul)families, namely, Fanginse^ Thaiiina- 
strminde^ and Lop)hoserinx. Her Thatunastrceinx, is based on Pratz's 
misconception of Tliamncmtvdea. 
A decided advance in the classification of the Fungida was made by 
"Schweitz. Pal. Gesellsch., Abhaud., XVI, 1889, pp. 568, 569. 
''Pala?ontographica, XXXVII, 1890, pp. 59-79. 
cPhil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, ser. b, CLXXXVIl, 1897, pp. 342-343. 
NO. 1401. HENERA OF SIMPLE FUNG ID CORALS— VAUGHAN. 377 
Gregoiy in his Jurassic corals of the Cutch." One reason for this 
advance of Gregory was, he carefull}- determined the type-species of 
eacli ^enus and was thus a])le to give rclial)le g'eneric diagnoses. He 
proposed the following classification to cover the genera represented 
by the Cutch Jurassic corals. 
"Order FUNGIDA. 
"Madreporaria in which the walls and septa are perforate or imper- 
forate. The septa consist of lamelhB or of palissades of trabicula?. 
The septa are united by abundant synapticuke. Dissepiments unim- 
portant or absent. 
" Family THAMNASTRAEID^E, Koby, em. 
"Simple or compound Fungida, with lamellar septa, which are solid 
or perforated only along the upper or inner margins, owing to the 
fusion of trabicular projections from the septa. Synapticula? and 
dissepiments both present. 
"Subfamily i: THAMNASTRAEINiE. 
"In compound coralla the septa of adjoining corallites are confluent. 
The corallites are not separated by collines or synapticular walls. 
"(ienera: Thamnantraea, Le Sauvage (not Pratz). 
"Genera: Dimorphastraea, d'Orbigny. 
"Genera: Centrastraea, d'Orbigny. 
"Genera: Stihastraea, Etallon. 
"Genera: Latomaeandra, Edwards and Haime. 
"Subfamily 2: COMOSERIN^. 
"The corallites are surrounded by compact S3niapticular walls. The 
corallites may be free laterally at their distal ends or united into long 
series, externally bounded b}' collines. 
"Genera: Archaeoseris, Gregory. 
"Genera: Comoseris, d'Orbigny'. 
' ' Family ETHMOTID^, Gregory. 
"Simple or colonial Fungida, in which the septa are lamellar; they 
are cribriform but not tra))icular. 
"Genera: Protelhmos, Gregory. 
"Genera: Metethmos, Gregory. 
"Genera: Frechia, Gregory. 
"Genera: Sematethmos, Gregory'. 
"Genera: Kohya, Gregory. 
ff Pabeontologia Indica, Ser. IX, Jurassic Fauna of Cutch, II, 1900, Part L>— The 
Corals, pp. 29, 30. 
378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvm. 
^'Family MICKOSOLENID.E, Koby, em. 
"Simple or colouial Fuiigida in which the septa are palissades of 
more or less vertical, disconnected, regular or irregular trabiculifi. 
"Cieiiera: Anahacia, Euwakds ami Haime. 
"Genera: Gruabuda, Edwards and Haime. 
"Genera: Trocharnca, Etallon. 
"Genera: Trochojdegma, Gregory. 
"Genera: Microsolcna, Lamouroux. 
"Genera: Tr icy closer is, Thomes. 
"Genera: Dimorpharaea, de Fromentil. 
"Genera: Thamnaraea, Etallon." 
BASIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION HERE PROPOSED. 
Following the lines of the investigations of Pratz, Gregory, and 
others, the larger divisions are based upon septal structure; that is, 
whether the septa are solid or perforate; if perforate, whether they are 
more pronouncedly laminar or tral)ecular in composition, and I have 
also utilized in defining the families the character of the wall, whether 
normally perforate, even if only slightly, or whether normall}^ solid. 
The genera are separated by columellar characters, the relative com- 
pactness of the septa, the presence or absence of paliform processes, 
costal characters (whether corresponding or alternating with the 
septa), and the e[)itheca. The value of the epitheca in separating 
genera has })een severely attacked," Gregory says, "There is no part 
of a coral skeleton over which more time has been wasted than over 
the epitheca.'"' From a study of large numbers of species belonging 
to the same genus, I am inclined to believe that the so-called complete 
epitheca is, in some instances at least, a generic character. There are 
genera in which epitheca is normally a])sent, and others in which it 
ma}^ exist in an imperfectly developed condition. Epitheca can not 
be considered to possess the importance once attached to it, but I 
believe that its su})posed value as a classifactory character has not been 
entirely disproved. 
TENTATIVE CHARACTER OF THIS CLASSIFICATION. 
I have distributed the genera, considered in this paper, among four 
families, and have five headings for genera that are not referred to 
families. This classification, which embodies nothing new, except 
n)aking a family, MlcrahacUd^, is only an attempt, and should be sub- 
jected to the most searching criticism to determine the validit}' of the 
characters used in differentiating the families. The Leptophylliidse^ 
"Gregory, Jurassic Fauna of Cutcli — the Corals, p. 11. 
''The same as Gregory's Ethmoiklx, which is abandoned, as it was not derived from 
a genus name. 
NO. 1101. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VA UGHAN. 379 
is veiy douhtfully scpfirable from Grej^ory's Tluimnastraeidce^ though 
they probably should ])c kept separate. The Mlcrahaclidm have solid 
septa and perforate walls. The Anahracildix, are characterized by hav- 
ing a very pronounced and regular ti'abecular septal structure, but in 
some genera the Ijasal pores between the trabecuhe are tilled with stereo- 
plasm, bringing this fiimily and the Leptophyllildse, very close together. 
Before the synonymy of the proposed genera can be determined, 
they must be accurately defined, and here 1 will repeat that the geiierio 
defTiiitlons must be hased primarily upon a type species. After this has 
been done the study of variation can bo undertaken, in order to deter- 
mine the value of characters supposed to be of generic importance. 
The present paper, it is hoped, will aid in the undertaking and 
carrying out of the studies that must l^e done before we can understand 
the Fungid corals. 
CLASSIFICATION. 
Family FUNGIID^ Dana (emend. Duncan). 
1846. Fungidir (part) Dana, Znopli. Wilke.s Expl. Exped., p. 283. 
1849. Fniujinx Milne Edwards and Haime, Comptes rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 
XXIX, p. 71. 
1884. Fuwjidx Duncan, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XXVIII, p. 141. 
Diagnosis <>f tJie fainiJy. — Corallum simple or colonial, depressed 
or mitroid in form, septa of higher cycles perforate, those of the lower 
cycles perforate or solid. Synapticula, but no dissepiments, present. 
Wall usually perforate in young, free individuals; subsequently more 
or less perforate or compact. No epitheca. 
The above diagnosis of the family probably should be supplemented 
l)y the following: The embryo becomes attached and forms a tropho- 
zooid," which gives rise to Inids (anthoblasts); these become detached, 
forming free individuals (anthocyathi). The anthocyathi may remain 
simple (the genus Fungia)., or by asexual reproduction become colonial. 
The mode of formation of the '■'anthocyathi'" of Fungia has been 
known for many years, Stutchbury first describing it in 1830.^ Bourne 
has made the mode of reproduction of Fungia the subject of very 
detailed investigations. It has been proven for nearly every known 
species of the genus that the free disks are produced by buds becom- 
ing detached from a parent stock (originally a trophozooid). 
J. Stanley Gardiner, in his "Fungid corals" collected in the South 
Pacific,'' published the extremely interesting observation concerning 
Ilalornitra {II. irregularis Gardiner), that "the free corallum seems, 
from my specimens (2), to have been formed in a somewhat similar 
«G. C. Bourne, On the Post-embryonic Development of Fungia, Sci. Trans. Roy. 
Dublin Soc, V (2d ser.), 1893, p. 206. 
''Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XVI, 1830, pp. 493-498. 
c Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, pp. 527-528. 
380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxviii. 
inuniuM- to tliiit of tho ooiuis Fini(/!(t — by the breaking off of disks 
from iiii iittached stock. At tii'st there is one large central polyp with 
radijiting septa; then, as growth jiroceeds, a nuinl)er of calicnlar fossa' 
appear ai-ouiul this. On becoming free the central polyp may perhaps 
j)ersist or, as in my specimens, may l)ecome indistinguishable from 
the daughter polyps, the septa gradually losing their regular radiating 
arrangement in the center of the colony." 
1 have examined specimens of five of the compound genera of the 
Fnngid^.^ hoping to gain more information concerning young stages, 
and obtained the following results: 
Ilaloiiiltra j^kilijjpl/iensis Studer, young. Shows a ver}" distinct 
scar of detachment. 
Zoopilxs echhudus Dana. (Probably type specimen.) Shows a very 
distinct scar of detachment. This germs is scarcely more than a Halo- 
lii'drd with ver}^ few calices, and these are near the central corallite. 
Onjpt(ilniv'ui tal]>lrtii (Lamarck). There is some suggestion of a 
detachment scar, but the evidence is not positive. 
Herpetolitha I'linax (Esper) and //. stricta Dana. Evidence for 
detacjhment scar very vague." 
LUJuictmia galerlform!s (Dana) (one of Dana's specimens). P'ound 
no evidence of a detachment scar. 
Sufficient evidence, of c^:>urse, is not presented to warrant a conclu- 
sion, but there is at least a suggestion that the free coralla of all of 
these corals may originate in a manner similar to that of Fwiujla. 
Genus FUNGIA Lamarck. 
1801. Pimii'ia Lam.xrck, Syst. Anini. .sans Vert., p. 869. 
Original generic dhtgnoi^is. — ""Corallum stony, free, orbicular, or 
hemispherical, or oblong, convex, and lamellate above, with a furrow 
or depression in the center, concave and rough below. 
'•A single lamellate, subproliferous star. Lamelhe dentate or spi- 
nose lateralh'.'' 
Tyjye species. — Fangia agariciforniis Lamarck = JA/^//'. agaricites 
Linn^us.'' Lamarck oi'iginally referred six species to the genus, 
namely : 
1. Ftmgia «garlriforiin.^ ] j am \rck= Madrepora fungid's Lixn.eus. 
2. Fangia scutaria La.m.vkck, l)ased on Seba, Mus., Ill, i)l. cxii, figs. 28, 29, 80. 
3. Fangia limacinn IjXMARCK—Madreporapileui^ Ellis and Solander, pi. xlv. 
« Since the above was written, I have unpacked a box of Fungid corals from the 
east coast of Africa, kindly sent to nic for determination by Dr. Charles Gravier, of 
the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. There is a good suite of Herpetolitha foliosa 
Ehrenberg. The young specimens show as distinct a detachment scar as any species 
of Fangia. Therefore the young of Uerj>elolitha is a trophozooid, and the adults 
are formed ))y further growth of freed anthoblasts, or anthocyathi. 
'^ See Doderlein, Senckenb. Naturforsch, Gesellsch, Abhandl., XXVII, 1902, pp. 
136-156, pi. Ax-xxv. 
NO. 1401. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAUGHAN. 381 
4. Fungia talpina Lamarck, based on Seba, Mus., Ill, pi. cxi, fig. 6, and pi. 
cxir, fig. 31. 
5. Fungia patellaris IjAmarck= Madrepora patella Elli.s and Solander, pi. xxviii, 
figs. 1-4. 
6. Fungia pileus Lamarck =3ft<ra polonica Rumphius, Herb. Amb., VI, pi. 
LXXXVIII, fig. 3. 
Lamarck confused in his Fungia, corals that are now considered to 
represent four different genera. 
Fungia U/macina Lamarck, no\N^=^ Her petolitha Umax (Esper) Esch- 
scholtz, 1825. 
Fungia jpileus Lamarck, now = i%!/cm^;5'/'(2j»i7<3?^s (Pallas) Dana, 1846. 
tungia talpina Lamarck, now = CVyptabacia talpina (Lamarck) 
Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849. 
This leaves in Fungia proper, F. agaricifonnis Lamarck {=fungi- 
tes Linnffius), F. scutaria Lamarck and F. patella (Ellis and Solander). 
Leuckart in 1841" cHqb Fungia agar iciformis Lamarck as "Typus," 
fixing the type. 
Milne Edwards and Haime in 1849* cite under Ftmgia^ F. agari- 
ciformis and patellaris Lamarck. In 1850, in their Monograph of 
the British Fossil Corals,^ Fungia patellaris Lamarck is definitel}' 
given as the type-species. F. patellaris Lamarck {Madr. patella Ellis 
and Solander) can not be the type-species, as F. agariciformis Lamarck 
had already been so designated. In the third volume of the Histoire 
naturelle des Coralliaires, pages 0, 7, Milne Edwards accepts the 
latter species as the type, using for it the Linntean name Madrepora 
fungites. 
Remarl's. — Prof. Ludwig Doderlein has published an elaborate 
monograph, Die Korallengattung Fungia,'' in which the various skeletal 
parts of the genus are described in much detail. A bibliography is 
also given. A discussion of the genus will not be attempted here, as 
the work of Professor Doderlein can be consulted. 
Fungia, has several synonyms, which are as follows:^ 
Cyclosekis Milne Edwards and Haime, Comptes rend. Acad., Paris, 
XXIX, 1849, p. 72. 
The genus was placed by its author in their '"Lr/p/ioserinx,'- which 
was characterized by having "the plateau without epitheca or cchinu- 
lations, and with imperforate tissues."" 
Original generic diagnosis. — "Corallum simi)le, free. Septa very 
numerous, uniting by their inner margins." 
Tyj)e species. — Fungia cyclolites Lamarck, Hist. nat. Anim. sans 
c Observ. Zoolog. de Zooph. Corall., spec, de Gen. Fungia, p. 42, pi. iv, figs. 1-4. 
* Comptes , rend. Acad. Paris, XXIX, 1849, p. 72. 
'' Introduction, p. xlvi. 
'' Senckenberg. naturfor. Gesellsch., AMuindl., XVII, Pt. 1, 1902, pp. i-iii, 1-162, 
pis. I -XXV. 
'AH of these excepting Adinmn-is d'Orhigny are discussed by IXiderlein, in his 
Die Korallengattung Fungia. For further discussion consult that work. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxviii— 04 25 
382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvni. 
Vertebres, II, p. 236; Doderlein, Korallengat. Fungia, pp. 77-79, pi. iv, 
tigs, 7-9, pi. V, figs 5, 5a. 
Distrihution. — Recent, China Seas and Philippines eastward to the 
mid -Pacific. 
AcTiNOSERis d'Orbigny, Note sur des Polyp, foss., p. 12, 1849. 
Orlgi-iial (pnerle'dtagno.sis. — "It is a circular CycloHerh^ whose col- 
umella is central, round, and not in an elongated furrow." 
Type specie!^. — A. cenomaneuxis d'Orl)igny, Note sur des Polyp, foss., 
nom. nud.; Prod, de paleontol., II, p. 180; Milne Edwards and Haime, 
Hist. nat. Corall., Ill, p. 53. 
Dlsfrthuflon. — "Groupe de la craie tuffeau, Le Mans." 
Milne Edwards'' refers Activoserl.s een(>m(inen><is to the genus Cyclo- 
serls., making d'Orbigny's Actinoseris a synonym of their Cycloseris. 
The septal structure of d'Orbigny's genus should be investigated. It 
may be well to reinvestigate the Tertiary and Cretaceous species of 
Cycloseris^ they m<(y not he eo» generic unth Fung la {Cycloseris) cyclo- 
lltcs Lamarck. It is of especial importance to determine whether the 
free disks of these corals placed in (7^(;'/(95t^/7'.s originate as anthocyat/il, 
as in Fungld. 
DiASERis Milne Edwards and Haime, ("omptes rend. Acad., Paris, 
XXIX, 1849, p. 72. 
This genus was placed by its authors in their ^' Lophoserinx^^'' char- 
acterized by having "the plateau without epitheca and echinulations, 
and with imperforate tissues." 
Original generic diagnosis. — ' ' Differs from the preceding [ Cycloseris] 
in that, when young, it is composed of separate parts that unite later." 
Type species. — Fung la dlsUnia Michelin, Mag. de Zool., 2d scr. , V 
Annee, Zooph., pi. v; Doderlein, Korallengat. Fungia, pp. 74-77, pis. 
Ill, V, figs. 3, 3a. 
Dlstrlhutlon. — Philippines. 
Remarks. — Duncan in his "Revision of the Genera and Families of 
the MadreporarhC^' places Ecmesuf< Philippi'' and Ilenucyathus Seg- 
uenza'' in the synonymy of D laser Is. Ecinesus is a doubtful coral, but 
probably is an imperfect specimen of a Trochocyathoid species. The 
IlemlcyaiJinx of Soguenza certainly belongs in that group. 
Pleuractis Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. I, 1864, p. 52. 
Type species. — Fungia scufarla Lamarck, Hi^^t. nat. Anim. sans 
Vert., II, p. 236; Doderlein, Korallengat. Fungia, pp. 91-97, pi. viii, 
figs. 1-6. 
A type species was designated, but no description was published. 
The genus was intended to embrace more or less elongate, flat, Fun- 
giee., without tentacular lobes on the septa. 
«Hist. nat. Corall., Ill, p. 53. 
''Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVIII, 1884, p. 150. 
t'Neues Jahrb. fi'ir Mineral., Jahrg. 1841, p. 665, pi. xi b, figs. 1 a-e. 
<^Corallarii fossili del. rocce terz. del dist. Messina, 1864, Pt. 2, p. 67. 
NO. 1101. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAVGHAN. 383 
LoBACTis Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1864, p. 52. 
TypespecieH. — Fungia de)itlgera Leuckart, Do Zoopli. Corall. et spec. 
Gen. Fiingia, pp. 48-49, pi. iii, tigs. 1, 2, cf. Doderlcin, Korallengat. 
Fungia, pp. 91-97. 
There was no original description; only a type species was cited. 
This group is composed of somewhat elongate, Hat species, in which 
the tentacular lobes of the septa are greatly developed. 
Ctenactis, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, 1864, p. 51. 
Type species. — Madrtpora echinata Pallas, P]lench. Zooph., p. 284; 
Fungia echinata. Doderlein, Korallengat. Fungia, pp. 101-105, pi. x, 
tigs. 1-5. 
No diagnosis of the genus was published. It was established for 
the very large, elongate, Fungige., the largest known, in which the 
septal margins are strongly dentate, the dentations resembling, as the 
name implies, the teeth of a comb. 
Haliglossa (part) Ehrenberg, Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, Al)handl., 
1832, p. 274, 1834. 
Original generic diagnosis. — [Fungids] compound (polystomatous), 
base expanded, stolonifero'us, extended in two directly opposite direc- 
tions (its oblong form recalling a ionguQ — Manic in x liherse). 
To this genus he refers tive species: 
1. Madrepora echinata Pallas. 
2. Fungia liinacina \A\m^\Q^— JSLadrepora pileus Ellis and Solander. 
3. Haliglossa i7iterrupta¥A\VQnhQvg=Madre2)ora p> ileus of Linnteus 
and Y?i\\^'s= Fu7igus pileus ohlongits, Seba, III, pi. cxi, fig. 5. 
4. Haliglossa foliosa ¥A\v&nhQYg = Madrepora j)ileus Linna?us and 
Pallas, Seba, III, pi. cxr, tig. 3. 
5. Haliglossa stellaris Ehrenberg =J/«6?r(?/>or« p)ileus var. Esper, 
pi. LXXIII. 
No. 1 was considered by Leuckart to be wrongly identitied, and was 
named Fungia ehrenbergi by him." Professor Doderlein, in his Die 
Korallengattung Fungia,^ places Leuckart Fungia ehrenhergi in the 
synonymy of Fungia echinata (Pallas). Milne Edwards and Haime 
refer the four others ^ to the synonymy of Herpetolitha liinax (Esper) 
Eschscholtz, 1825. 
Therefore the genus Haliglossa contained two genera, one part of 
Avhich belongs to Fungia Lamarck, 1801, the other to Hetpetolitha 
Eschscholtz, 1825,'^ and consequently must lapse. 
«De Zooph. corrall. et gen. Fungia, 1841, p. ,52, pi. ii. 
ftSenckenberg. Naturfor. Gesellsch., Al>han<ll., XXVII, 1902, p. 101. 
cAm. Sci. nat., 3d sen, Zool., XV, p. 94. 
''Eschscholtz's Herpetolitha (Isis, XVI, 1825, p. 746), originally contained two 
species, Fungia limacina and Fungia talpa, of Lamarck. Milne Edwards and Haime, 
in 1849 (Comptes Rend., XXIX, p. 71), restricted Herpetolitha to the first mentioned 
species (citing Madrepora pileus Ellis and Solander, pi. xlv) and proposed the genus 
Cryptabacia for the second. 
384 PROCEEDINdS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxviii. 
Fainih' AGARICIIDJ^] Vcrrill. 
1849. Lopliofti'i'iiui: IVTiiAE IOdwakds and Haime, Comptes rena. Aciad. Sci., Paris, 
XXIX, p. 72. 
1865. Loplioseridx Vekrill, Proc. Essex Inst., IV, p. 146. 
1870. Agaricidtr Verkill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., I, p. 542. 
1884. Loplioseridx, Duncan, Jour. Linn. Soc, Zool., London, XVIII, p. 146. I 
Dlagrw.H/H of fani II y. — Simple or colonial Funoids, with solid septa '^ j 
and .solid walls. Synapticula present; dissepiments present or absent. 
Three genera are placed in this famil}-, TrochoxefU M. Edwards 
and Haime, P(il»<}Hei'lx Duncan and Bdth.yactix ^losele}". Fmujiacya- 
tlniK^ though probaV)ly not a Fungid, is given here, because Moseley 
thought that it might be closely related to Bathyadls. 
TABLE OF DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERS OK THE GENERA. 
L ('oralluni trochoid or turbinate, j)edicellate. 
Columella papillary, no epitheca. 
1. Trodioseris Milne Edwards and Haime. 
Columella rudimentary, complete epitheca 2. Palxoserls Duncan. 
II. Corallum discoid, free, not attached in the young stages. 
Columella variable in development, no epitheca. 
Septa in deltas, distant, wall thin .3. Bathi/adis Moseley. 
[Columella none, no epitheca. 
Septal ends not uniting 4. FmigiacjiaUiua Sars] . '' 
1. Genus TROCHOSERIS Milne Edwards and Haime. 
1849. Trurhoserh, Milne Edwards and IIaime, Comptes rend. Acad., Paris, 
XXIX, p. 72. 
Genus placed l)y its authors in their " Lop hose/' in;e,'^ which have the 
plateau without epitheca and echinulations, and have nonperforate 
tissues. 
(>ri(jinal generic diagnosis. — Simple species, trochoid and tixed. 
Type species. — Anthophylluni distortuni Michelin, Iconog. Zoophy- 
tol., p. 149, pi. XLiii, tigs. 8a, Sb. 
Remarks. — The description published by Milne Edwards and Haime 
in their Recherches sur les Polypiers'' is practically the same as the 
one in the Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires.'^ The .salient characters 
are well covered in both. The following is the description given in 
the .second work: ''The corallum is simple, trochoid or cylindrical and 
attached. The wall is naked and shows throughout its height tine 
costal striw. Columella papillaiy. Septa very numerous and laterally 
strongly granulate." 
« I think that the young septa in some species of Agaricia may occasionally be per- 
forated . 
''The reason fur inserting this genus here will appear under the description of 
rxilJnjdcliK. Moseley thought that they might ))e the same. I do not see how it is 
possible, and think that FiiiKjidci/atltiis is one of the Turbinolid corals. 
''Ann. Sci. nat, od ser., Zool., XV, 1851, p. 118. 
''Vol. Ill, p. 57. 
GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VA UGH AN. 385 
2. Genus PAL^^OSERIS Duncan. 
1S70. PrtZ,rasf/-(.s Duncan, Quart. Jour. (Jeol. Soc, Lundoii, XXVJ, p. ;U»1. 
Genus referred to the L<>i)hot<.erl)\iv. 
Original generic dkign (>■<<: is. — '■ ' The coralhiin is simple, turbinate, and 
})edicellate. The septa are numerous. The epitheca is complete and 
dense, covering the cost^. The cohmiella is rudimentaiy.''"' 
Tyjje species. — 7^? 'oc/wmv/'/.s'v/wo^/.sv' Duncan, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 
3d ser., XIV, p. ItJi, ph vi, figs. 2a-L>c, 18(U. Also Quart. Joui-. 
Geol. Soc., London, XXVI, p. 301, pi. xx, ligs. 7a, 7b. 
Locality and geologic liorlzon. — Tertiary, Mudd}^ Creek, South 
Australia. 
Re')na7'l's. — Duncan does not describe in detail the structure of the 
septa or the wall. The original figures of Trochoserls 'inxxlxl indicate 
that both the septa and the wall are imperforate. Therefore this genus 
apparentl}' is an epithecate Trochoseris with a reduced columella, 
Duncan, in his Revision of the Families and Genera of the Madre- 
poraria," makes Pala^oserls a subgeiuis of Turhlnoseris Duncan. 
8. Genus BATHYACTIS Moseley. 
1881. Baihyactis Moseley, Deep Sea Corals, Challenger Reports, p. 185. 
Genus referred to the Lophoserinse. 
Original generic diagnosis. — "Corallum free, discoid, not attached 
or cup-shaped in the 3'Oung condition, thin and fragile; primary septa 
free, the others united so as to form six deltoid com])inations; upper 
margins of the septa usually coalescent over the apices of the deltas. 
Septa deeply toothed; synapticuhe sometimes abundant, sometimes few, 
arranged in a series of concentric circles. Columella well developed." 
Type species. — Fungla syimnetrica Pourtales, Mus. Comp, Zool., 111. 
Cat., No. IV, p. 46, pi. vii, figs. 5, 6; Mosele}^, Deep See Corals, 
Challenger Reports, p. 185. 
Dlstrlhutlon. — Recent, ahiiost universal in deep water. 
Mosele}^ remarks: "I am not sure whether Fung lacyafhus fragllis 
of Prof. M. Sars^ will not prove identical with JJaf/iyactis sym- 
metrica. If so, the name Funglacyatlius will take priority. Fungla- 
cyatkns frag Ills agrees with Bathyactls symmetrica in all respects 
excepting that it has no synapticulye. In some of the Challenger 
specimens there are very few S3'napticul» indeed, but in none are these 
structures entirely absent. I therefore hesitate to place the two forms 
together at present. There can be little doubt that the}^ are closely 
allied, and what little I have seen of the soft parts of Bathyactls syrji- 
metrica goes to confirm such an opinion." 
«Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII, 1884, p. 148. 
b On some remarkable forms of animal life from the great depths off the Norwegian 
Coast, I, p. 58, pi. V, figs. 24-32, Christiania, 1872. 
386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxviii. 
4. Genus FUNGI AC YATH U S M. Sars. 
1872. FiDy/iaci/iilliiis M. Saks, Remarkable forms of animal life from great depths 
off the Norwegian coast, I't. I, p. 60, 2>1. v, figs. 24-32. 
OrlguuU (jeneric diagnosis. — Corallum simple, free, without any 
sign of attachment, discoid, base horizontal, flat, beneath radially 
finely costate, no wall (theea) strictly speaking/' Calice subcircular, 
upper maroin convex (septa tall), cri.spate. No columella, no pali. 
Septa numerous, T) systems, forming 0-8 orders, primaries and secon- 
daries nuich elevated, arched, transversely finely folded, upper mar- 
gin faintly undulate, extending to the center, there irregularly lobed 
and flexed, throughout their length extremely thin, prominent above 
the outer margin of the calice. Calicular fossa rather large and uni- 
forml}' depressed. 
Ti/jjc species. — FuiHjiacyafJiUs fragilis M. Sars, Remarkable forms 
of animal life, etc., p. 58, pi. v, figs. 24-32. 
Distribution. — Deep w^ater, oti' the Norwegian coast. 
Bemarks. — Moseley (see p. 38.5) has raised a doubt regarding the S5^s- 
tematic affinities of this coral, suggesting that it may be the same as 
his BatJii/octis. Judging from the very careful description of G. O. 
Sars* I am inclined to believe it a Turbinolid, and not a Fungid. 
MICRABACIID.^, new family. 
Diagiiosis of family.— 'y^hw\AQ fungids with solid septa and perfo- 
rate w^all. 
Five genera are referred to this famih^: Micrabacia Milne Edwards 
and Haime, Diafmgia Duncan, 3Iicros/nilia}^ohy, Podose?' is Duncan, 
and AntiUoseris., new genus. 
TABLE OF DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA. 
I. Costse corresponding to intercostal spaces: 
Corallum circular, lenticular, broader than high. 
1. Micrabacia Milne Edwards and Haime. 
Corallum with triangular piece extending to the center. 
2. Diafungia Duncan. 
II. Costte corresponding to the septa: 
Columella strongly developed, corallum with narrow base, mural pores reg- 
ular, eintheca thin 3. MicrosmiUa Koby. 
Columella small, base variable, mural pores irregular, epitheca present, vari- 
able, dissepiments present 4. Podoseris Duncan. 
Columella, s. s., absent, mural pores irregular, epitheca absent, dissepiments 
absent 5. AntiUoseris Vaughan. 
«This must not be taken literally. There is a wall, but it is horizontal. — T. W.V. 
^ Remarkable forms of animal life, etc., pp. 58-60. 
NO. 1401. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAUOHAN. 387 
1. Genus MICRABACIA Milne Edwards and Haime. 
1849. Mkrahacia, Milne Edwards and Haime, Comptes rend. Acad., Paris, 
XXIX, p. 7. 
Genus placed by Milne Edwards and Haime in their Fung'mee^ 
defined as having- " the plateau without epitheca, usually strong-ly 
echinulate, tissues perforate.'" 
Original generic d'lagmmh. — " Septa moderately numerous antl 
straight. Wall scarcely echinulate, costse alternating with the septa." 
Type species. — Fungia coromda Goldfuss, Petref. German., 1, p. 50, 
pi. XIV, fig. 10; Micrahacia coronula., Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. 
Corall., in, p. 29. 
Distrihation. — Cretaceous, Craie tuffeau, Europe. 
He/narks. — Milne Edwards and Haime, in their Recherches sur les 
Polypiers," elaborated their characterization of this genus, and Milne 
Edwards gave additional detail in the third volume of the Histoire 
Naturelle des Corallaires (p. 29). Duncan, in his Revision of the 
Families and Genera of the Madreporaria,^ gives a still fuller 
description, which 1 have ^•erified by a study of the type species. It 
is as follows: '"Corallum simple, free, lenticular, broader than high, 
convex above, slightly concave at the base, which has a circular out- 
line. Calice with a small shallow axial depression, filled b}" a false 
columella, from which the principal septa radiate, being joined with 
those of the higher orders toward the circumference. Septa numer- 
ous, solid, imperforate, arched above, with a perpendicular outer edge. 
Costa? distinct on the base, Ijifurcating at the edge, a process from two 
costffi forming a septum. Intercostal spaces continuous with the line 
of direction of the septa, crossed by synapticula in concentric rows, 
and perforate between the synapticula. Interseptal loculi crossed by 
large and small synapticula, which radiate from the base in discontinu- 
ous lines, bounding canalicular spaces continuous below w ith the inter- 
costal openings, and above with the interseptal loculi high up. Cost* 
granular. Septa crenulate or minutel}^ denticulate." 
2. Genus DIAFUNGIA Duncan. 
1884. IHafungia Duncan, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., X^'II, p. 417. 
Original generic diagnosis. — "Corallum discoid, free, without trace 
of adhesion, not quite circular in outline, much broader than high. 
Base with a triangular piece extending beyond the center, slightly 
projecting downward, the rest of the coral grouping from its sides 
and apex, so that there is an appearance of former fracture and subse- 
quent mending. Calice uns3'nimetrical from the prolongation of the 
larger septa of the primary piece beyond the center, and from the 
«Ann. Sci. Nat., 3d ser., Zool., XV, 1851, p. 88. 
6 Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVIII, 1884, p. 143. 
388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxviii. 
radiation of septa from the sides and apex of the primary' piece to 
th(> edoe of the disc or the niariiiii. 
''CohuneUa absent. Septa numerous, order confused; many join 
others near to and remote from the margin. Larger septa exsert, 
arched near the margin, from which the}' rise perpendicularly, and 
low near the septa of the primary piece. Septa dentate and strongly 
granular near their free edge, solid and stout. 
"Costa' l)roa(l, uneciual, often bifurcating, variously directed. At 
the margin (nich costa gives off a ])ranch on either side to form a 
septum with the corresponding offshoot of the next costa. Hence 
the septa correspond with the intercostal spaces. Intercostal spaces 
regularly furnished with et{uidistant synapticula, presenting a regu- 
larly perforated appearance. Synapticula discontinuous, strongly 
developed between the septa, some reaching high up in the interseptal 
loculi. There is no true wall, the septa-costal structure being united 
by synapticula alone." 
Type xpn-lex. — iJiafiingta (jmnulataT^uncAw, Jour. Linn. Soc. Lon- 
don, Zool., XVII, pp. 418, 419, pi. XX. 
Distrllnitton. — C'orean Sea, shallow water, recent. 
3. Genus MICROSMILIA Koby. 
1888. Mici-(istnili(( K(JBY, Schweiz. pala?ontol. Gesellsch., Abliand., XV, p. 414. 
Original generic diagnoKix. — ''Corallum small, simple, cylindrical, 
conical or discoid, attached by a narrow base. Calice circular or 
elliptical, superficial or more or less deep. Septa numerous, narrow, 
dentate on their inner margins, finely granulated on their faces. 
Columella strong, fasciculate. Wall well developed, membraniform, 
folded, pierced by equal and equidistant perforations. No dissepi- 
ments, but synapticula are present." 
Type sped ex.-^ AnihophyUimi erguelense Thurmann, Abram. Gagne- 
bin," p. 137, pi. ii, fig. 23; Koby, Schweiz. pala?ontol. Gesellsch., 
Abhand., XV, p. 415, pi. cxii, figs. 1-15. M. Koby places three 
species in his Microsinilia, Anthoj)hyllaiih erguelense Thwviwanw., Tur- 
Mnolia delenumtana Thurmann, and MicrosmiUa matlieyi Koby, but 
designates no type species. I have selected the first one, as it is quite 
elaborateh' described. 
Distrihutioii. — Jurassic, Oxfordian, Switzerland. 
Remarhs. — In describing M. erguelense (Thurmann), Koby gives 
several other interesting characters. He says that the septa are not 
perforate, that the wall is covered by a thin epitheca, and both 
describes and figures quite a nmiiber of specimens attached by the 
base to the inner side of a broken older corallum, reminding one veiy 
much of the l)udcling of Schisocyathus fissilis Poui'tales.'' 
«1 have not examined this work. The reference is copied from Koby. 
'>Um. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, 111. Cat., VIII, Mem. IV, 1874, p. 36, pis. vi, 
figs. 12, 13. 
NO. 1101. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNOID CORALS— V AUG HAN. 389 
4. Genus PODOSERIS Duncan. 
1869. Podoseris Duncan, Mon. Brit. foss. Cor., Sup., Pt. 2, No. 1, i». 25. 
Genus. placed in the Lojthoxerhuv. 
Original generic diagnosis. — ""The corallum has a large concave 
base, by which it is attached to foreign bodies. The epitheca begins 
at the basal margin, and is stout and reaches the calicular margin. 
The height of the corallum ^'aries. The calice is generally smaller 
than the ])ase and is convex. The septa are numerous and unequal, 
the largest reaching a rudimentary columella. The central fossula is 
circular and small. The cost;e are seen when the epitheca is worn; 
the}^ are distinct, connected by S3'napticula, and are straight. 
""The genus has been created to admit Micrabaciai y^'iih. adherent 
bases and more or less of a peduncle." 
TyjJe species. — Podoseris nuiniiniJiforniis Duncan, Mon. Brit. foss. 
Cor., Sup., Pt. 2, No. 1, p. 25, pi. ix, tigs. 2-15; also Ann. and Mag. 
Nat. Hist., 6th ser., IV, 1889, pp. 28-31, pi. v, tig. 9. 
Duncan originally referred two species, P. mainmiJifornds and 1*. 
elongata,, to the genus without designating either one as the type. 
In his paper On the Cretaceous species of Podoseris.,'^ however, he 
saj^s, concerning the former: ""This species was the type of the genus 
* * * ." It therefore must be considered the type. 
Pistrihution. — Red Chalk, Hunstanton, England. 
Remai'hs. — Duncan gives in the paper just quoted much more infor- 
mation concerning the structural characters, and publishes the follow- 
ing more detailed diagnosis of the genus: 
'"The corallum has a narrow or wide base of permanent attachment, 
the height varies from very low, plano-convex to high; stem more or 
less cylindrical. Calice more or less circular, with a small axial fossa 
or projecting there; a columella formed by the septal ends, with or 
without other structure, small; septa numerous, uniting much, stout, 
or very slender, solid, largel}" granular at the free convex edge, 
minutel}' acicular at the sides; costte as continuations of septa, in the 
direct line, usually the most numerous. S3^napticula? numerous, 
oblique, continuous with septal nodules, interseptal loculi also wnth 
recurved hook-like processes; a delicate arched dissepimental structure 
scant3^ Epitheca exists on the sides and at the periphery. 
''Fossil: Red Chalk, Oolite, England."^ 
Duncan does not make a positive statement concerning the structure 
of the wall except that in his original diagnosis he says the cost* " are 
distinct, connected by S3"napticuUe." Plate ix, tig. 3, of the original 
tigures, shows that the wall is perforate. 
« Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., IV, 1889, p. 28. 
^Idem, p. 36. 
390 PROCEEDINOS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxviii. 
Tomes" places Duncairs Jhdoseris in the gewxxs likizangla, basing 
"his identification on specimens labeled Rhlzangia sedgwlckl Reuss, 
from the Gosau, sent to him hy W. Bolsche. As the type species of 
RMzangla is the A.st7'ea hfevisniina Deshayes,'^ the generic characters 
must be based primarily upon that species. The Rhlzangia sedgwicM 
of Reuss may ))elong to Podoseris Duncan without afi'ecting the 
validity of Duncan's genus. Tomes makes two ol^servations that 
deserve consideration, namely, that there is asexual reproduction b}' 
gemmation fi'om l)asal stolons in Podoseris, and that dissepiments are 
present. Tomes's figures (Plate xiv, rigs. 7 and 8) do not look as if 
there was budding from stolons, and Duncan, in his reply to the criti- 
cism of Tomes,'' says: •■' The form is not a social one, and never springs 
from stolons like Rhizangla.'' Tomes has more recently reiterated 
his identirication of l*odoseris and Rliizangla^*^ but has not adduced a 
particle of evidence to show that they are the same. 
1 should like to call attention to Felix's opinion on RMzangia 
sedgimchl. He leaves it in the genus Rluzangia in his Anthozoen 
del Gosauschichten in den Ostalpen/ referring the genus to the 
Astra ngiaceai of M. Edwards and Haime. Most probably the speci- 
mens of Tomes are wrongly identified, or he has misinterpreted them. 
5. Genus ANTI LLOSERIS, ne\v genus./ 
1873. Turbinoseris Duncan, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXIX, p. 558. 
[? Turbinoseris Duncan, 1870. ] 
1884. Turbinoseris (part) Duncan, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVIII, p. 148. 
1899. Turbinoseris Vaughan, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXXIV, p. 243. 
Generic diagnosis. — Corallum simple, cuneiform, or depressed, 
may be discoid, base narrow. No epitheca. Wall perforate, s^'nap- 
ticulate. Costal present as the distal terminations of the septa. 
Septa solid, septal margins dentate (dentations rounded in the type 
species), septal faces granulate. In cross section the granulations 
are usually directed inward and hooked. Synapticula out of the 
thecal ring rare; dissepiments appear to be entirely absent. Colu- 
mella, strictly speaking, absent. When the more perfect ealices are 
viewed from above, a narrow furrow is seen to occur in the axis; a 
thin section shows that lower down in the coralkun the inner ends of 
opposed longer septa fuse directly across the axis; lateral fusion of 
the inner septal ends ma\', or may not, be complete in the axis. 
«Geol. Mag., new ser. (Dec. Ill), II, 1885, p. 548. 
'>Comptes rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, XXVII, 1848, p. 496. 
cGeog. Mag., new ser. (Dec. Ill), III, 1886, pp. 53, 54. 
rfldem (Dec. IV), VI, 1899, p. 306. 
e Paheontographica, XLIX, 1903, p. 268. 
/Illustrations will be published in my forthcoming Tertiar}' Corals of North 
America, Part II, U. S. Geol. Surv. Mon., vol. — . (In preparation.) 
GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAUG HAN. 
391 
Ti/2)e specie."^. — Turhmoserls eoaxnica Duncan, Quart. Jour. Geol. 
Soc. London, XXIX, p. 558, ]^1. xxi, fig-. 12, lt>a-12o. 
Dtdr'dxiilou. — Older Tertiarie.s of the Antilles. 
Remarks. — Duncan referred tlie corals for which I am proposing 
AntlUoserh to his Turhinoserh.^^ but it seems probable that Turhino- 
seris is a S3'nonym of LeptoplujJlla Reuss. As will be pointed out later, 
Turlnnoseris has never been properly defined (see p. -fli>). Rather 
than leave the West Indies species in the uncertain state in which they 
have been for many years, I have erected a new genus for them. 
Antilloseris is very closely related to Podoserix Duncan. The 
former differ from the latter (1) by being- devoid of epitheca, (2) by 
the absence of dissepiments, (8) V>y the absence of a columella. Podo- 
seris appears to possess a small, ]>ut papillate columella. 
Family LP^PTOPHYLLlID.l^:, new name. 
1900. EllimotkUv Gregory, Jurassic Fauna of Cutcli — The Corals, p. .30. (Syn- 
onymy given by Gregory on p. 161.) 
Diagnosis of the family. — Simple or colonial Fungids, in which 
the septa are perforate lamellae; perforations exist principally near 
the top or the inner ends of the septa, the pores below filled with 
stereoplasm. 
I have placed nine of the described genera in this famil} , namelv: 
Gyroserls^^\\A%., Leptophyllla Reuss, //«/>Z(?re'ft'(^ Milaschewitz, Proteth- 
raos Gregory, Metethtnos Gregory, Frechia Gregory, liacoseris de 
Fiomentel, Llthoseris Koby and ProcycloUtes Freeh. I have appended 
under the heading "Septa as in Leptophylllidx ; condition of wall 
unknown," Myriophxjllia Volz, (hnp>lialop>hyUia Laube and Craspe- 
dophylUa., subgenus, Volz. 
I think it very probable that the number of these genera will be 
considerably reduced. 
TABLE OF DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA. 
Wall solid: 
I. No columella, thick epitheca 1. Gyroseris Reuss. 
Wall perforate: 
Septa perforate above, i 
solid below, calice\ 2. Leptop}ty1/i<i Reuss. 
superficial J 
Septa perforate above, i 
solid below, calicei 3. Procydoiites Freeh. 
deep ,..1.J 
Septa with large irreg- 
ular pores, fusing 
with synapticula to 
form an irregular 
mesh-work 
II. Columella^ 
absent or 
rudimen- 
tary 
Epitheca incom- 
plete or thin. 
4. Haplarxa Milasche- 
witz. 
«For a discussion, see p. 410 of this paper. 
392 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxviii. 
III. Coluiut'l la I I'liiillu'ca al)siMit 
Septa |>crf(irat(' iK'ar) 
axisan.lt.-i. ( ^- ^''•"Ml'»^osa 
Septa larjj;ely iktIo-j 
regorj'.f 
S[)()n<j;y, or rud iiiicn-^ rate; mi dissi-pi-} (>. Fi'i'di la Gregory. 
parietal . ' tary 
nieiitti ' 
Dis.sepimentH hiijlilvl - ,„ • -.- , , 
, , , "^ • ]■ I . /7/(/.s'o.svT(.s\ aughan.'' 
I. develoiieu > 
IV. {'(.lumella 
sp(Hiijry, 
p r o 111 i - 
neiit 
V. Columel lai I'lpitlieca aliHentiSepta j)erforate near 
.spongy, i or rudinien-^ axis and near sur-}^ tl. .Ut'tethmos Gregory. 
paiiillary. J taiy 
A^I. Colnniella 
composed 
Epitheeaappar-p^Pta apparently per- L() /./„,,,,,,;, ^e Fro- 
entlvabsent.. '"•"^^^^ ^*'""^' "I'l'^'' mental, 
edge 
Epitheca eom-iSepta little compactl ., r •,, • t- i 
■ ' > ,, f ^- i^illiosen.^ Kol)y, 
l>leto I ( "peucompactefi ) J 
ea 
*n-< axis and near s 
. . I face, .solid l>elo\v 
of com- 
p ress e d 
fiis.'d tni- 
IiiTula 
1. Genus GYROSERIS Reuss. 
1854. Gi/roseris Kei's.s, Denksclirilt. Akat 
VII, p. 126. 
Wiss. Wien, :\lat. Natiirhist. CI., 
Geiiu.s referred to the Lojthoserlnx of jNIilne Edwtird.s and Haiiiie. 
Oi'ujlndl (jeut'i'ic dia<jno.sif<. — "Coralluin free, .simple, di.scoid or low- 
conical. Septa numerous, luiited b}' sjnapticula. Papillaiy columella. 
Wall low, conical, with thick, concentrically wav}' epitheca." 
TfjjM' Kpecies. — (lyroKcvls pateJlaris Reuss, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. 
Wien, Mat. Naturhist. CI., VII, p. 126, pi. vii, tios. 12-15. 
Remai'l's. — By neither Milne Edwards and Haime nor Duncan is 
anythino- additional oiven reg-arding thi.s genus. Felix, however, 
in his Anthozoen der (xosauschichten in den Ostalpen,'' saj's: "1 
should like to remark in addition to the description of Reuss that a 
columella either is al)sent or remains rudimentary. Isolated dis.sepi- 
ments, as well as .synapticula, occur between the septa. The septa 
orig-inalh' are porous (*• werden poros an^elegt'), but appear to become 
compact." 
This genus appears very closely related to Leptopliyllia. If the 
wall should be perforate the only means of dili'erentiation is the thick, 
concentrically wavy epitheca, a character of doubtful diagnostic value. 
« It is possible that the wall of this genus is solid. In that case it would belong 
near Gyroseris. 
. ''This geiuis may have a jiapillary columella. 
'^■Paheontographica, XLIX, 190;], p. 226. 
NO. 1101. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAUGHAN. 393 
2. Genus LEPTOPHYLLIA Reuss. 
1854. LeptophyUia Reuss, Denk.schr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Mat. Naturliist. CI., 
VII, p. 101. 
Orujlnal generic dlagnosiis. — "Corallum simple, more or less coni- 
cal or turbinate, attached by the base. No columella. Very numerous, 
crowded, tliin septa that fuse directly in the center, upper free mar- 
gins furnished with very distinct, regular, pointed, short teeth. The 
outer wall without epitheca, ribs distinct and covered with strong, 
pointed, grain-like teeth. 
"Is separated from the very nearl}" related genus Montllvaltla })y 
the absence of epitheca, from Trochosmilia b}' the dentation of the free 
margins of the septa." 
Type species. — Leptop)kyllla elarata Reuss, Denksclir. Akad. Wiss. 
Wien, Mat. Naturhist. CI., VII, p. 101, pi. vi, figs. 3-6. 
Dlstrihution. — Cretaceous, Senonian, Gosau, Austria. 
Pratz, in his Ueber die verwandschaftlichen Beziehungen einiger 
Korallengattungen mit hauptsiichlicher Berucksichtigung ihrer Sep- 
talstructur," made a careful study of the septal structure of Lepto- 
phyUia clamta., and showed that the septa of that species are composed 
of trabeculfe which stand more or less perpendicular to the septal 
margin. The trabecular consist of rows of nodules (Knotchcn), which 
are regularly grouped, quite often spirally, as in Cyclolites. The 
lateral granulations of neighboring trabecular often fuse and form 
vertical rows of pores. In the bottom of the calice the pores are filled, 
the rows of pores are mostl}' seen on the upper part of the septum, 
while on the low'er part they usually disappear. The wall is described 
as dissepi mental.'' 
Ogilvie, in her Korallen der Stramberger Schichten/ redefined the 
genus and followed the data of Pratz in drawing up her definition. 
Felix, in his Anthozoen der Gosauschichten in den Ostalpen,^' merely 
refers to Pratz's work for an account of the microstructure of the 
genus. He coml)ines the Leptojyhyllia irregularis and L. clavata 
Reuss, thus making the genus monotypic. Several other forms not 
originally referred to LeptojjhyUia are also placed in the synonymy of 
L. clavata. 
«Pal8eontographica, XXIX, 1882, pp. 90-92. 
^Gregory, in his Jurassic Corals of Cutch, p. 162, makes a statement that is difficult 
to understand. In discussing the affinities of his Ethmolidx, he says: "They form the 
chief part of the alliance LeptophylHoida of Duncan. But uncertainty as to the struc- 
ture of true Leptoplnjllia of Reuss renders it inadvisable to take that genus as the type 
of the group." I do not see how the description of Pratz, based on one of Reuss's 
original species, could have been overlooked. There is scarcely any coral whose 
septal structure is more thoroughly known than that of LeptophyUia. 
cPaheontographica, Sup. II, VII Abtheil., 1897, p. 218. 
'/ Idem, XLIX, 1903, pp. 200-202. 
394 PROCEEDINGS OF Tin: XATIONAL MUSEVM. voi. xxviii. 
The following- is Ogilvne's recharacterization of Lei)tophyllia : " 
"Corallum simple, conicil, or oylindro-conical, with superficial 
calice. Septa numerous, thin, maroins regularly toothed, on the faces 
rows of granulations that run perpendicular to the septal margin and 
form pseudo-synapticula. Septa not alwa3's, and then only partialh', 
perforate. Dissepiments thin, numerous, vesicular, thicker toward 
the periphery and with the septa forming a pseudotheca. Costal ends 
of the septa finely toothed. Thin epitheca present." 
As full a discussion of the relations of Lej^dDphyUhi and Tarhlnoserls 
as is at present possible is given on pp. -110-412. 
3. Genus PROC YCLOLITES Freeh. 
1890. Pronjclolitof Frecu, Palseontograpliica, XXXVII, \k 64. 
Oriijhial (jciierlc dl<Xgrwsl><. — "Simple, more rarely composed of two 
fused individuals. Calice deep. Timer structure partly similar to 
Cydolites. However, the septa rather quickly become solid lamellae, 
the number of pores Ihat remain open is small and they are confined 
to the youngest parts of the septa (fig. 11 A). On the faces of the 
septa are horizontal, elongate dissepiments, but they almost never 
unite with those of the neighboring septa. True synapticula are rare. 
Dissepiments fine and numerous." 
Ty2)e sj)ecies. — Procijelolhea trladlcus Freeh, Paheontographica, 
XXXVII, p. <)4, pi. XVIII (all figs, except 17), text fig., p. 65. 
Distrihxition. — Triassic, Fischer wiese, Gosau, etc., Austria. 
RemarTis. — Freeh says that "The external difi'erences (the deep 
calice) are scarcely sufficient to separate the genus from Cydolites^ 
especiall}^ as CyeloUtes undulata possesses nnich external resemblance. 
However, the presence of synapticula alongside of dissepiments, also 
the relative rarity of septal pores, constitute sufficient differences. 
Pi'ocyclolites probably represents, as its name indicates, a predecessor 
of CyeloUtes. There is no nearer relationship to Haplarxa Milas- 
chewitz (Upper .Jurassic) (with which D'tplarxa belongs), as the septa 
of the Jurassic corals are distinctly porous. The septal structure of 
Leptophyllia'' shows only a remofe resemblance. In it the septal 
spines originate separately, and are covered with numerous, regularly 
arranged nodules." 
Freeh i)ublished no observation on the wall, columella, or epitheca. 
However, information on these structures can be obtained from his 
figures. The distal ends of the septa are I'epresented as free — they 
prol)ably arc united by synapticula. Fig. 7 represents a specimen, 
"wohlerhaltene Aussenseite mit Theka." Apparently there is an 
incomplete epitheca. Fig. .5, a section across the axis of a specimen, 
shows no vestige of a columella, nor does fig. 4 show any. 
aPalpeontographica, Sup. II, VII Abtheil., 1897, p. 218. 
&Ideiii, XXIX, pi. XIV, fig. 9. 
NO. 1401. GENERA OF SIMPLE FIJNOID CORALS— VAUGHAN. 395 
4. Genus HAPLAR^^A Milasche\A^itz. 
1876. Haplarxa Milaschewitz, Palaeontographica, XXI, p. 228. 
Original generic diagnosis. — "Corallum simple, cylindri(3al, attached 
to the object of support by a broad surface, outside covered l)y a 
smooth, wavy epitheca. The septa are rather strongly developed, 
with large pores scattered without order. The younger septa unite 
with the older, and all the septa are united by numerous and well- 
developed synapticula. Columella absent."" 
Type species. — Haplarxa elegans Milaschewitz, Palseontographica, 
XXI, p. 229, pi. LI, figs. 2, 2a, 2b. 
Distribution. — Jurassic, Nattheimer Schichten, Germany. 
Remarks. — Pratz '^ describes a coral, that he refers to Haplarsea., 
from the Cretaceous of St. Gilgen, on Wolfgangsee. Unfortunately 
this coral can not be used in defining the genus Ilaplareea. 
Ogilvie in her Korallen der Stramberger Schichten, pages 250, 
251, apparently bases her remarks on Haplarsea on the work of 
Pratz, a procedure that is unfortunate, ]>ut her redefinition of the 
genus (p. 261) does not differ specially from the original definition of 
Milaschewitz. 
Ogilvie': sredefinition. — "Corallum simple, cylindrical. Septa numer- 
ous, very perforate, irregularly curved, and abundantly fusing by their 
sides. Septa often resolved into short, thick trabecule, and forming 
with the synapticula an irregular, perforate mess work. Pseudos^^n- 
apticula not numerous. Dissepiments numerous and vesicular. Colu- 
mella not recognizable. No true wall present, onl}' a pseudothecal 
thickening of the septal and interseptal skeletal parts near the outer 
wall. Epitheca thin, wrinkled, reaching to the calicular margin.'' 
Milaschewitz referred Ilaplarxa to the Poritidx; Zittel^' placed it 
with CaJostylis in the Enpsammidse. Ogilvie followed Zittel, Greg- 
ory'" places it in his Ethinotidm. 
5. Genus PROTETHMOS Gregory.'^ 
1900. ProtethmoK, Gregory, Jurassic Fauna of Cutch, Tlie Corals, p. 162. 
Original generic diagnosis. — '"'' Ethniotidm in which the corallum is 
simple and short; conical, turbinate, or pedunculate. Septa perforate 
near the axis and near the top; granulate laterally, and coarsely den- 
ticulate above; rather stout, numerous, and usually straight. Synap- 
ticula3, scarce. Columella, parietal, spongy; well developed. Calice 
shallow or of medium depth." 
Type species. — Protethnios oldhami Gregory, Jurassic Fauna of 
Cutch, The Corals, p. 164, pi. xviii, figs. 10-13. 
« Verwandscaftliche Beziehungen einiger Korallengattungen, pp. 102, 103. 
^'Handb. Palaontologie, I, 1880, p. 242. 
''Jurassic Corals of Cutch, p. 162. 
''If the wall of this genus is imperforate it should be placed near Gyrosesia. 
396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxviii. 
Dixtr'ihut'tnyi. — Jurassic of India. 
Re))ia7']is. — Gregory gives a lengthy discussion of the affinities of 
Protethmos."' It is separated from Ephtreptopliylluin Milaschewitz, 
Lithoser'is Kob}^ (probal)ly a synonym of the former) and Turhinoseris 
Duncan by these genera probably having imperforate septa. I have 
pointed out in the present paper that none of them is adequately 
described. PodoseriH Duncan is said positively to have imperforate 
septa. 
Gregory does not describe the wall, nor does he state whether epi- 
theca is present or absent. Figs. 10c and 12c (Plate xviii) show a 
thick, imperforate wall — such is at least the condition below the upper 
edge of the calice. Epitheca appears from the figures to be absent or 
only vestigial. 
6. Genus FRECHIA Gregory. 
1900. Frechia Gregory, Jurassic Fauna of Cutch, Tlie Corals, p. 167. 
Original generic diagnosis. — '"'' Ethmotidx., with a small, simple cor- 
allum, which is free or pedunculate, trochoid, or cylindrical. Calice 
variable in depth; generally fairly deep. Septa largely perforate; 
synapticula^ scarce; no dissepiments. Columella parietal, but well- 
developed.'" 
Type species. — Freclda cornutiforniis Gregor}^, Jurassic Fauna of 
Cutch, p. 168, pi. xxi, figs. 1-3. 
Remarks. — This genus is separated from Protethmos Gregory by its 
more abundantly perforated septa, and from LeptophylUa Reuss by 
its possessing a well-developed parietal columella. 
Gregory in his generic diagnosis gives no information on the char- 
acter of the wall, nor as to the presence or absence of dissepiments 
and epitheca. However, in the description of the type species, P. cor- 
nutiforniis, he says, ''near the margin of the coral the septa may be 
united by secondary thickening into an apparent wall." This would 
indicate an abundantly perforate wall. Judging from Plate xxi, fig. 
3b, near the base the septa are distally much thickened, forming a 
thick pseudotheca. Plate xxi, fig. 2, apparently shows dissepiments 
alongside synapticula. If epitheca is present, it is onh' vestigial. 
7. PHYSOSERIS, new genus.'' 
1873. Trochosmilia Duncan, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, Loncion, XXIX, p. 552, 
pi. XIX, figs. 2, 2a, 3, (not Trochosmilia Milne Edwards and Haime). 
Generic diagnosis. — Corallum simple, subcylindrical or compressed. 
Epitheca entirely absent or rudimentary. Wall composed of pseudo- 
thecal thickenings of the septa, or of dissepiments; it is mostly dissepi- 
« Jurassic Fauna of Cutch, The Corals, p. 163. 
'''Illustrations will be published in my fortlu;oniing Tertiarj'^ corals of North 
America. Part II. U. S. Geol. Surv., IMon., vol. — . [In preparation.] 
NO. 14C1. G'ENERA OF SIMPLE FUNG ID CORALS— VAUGHAN. 397 
inentiil. In fact, tlie dissepiment.s are so arrantved as to give the 
appearance of an imperforate wall in many, if not most, cases. Costse 
present, representing- the peripheral ends of the septa; rather promi- 
nent and distant, often with definite girdling exothecal rings, the dis- 
sepiments in these rings extending to the costal ends. Between the 
rings thinner dissepiments can often be seen. Septa irregularly per- 
forate, the first and second cycles thicker and not so perforate as the 
higher cycles, however they show distinct perforations; in three 
polished sections I found about three thicker septa that seemed to be 
imperforate. The septa of the higher cycles are thinner and more 
l)erforate. There is no regularitj' in the perforations — they may 
exist near the columella, in the median portion of a septum, or near 
the peripheral (costal) end. A longitudinal section shows that the 
trabecuhe may be interrupted. The septal pores do not fill up near 
the base, probably due to the highly developed dissepiments cutting 
ofi' the base of the corallum from the soft parts of the polyp. There 
is a tendency, but not a very striking one, to form septal groups. 
S^^napticula scarce, present near the base, and probably also near the 
inner ends of the septa.. Dissepiments well developed, curving out- 
ward, one set above another. In a cross section of a corallum they 
show as several definite rings — usually three or four rings occur 
between the columella and the peripheral or mural zone. Columella 
distinctly developed, shows in transverse section as a number of axial 
trabecule, which may be more or less fused among one another, and 
to the inner ends of the septa. Its upper surface is probably, though 
not positively, papillate. 
Type species. — Trochosnillia insl(/nts Duncan {—T. uislgnis Duncan 
+ T. arguta Duncan (not Reuss)), Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 
XXIX, p. 552, pi. XIX, figs. 2, 2a; also tig. 3. 
Distribution. — Old Tertiaries of St. Bartholomew, West Indies. 
Remarl's. — How Duncan ever referred his Trocliosrn'dla insujuls to 
Trochosmilld passes comprehension. As Prof. A. G. Hogbom, of the 
Universit}^ of Upsala, has kindl}' loaned me Duncan's type, I have 
been able to base a large portion of the above description on the type 
specimen. Two thin sections, two polished transverse sections, and 
one polished longitudinal section of other specimens were prepared. 
Duncan's type (which had been cut) shows nearly ever}^ character, given 
in the preceding diagnosis, that can be seen on a transverse section. 
His figure of the transverse section (Plate xix, fig. 2a) clearh^ indi- 
cates perforate septa. The specimen identified by Duncan as T. atyuta 
Reuss is precisely the same thing. It also has perfectly distinct septal 
perforations, and there are hints of columellar papillae 
This genus, I think, is most closeh' related to Freeh ia Gregory, but 
can ])e inmiediately separated by its highly developed dissepiments. 
The genus seems to bo unusually distinct from any of those previously 
described. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxviii— 04 26 
898 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxviii. 
8. Genus LITHOSERIS Koby. 
JSS(>. Lillioxcrix KoiiY, Sclnvei/,. I'ahfontol. (4esellsch., Ahliaiid., XIII, p. 338. 
<h'i(j(ii((l (jciwric /■//V/r/;/rAsv'.s'. — "(y()r;illiiiii siinplc, more or les.s ele- 
vated and turbinate. S(^pta inuneroiis, crowded, little compact {})eii 
coiiijxtctes)., free maroin divided into irregular ^granulations, septal 
faces covered with irr(^J;•ular oraiudations. Columella spongy, prom- 
inent. T^lpitheca complete. Pseudo-synapticula numerous. Dissepi- 
ments rare.'' 
Type species. — Lithoserts <ji'aeUh Ko])y, Schweiz. Palteontol. Ge- 
sellsch., Abhand., XIII, p. 3;3S, pi. xciii, lij>-s. 32, 32a. M. Koby in 
establishing this genus placed two species in it, L. gracU!s and L. 
coi/ipressa.^ l)oth niuned l)y himself. He did not designate a type spe- 
cies. I have therefore^ ar])itrarily selected the first. 
Distrihufion. — Jurassic, St. Ursanne, Switzerland. 
Reiiiai'l's. — M. Koby does not take up this genus in his Remarques 
paleontologiques sur les Polypiers jurassiques de la Suisse." The 
structure of the wall and septa is not ade(|uately discussed. However, 
from his placing it near Leptoplnjllhi., one may be justified in thinking 
that it ditfers from that genus b}" possessing a complete epithcca and 
a well-developed, prominent columella. 
Ogilvie, in her Korallen der Strambergerschichten,-' })laces Litho- 
serls in the synonym}^ of Kp)lsf t'ep>f(>p]nilj }t m. Milaschewitz. 
The Nattheim specimens of Ep>!strept<>j>hi/ll>nii. have not, I believe, 
been sutticientl}- studied for us to know positively the characters of 
that genus. Lithoseris also needs further study. Howe\er, I will 
say that an examination of the plates of Milaschewitz and Koby fur- 
nishes support to Ogilvie's view, but her conclusion can not be 
accepted as proven. Gregory '' makes observations on the relations 
of IJthoseris and Ephtrej)top)hyllnni of practically the same import as 
what is said above. 
9. Genus METETHMOS Gregory. 
1900. Mctctliviox (tkegoky, Juraf^Hic Fauna of Cutch, the Corals, p. 165. 
( yrhjinal (jeiierlc d'uMimms. — '''' Ethiiiot'idiv. in which the corallum is 
simple, short, conical, and pedunculate. Calice shallow. Septa per- 
forate near the axis and near the surface, but near the base the pores 
are closed b}^ stereoplasm. Septa fairly straight and crowded. Den- 
tate. Synapticulffi scarce. Columella well developed, papillai'y." 
Type species. — Metethmos hlanfordl Gregory, Jurassic Fauna of 
Cutch, p. 165, pi. XVIII, figs 4-6, 8, 11. 
« Schweiz. Palgentol. Gesellsch., Abhand., XVI. 
i^'Pateontogr., 8up., II, p. 255. 
c Jurassic Fauna of Cutch, the Corals, \). 163. 
NO. 1101. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAUGHAN. 399 
Remarks. — Gregory says Metethmos is most closely allied to Pro- 
fcflniioH^ differing- from that genus by possessing a well-developed pa- 
pillary, instead of a parietal columella. Microsmllla Koby differs in 
having a regularly perforate wall. 
The structure of the wall is not given, nor is anything said concei'n- 
ing the epitheca. Fig. ^Sh (Plate xviii) indicates that below the bottom 
of the calice the wall is compact; tig. 85 seems to show a few perfora- 
tions. Epitheca, if not altog'cther absent, is only vestigial. 
lO. Genus PLACOSERIS de Fromentel. 
1860. Plaruscris de Fromentel, Paleontol. franc., Crctacc, VIII, Pt. 24, p. o29. 
Original generic diagnosis. — "Corallum attached by a wide base, 
wall cylindrical. Costse granulated and well marked. Septa synap- 
ticulate, numerous and unequal, columella elongate, composed of a 
series of trabecular fused together and laterally strongly spinose." 
Type species. — Placoseris patella de Fromentel, Paleontol. frany., 
Cretace, VIII, p. 330, pi. xlix, fig. 4. 
Distribution. — Cretaceous, Cenomanian, Saint Croix, France. 
Remarks. — M. de Fromentel says nothing about the structure of the 
wall or septa, nor does he make any statement regarding the epitheca. 
According to his enlarged figure of the calice (Plate xlix, fig. \}>), the 
wall appears perforate in places; the septa seem to be interrupted 
along the upper margins, strongly suggesting pores. Epitheca is not 
indicated in the upright view of the corallum, fig. 4. However, the 
type species needs to be carefully restudied. 
SEPTA AS IN LEPTOPHYLLIIDiE; CHARACTER OF WALL UNKNOWN. 
Myriophyllia Volz. 
Omphalophyllia Laube. 
Subgenus Craspedophyllia Volz. 
Genus MYRIOPHYLLIA Volz. 
1896. MuriopliiilUa Volz, Pateontographica, XLIII, {>. 64. 
Original generic diagnosis. — "Corallum simple, with numerous 
instances of transitions to compound or compact mode of growth. 
The septa are extremely tine and numerous. They are composed of 
distinctly differentiated trabecule (Balken), are mostly compact, but 
pores may be present. Especially characteristic are the long, jagged, 
macroscopically scarcely visible septal gramdations, with which the 
septal faces are covered. Columella spongy. Synapticula numerous. 
Endotheca, and usually also the pseudotheca, well developed. Cen- 
tral fossa round or elongate, sunken." 
400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxviii. 
Ti/jje Kpecles. — MyriophyUia hadlotlca Volz, Palseontographica, 
XLITI, p. 75, pi. IX, tij>-. 9, text fio-s., pp. 74, 75.« 
Volz places liv(^ species \\\ Nyr/opliyllla., namely: Myri<>i)]iyllla 
l>(i«n()t!c(i\oVA, new speci(\s, (/m/fhitloj^hylUa </ra<uli'< Laube ( = ^A r/?Yi- 
c!Ui^-\r (K cydoHtlforiiu.s Laiibe), j\hji'i()]>]iyi!i.a in'mb^ferl^ new species, 
Monti iiiaUia dlchotoma Klipstein and 3[yr!(>p/iyll!(( mojsvarl^ new 
species, without designatinf^- a type species. 
DlKtrihiitlon. — Trias, Schichten von St. Cassian, South Tyrol. 
RciiHirkK. — According to Volz,-' the OmpJudojiJiylUa of Laubc con- 
tained two genera, both ^'ery closely related, but distinguishable 
thi'ough ditterences in their columella'. Some of the species origi- 
nally placed in <>ni)>haJoi>]iyUia by Laube possess a compact columella; 
these Volz retains in (hnj>hal(>phylli<i. Others possess a spongy and 
often very scant (.sv ///■ spat'licJi eiitinlckeJf) columella; for these he pro- 
posed the name 2fyi'/(p/iyfli<i. 
Volz does not describe the wall under the generic diagnosis, nor 
does he make any lemarks on the epitheca. Under the description of 
the type species 3L. hnJiofica^ however, he says: '"The wall is very 
thin, not thickened ))y stereoplasmic deposit. Externally it appears 
solid. It is beset with coarse, often strong!}' projecting collarlike 
processes, between which are fine wrinkles. The septa are visible 
externally as longitudinal i'i)>s.'' Therefore, apparently the wall is 
im})erforate, and there is no epitheca. 
Genus OMPH ALOPHYLLI A Laube. 
lSfi5. Onrphdlophy/liaA^AVBE, Deiikschr. Akad. WinHensch. Wien, Mat. Natnrliist. 
CI., XXIV, p. 251. 
Ot'hj'nud (jenerie (lhi<iiu>s)><: " Corallum simple, attached; epitheca 
strong; columella prominent, styliform; septa numerous, slightly 
unecjual, dichotomoiis, curved, granulated, serrate; calice, subplane." 
(Translation of Latin diagnosis.) 
''(\)rallum simple, attached, sometimes pedicellate; the columella 
distinctly developed, styliform, forming a biittoidike projection in 
the l)ottom of the calice. Septa numerous, slightly arched, serrate 
on the sides, gramdate on the upper margin [.s/c, auf den Seiten 
gesiigt, auf dem obern Kande gekorntlj,' straight or curved, anastom- 
ing and radiating dichotomously or trichotomouslv from the calicular 
fossa. Epitheca strongly developed, alwa3"s present, reaching to the 
"This is the same as the Moutliralfut? new species Loretz, Zeitschr. deutsch. geolog. 
(iesellsch. 1875, p. 825, pi. xxii, tig. 9; tlie label of the original specimen hearing, 
according to Volz, the name MoiiUira/tia Ixidiotica Loretz. Ajjparently Loretz never 
published the name, therefore the spe(;ies must he credited to Volz. 
'' Pala'ontographica, XI^IIl, p. H'A. 
"I think Lauhe must have meant <nif licm oherti Raiidc t/rsib/t, uuf den Seite)i 
gekornt, i. e., ))>« a printer's error the words " Seilni^' and '^ Randc" have been 
transposed. 
NO. 1401. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAUGHAN. 401 
maroiu of the calico. Calico shallow, disco itl.'" (Translation of Ger- 
man diagnosis.) 
Type species: OmpJialophyllia holeHforrnis {Miinstev) = J£ontlivaUla 
/jolrtiformis Miinstor (Beitr. Geognos. und Petref. siidost. Tirols, PL 
II, tig-. 9)^'= OmphalophyUia gracilis, e. p. Laube. (S.ynon}^!!}' after 
Volz.) 
Laul)e cites,^ OmphalophyUia gracilis Miinstor as the type. Volz, 
in his Korallen der Schichten von St. Cassian,'' says that Laube 
confused three difierent species under the name Oiaphalophyllia 
gracilis. Laube gives, on Plate III of his work cited, three figures, 
5, 5a, and 5b. In the explanation of the tiguros, ho say.^: "Fig, 5. 
Oirqjhatop>hylHa gracilis Miinstor from the side, a from above, l> very 
much enlarged cross section of a calice, diagrammatic." According 
to Volz: 
"(1) Fig. 5 = OmphalophyUia holetiformis Miinstor not Laube. 
"(2) Fig. 5a = Crai^pt'dopJiyUia gracilis Laube. 
"(3) Fig. 5h = J/yriophyllia gracilis LiAnhe. (The septa are repre- 
sented as black. There is no columella.)" 
From a study of Laube's tiguros I ])eliovo that figs. 5 and oa are two 
views of the same specimen and that the '' l)lack" in fig. 5b can not 
represent the septa. If such were the case there would l)o no wall, no 
columella, and the septa would bo as perforate as in Anahracia. It is 
m}^ opinion that Laube's figures all represent the same species. The 
type-species of the genus is represented by Plato iii, figs. 5, 5a, 5b, 
or, if Volz's contention is true, l)y fig. 5. 
Disfrihutiori. — Triassic, St. Cassian beds, southern Tyrol. 
Remarks. — Volz, in his Korallen der Schichten von St. Cassian (p. 
04), undertook to redefine OinpJadophyUia. Ho, however, makes no 
reference to a type-species. Ilis diagnosis is as follows: *' TJtamnas- 
traeidx of simple (fungioid, discoid, conical, or cylindrical form) or 
compound growth. The septa are composed of distinctly difl'eronti- 
ated trabecuhx?; pores are rare. On the septal faces are more or less 
distinctly horizontal rows of granulations, sometimes also com})act 
dissepiments. The columella firm and compact; more rarely are small 
holes recognized in its structure. Synapticula present." Althougli 
Volz does not say it, his description applies to his O. hoUtifonnis 
(Miinstor), Plate viii, figs. 1-S. 
The wall is not satisfactorily described. Under O. holetiformis he 
says: '"The wall is very thin; when preserved it appears externally to 
bo solid. Covered with numerous weak transverse wrinkles." One 
is led to suspect that only the epithoca is described. 
« This reference is taken from Volz. I have not l)een al)le to consult Minister's 
work. 
''Denkschr. Akad. Wis. Wion., Math. Natnrhist. CL, XXIV, p. 251. 
c Palfeontographica, XLIII, p. 66. 
402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvm. 
Genus OMPH ALOPH YLLIA Laube. 
Subgenus CRASPEDOPHYLLIA Volz. 
1896. CraapedophiiUla Volz, Palaeontographica, XLIIl, p. 64. 
Generic (llagnosis. — "The new subgenus Ct'ai^jjedophyllia is sepa- 
rated fi'oni (>nt.phalo2)h.ijlUa b}^ possessing- a primitive septum ( TJi'Hep- 
hiiii) and liorizotital endothecal dissepiments." 
Tiipt'-xpeeiex. — CvaxpedoplujlUa crisfata Volz, Palaeontographica, 
XLlll, p. 65, pi. VII, tigs. 10-M, 22, text tig. 15, p. 15. 
Volz referred three species to this subgenus, namely: Axosmilia 
(ilpina Loretz, Ci'(iKpedoi)hyllia erlstata^ new species, and (JnqjJiah)- 
plnjllUi graeilis Lauhe, designating no type-species. As Volz lays .so 
much stress on the " Ur septum ^'^^ I have selected as the genotype the 
species for which the " Urseptum'" is iigured (p. 15, fig. 15). How- 
ever, the horizontal dissepiments appear to be more typically devel- 
oped in Cra.Kpedopliyllia gracilis (Laube) Volz. 
Dhfrihidion. — Triassic, St. Cassian ])eds, south Tyrol. 
Family ANABRACIID^?i; Duncan (spelling emend.). 
1884. ylnaftrtctacZ.T? Duncan, Jour. Linn. Soe. London, Zool., XVIII, p. 165. 
1900.. Mitrosoknuhv Gkegory, Jurassic Fauna of Cutcli, tlie Corals, p. >iO '(syn- 
onymy, p. 178). 
Origined d lag tics! h <>f famUy. — '" Madreporaria Fungida simple or 
colonial. Septa ti'ahecuhitc and fenestrated. Synapticula small. 
Dissepiments absent. Wall indistinct." 
The family nuist l)e extended to include genera in which dissepi- 
ments exi.st. 
Gregory's Mlcrosolenidse^''' becomes an exact synon3'm. His defini- 
tion is " Simple or colonial Fungida in which the septa are palissades 
of more or less vertical, disconnected, regular, or irregular trabecular." 
Four genera, Antd)racki^Ov\Agx\y^ Trochophlegma Gregory, Cyclo- 
l/tes Lamai'ck, and Trocliurxa Etallon are placed in this family. 
TAKLE OF DIFP^EKENTIAL CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA. 
[No opitheca — 
I. Columella — none 
Septa very thin, trabe-1^ Anahmeki d'Or- 
culfe mostly separate, ,,; . 
lusui": very little. j '^ • 
Septa externally sub-U TrochophI ,■,, n,n 
e(iual trabecule' some- Gregory. 
I what tused below. J "^ ' 
IWilli ei)itlieca.Sei)ta externally somelS. ViicloUt e a La- 
larger. / niarck. 
TT /-I 1 11 • t 1 XT -n ./Septal trabeculfe unitedl4. Twcliarud Etal- 
11. Columella-panetaL.Noepitheea| gelow into short series./ Ion. 
"Jurassic Fauna of Cntcli, the Corals, 1900, p. 80. 
NO. 1401. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNG ID CORALS— VA UGH AN. 403 
1. Genus ANABRACIA d'Orbigny. 
1849. Anabrarhi u'Orbigny, Notes aiir dew Polyp, foss., p. 11. 
Orig/iial generic diagnosis. — "Form circular, depressed, convex, and 
covered above with snuill radiatino-, unequal septa; base horizontal, 
with radiating, granulated, dichotouious ribs." 
Type-xpeeiex. — ^4. hajoelana di\Mn^\\y — F'((ng/(( compJatyata De- 
france, 1820, Diet. Sci. Nat., XVII, p. 217. 
Distribution. — Inferior Oolite of Europe. 
Remarl'x. — Milne Edwards in I860" changed the spelling of the 
name from Anahrada to Amthada^ redefined the genus in much 
greater detail, and placed d'Orbigny's ^4. hajoc'tana in the synonymy 
of the Fungla compJanata of Defrance.'' This characterization holds 
good for to-day and is as follows: "The corallum is simple, free, and 
without trace of adhesion; it has the form of a small plano-convex 
lens. The upper surface shows in the center a small, shallow fossa, 
where no trace of a columella can l)e distinguished. The septa are 
subtrabecular {HuhpoutrellaireH) , very numerous and thin, tinelj^ and 
regularly crenulate; they terminate on the lower face of the corallum 
in crenulate co.stal edges similar to those of the upper surface, without 
there being a distinct basal wall. The septa of the last cycle unite by 
their inner margins to the neighboring primaries. 
'•The A/uihacice difier from the other species of this subfamily 
[J^imgifise]., the F'ungia^ and ADcrahachv., by the absence of a wall, 
properly speaking, and the much less perfectly developed septa.'' 
The septa of Anahracla are formed by palissades of small rods (tra- 
becular) connected with one another so as to form a regularly fenes- 
trated network. Duncan makes the genus the type of his family 
Anabaciadcv.'' Gregory i)laces it in his Microsolenidiv.'' 
2. Genus TROCHOPHLEGMA Gregory. 
1900. Trocliophlegma Gregory, Jurassie Fauna of Cutch, the Corals, p. 179. 
Orlginid generic diagnrmx. — '"'' Aricrosolenida?, in which the corallum 
is simple or composed of a few corallites united by lateral gemmation; 
it is fixed or free, and may be pedunculate or have a rounded convex 
base. Calice small, but well marked. Columella absent; the calicular 
fossa is small, but rather deep; it is central or excentric in position. 
Septa ver}' numerous; trabicular. The septal elements consist of 
upright rods, which slope slightly outward as they are followed from 
the base; they are connected by two sets of cross rods at right angles 
to each other. The concentric horizontal bars are very conspicuous 
«Hist. nat. Corall., Ill, pp. 31, 32. 
''Diet. Sci. nat., XVII, 1820, p. 217. 
'-Jour. Linn. Soe. London, Zool., XVII, 1884, p. 165. 
<' Jurassic Fauna of Cutch, the Corals, 1900, p. 174. 
404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvin. 
in xertical sections. Tlie rods are often connected ))y stereoplasniic 
deposits, which oive rise to an appearance of continuous plates in 
transverse sections (Plate xxiii, tios. i>c and Ikl).'' 
7y2)(i species. — TrocJiopJdcgiiKt tiniiihtnwUoxa (Ireo-ory, Jurassic 
Fauna of Cutch, p. 180, pi. xxiii, ti<^s. o-io. 
Dhtrihuiion. — Jurassic, Upper Putchuni beds, Kach, India. 
Renuti'l'H. — Greg-orv says: ^'TroclioplJegum is nearer to (JycJolites 
[than to LeptophyUia\ in which 1 tirst placed it. But the type species 
of Cydolites is C. elJiptica Lamarck, with which the characteristic 
species of the genus such as i\ undulata (Goldfuss), C. pohjuiorphd 
(Goldfuss), and C. dhcoidea (Goldfuss) ag'ree in all essential particulars. 
The main difference between Trochophlegriiannd. (JycloUtesiiiih'A.imi\\& 
latter the septa are not subequal. In C. einpflnt, for exam[)le, afterevery 
four or five e([ual thin sepia, there is one much thicl^er than the rest. 
This feature is conspicuous 1)oth on the external surface and in thin 
horizontal s(M-tions. The feature is stated in Edwards and Ilaime's 
diagnosis of the type species and illustrated in Pratz's figures. It is true 
that in transverse sections of Trod tophi eg ma an apparent inequality of 
the septa is produced ])y stereoplasniic union of some lines of tral)ecu- 
loe; but in all the Indian specimens the septa externally appear sub- 
equal, as shown on Plate xxxiii, tig. ;3a or 4c. In Cyclolites^ more- 
over, the calicular fossa is a deep, elongated trench, extending nearly 
across the corallum, whereas in TrocJiojddegina it is small and circular. 
The more lamellar aspect of the septa of Cyclollfex is illustrated by 
Duncan's figures" of the Sind series of corals belonging to this geiuis. 
The same character separates FrocyeJolltes Freeh, in which the septa 
are said to develop 'ziemlich schnell zu compaeten lamellen; die Zahl 
der otien bleil)enden'Poren ist sehr gering und auf die jiingsten Theile 
der Septa beschninkt."" 
3. Genus CYCLOLITES Lamarck. 
1801. Ci/dolilfs Lamarck, Syst. Aniin. yans Vert., }). 369. 
Origkial generic diagnosis. — "Corallum free, orbicular or elliptical, 
convex and lamellate above, flattened below, with concentric circular 
lines. 
"It forms a single lamellate star." 
Type species. — Cyclolites elJipfica Lamai'ck, Hist. Nat. Aniin. sans 
Vert., II, p. 234. 
The following species are placed in the genus: 
1. Cyclolites numismalis Lamarck. 
2. Cyclolites heinispjlixrica Lamarck. 
3. Cyclolites eUiptica Lamarck. 
« Gregory overlooked tliat Duncan, because of the imperforate septa of these corals, 
ere(tted a new genus, Zittdofungia, for tlieni. See /AUr/ofmigia, p. 408, of tlie present 
paper. 
NO. 1401. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAUGHAN. 405 
4. CycloUteit cri'^Udti Laniarck. 
However, they are first described in 1816." 
Of these species Mihie P]dwards and Haime h^ft (J. niitnisviallH^ 
C Jiciiusjjhserica^ and C. dlijdlea in the o-enus (Ji/clolites, referring- 
C. hehiisphderica to the synonymy of G. eUijdicaJ' 
The fonrth species, C. crista fa., belongs to an entirely different 
genus, A.sjjiducus Koenig-,^ 1825. Therefore the type-species must he 
(J. nuniiKinnlls or 61 elliptica. Milne P]d wards and Ilainie in 1849 '^ 
selected the latter. 
Distrihutlon. — Upper Cretaceous, Senonian of Europe. 
Renia7'hs. — Pratz in his Verwandschaftliche Beziehungen einiger 
Korallengattungen describes in detail the septal structure of a coral 
said to be a (hjcloUte-s, but unfortunately does not gi\'e the name of 
the species nor does he give any clew by which it can be determined. 
I broke a specimen of 0. eUipflat, from Gosau, identified l)y Prof. J. 
Felix, and find that the septal structure, so far as can be distinguished 
by means of a hand lens, agrees with Pratz's figure, Plate xiv, fig. 1.*' 
Therefore I l)elie\ e that the structure given by Pratz for OijcloUtes is 
correct. 
The septa of CycIoHtis {ellijdica) are composed of quite small trabe- 
cuhe, that in geneial run at right angles to the free edge of the septum. 
The trabecuhe show equtilly spaced thickenings, those of neighboring 
trabeculii; fusing-, leaving regularly arranged pores between them; the 
septa present a striking-ly regular mesh-work appearance. Apparently 
very near the base the pores tend to be filled. According to Pratz, 
the pores may Ite obliterated in the thicker septa. Unfortunately the 
specimens at my disposition do not permit so thorough a study as I 
should like to make, but examination of the edges of the thicker septa 
leads me to believe that this part of the description of Pratz also 
applies to C. elliptica. 
The basal wall of C. elliptica, is perforate and synapticulate beneath 
the epitheca. 
According to Pratz,' the genus possesses "ausserordentlich feine 
und sehr zahlreiche Traversen." 
The following is a synonym of Cyelolltes: 
Episeris de Fromentel, Introd. a TEtude Polyp, foss., 1S58-1861, 
p. 125. 
Original diacpwxis. — "The fossil to which Mr. Reuss has given the 
name C'[yclolites] maci'ostoiiia differs from Cyclolites by having a wall 
at first horizontal, but which later becomes vertical, thus assuming tiie 
« Hist. nat. Anim. sans Vert., II, pp. 233, 234. 
''See HiMt. nat. Corall., Ill, pp. 40, 44. 
'■See idem, II, p. 387. 
<^ Comptes rend. Acad. Paris, XXIX, p. 71. 
* Palaeontographica, XXIX, pi. xiv. 
/Idem, XXIX. 
406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxviii. 
form of certain 21(mtlivaultix; therefore we believe that this species 
])elongs to a dittcrent genus. This fossil has a height of (50 mm., a 
length of about 70 mm. Its sides are covered by bands of epitheca, 
through which the costa? can be seen here and there. There are about 
880 rather strong- and thick costa\" 
Type species. — Cyclolites 'inacrostonia Reuss. 
I)istrihution. — Cretaceous, Turonian of (iosau. 
Felix, in his Anthozocn der Gosauschichten in den Ostalpen," takes 
no notice of Epuerh de Fromentel, leaving Cyclolites inacrostovi 
Reuss in the geiuis to which it was originally referred. 
a 
4. Genus TROCHAR^^A Etallon. 
1864. Trochtn-;va Et.\ll()n, Lethfea bruntrutana, p. 411. 
Original generic diagnosis. — "Corallum simple, without epitheca, 
with the structure of Microsolena. 
"Very near the genus ^4?? a J«C(grt,' but its septa are more distinctly 
trabecular, and it differs further by the large attachment of its base." 
Type species. — TrocJuo-pea aetinifonnis Etallon, Lethaja bruntrutana, 
p. 411, pi. LViii, tig. 4. 
Distrihutioii. — Jurassic (Hj^povirg-ulian), Switzerland. 
Bemai'Ji's. — Apparently only two species have been referred to this 
genus, the type species of Etallon and T. patelliformis Gregor}-,'' from 
the fluiassic. Upper Putchum beds, northwest of Jumara, India. 
Gregory rediagnoses the genus as follows: ^''Microsolenidce with 
corallum simple, pedunculate, or sessile, with a broad base. Septa 
numerous, thin; the trabecule are isolated above, but united near the 
base into short series. Calice superficial. Columella parietal; may 
be well developed." Under the heading ""Aflinities," he remarks: 
"This genus is allied to Anabacia ))y its simple corallum, but differs 
in its shape and in the character of the septa. The trabicuhe fuse 
near the base to a greater extent than in Anahacia.^' 
GENERA NOT REFERRED TO FAMILIES. 
The data obtainable concerning quite a number of genera are not 
sufficient to refer them to families. The type-species of each of these 
genera must be subjected to thorough study. 1 have divided them 
into four groups. 
I. W.\LL SOLID, CONDITION OF SEPTA UNKNOWN. 
II. SeI'TA solid, condition of wall UNKNOWN. 
III. Wall perforate, condition op septa unknown. 
IV. Condition of neither wall nor septa known. 
« Paheontographica, XLIX, imS, p. 189. 
''Jurassic Corals of Cutcli, p. 178, pi. ii a, tigs. 15-20. 
NO. 1401. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAUGHAX. ■ 407 
I. WALL SOLID, CONDITION OF SEPTA UNKNOWN. 
1. Pheg'matoseris. 
'2. Microseris, 
3. Asteroseris. 
1. Genus PHEGM ATOSERIS Milaschewitz/' 
lcS76. P/if^?/(rt/o,s('m"MiLAS(HEwiTZ, Paln'ontoirra])!), XXI, ji. 212. (ienns referred 
to the "Loplionerune.'^ 
(Jrlglnal generic diagnosis. — "Corallum siniplo. fan-shaped, pedicel- 
late attached b}^ a narrow base. Calice longitudinally compressed, 
septa not exsert. Coliuuella absent. The wall is not porous, but 
l)eg'inning' at the l)ase is covered with ribs, which correspond to the 
septa.*" 
Type species. — Phegmatoseris flabelliformis Milaschewitz, l*aheonto- 
g'raphica, XXI, p. 212, pi. l, tigs. 5, 5a. 
Geologic hm'izon and locality. — Jurassic of Nattheim. 
ReinarTis.—\ have been una))le to tind a more detailed account of 
this genus than that given in the original diagnosis and in the descrip- 
tion of the type sjjecies. 
2. Genus MICROSERIS de Fromentel. 
1870. Micrucrris de Fko.mentel, PaU'oiitol. train;., Crt'tace, VIII, Pt. 25, p. ?,G7. 
Origiiud gcut-ric diagr\osis. — '"Corallum hemispherical; the wall 
horizontal, naked, covered with scattered granulations which are not 
arranged so as to form ril)s. Septa large, arched, uniting, fusing in 
the center, where there is a small, round columellar fossa. Synapti- 
cula rare, but well developed." 
Type species. — Microsevis heuiis-jyherica de Fromentel, Paleontol. 
frany., Cretace, VIII, p. 36S, pi. lxxx, figs. 1-ld. 
Distrihutioii. — Cretaceous, Cenomian, Mans, France. 
Remarl's. — This genus, according to de Fromentel, differs from 
Cycloseris "by its general appearance and the al>senceof costie on the 
lower surface, the^^ being replaced by scattered granulations." He 
gives no data on the structure of the wall or septa, but his consider- 
ing it so closely related to Cyclosrris would indicate an imperforate 
wall and imperforate septa. The irregularly arranged granulations on 
the base could scarcely occur on a perforate wall, where the granula- 
tions would naturally follow the courses of the septa. 
« Duncan, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVII, p. 148, misspells this name, living 
it as J'ltr'iymatoseris. 
408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvm. 
3. Genus ASTEROSERIS cle Fromentel. 
1867. Aderoiievh de Fkomentel, Palrontol. frant;., Cretace, VIII, Zoopli., Pt. 24, 
p. :528. 
( h-ignud <j('nerie dlfujno.'^h. — ''The coralluin is hemispherical, basal 
wall impei'forate, discoid, slightly concave and covered with granula- 
tions, which are radially arranged on the margins. The columella ))ut 
slightly developed, reduced to three or four scarcely visible points. 
Septa large, unequal, strongly granulated on their upper margins. 
Pali well developed.'' 
Tiijje species. — Asteroserls coronuJa de Fromentel, Paleontol. frany., 
Cr^tace, VIII, Zooph., Pt. 24, p. 328, pi. xlviii, tigs. 3-3c. 
Disfr/hut/'on. — Neocomian of Mans, Prance. 
ReiiKirl's. — By a mistake, the name is given at the Ijottom of Plate 
XLVIII (which was published in Livraison 12) as Stejfhanoseris. 
De Fromentel does not describe the structure of the septa. It can 
only be inferred from the character of the septal margins — such an 
inference, of course, is doubtful. 
II . SEPTA SOLID, CONDITION OP WALL UNKNOWN. 
Zittelofungia. 
Genus ZITTELOFUNGIA Duncan. 
18(S4. Zitielnfnrigur DrxcAN, Jour. Linn. Soe. London, Zool., XVIII, p. 150. 
Orhjindl (jrnei'ic dhajnosh. — "Corallum free, plano-convex, circular 
or elliptical in outline, with a flat or slightly concave base, and a con- 
vex calice with a circular or oval fossa. Columella absent. Septa 
very numerous, close, thin, unequal, uniting, crested denticulate or 
moniliform at the free edge, granular at the sides, imperforate. 
Synapticula numerous. Dissepiments wanting. Epitheca of base in 
concentric folds, stout or thin. 
'"''Distr'dndhm. — Fossil. Eocene: Sind." 
Duncan in his Sind fossil corals and Alcyonaria, pp. 52-55, 
describes nine species which he refers to CycloUtes, namely: C. alpina 
(d'Or])igny), C. ranihotl Duncan, C. cremdata Duncan, C. mcaryi 
Haime, C. cmomala Duncan, 6*1 superba Duncan, G. hahaei Duncan, 
61 altnvillensis Defrance, and 61 striatd Duncan. Duncan separated 
these corals from Cydolites because of their imperforate septa, and 
proposed for them the generic name Zittelofungia. But no type spe- 
cies was designated. The septal structure of not even one of the 
species is described. Whether it is the same for all can be determined 
only from an examination of his original material. Until this is done 
a type species that will tit the original generic diagnosis can not be 
selected with certainty. 
III. WALL PERFORATE, CONDITION OF SEPTA UNKNOWN. 
Cyclabacia. 
NO. 1101. GENERA OF SIMPLE FTJNGID CORALS— VAUGHAN. 409 
Genus CYCLABACIA. 
1866. Cjirlnhacia Bolschk, Zeitsch. deutsch. geolog. Gesellsch., XVIII, p. 47.">. 
(Jrlgiiial <jeru:rie dlmjnosU. — "'Coralluin simple, free, discoid, jirched 
above, underside more or less tlat. Wall perforate. Ril)s radiutino- 
from the center outward, granulate; the separate granulations some- 
times fuse with one another, forming conceutrie striations. Costte not 
alternating- at the margin with the septa, but passing directly into 
them. Epitheca absent. Septa of the first and second cycles straight; 
those of the other cycles more or less curva^d and to a great ext(Mit 
uniting with one another. Septal margins dentate. Septal faces 
strongly granulate, the granulations drawn out into line points, which 
show a tendency to unite with those of the neighboring septa. 
Columella strongly developed or rudimentary." 
Type species. — Vyclabacia stelllfera Bolsche, Zeitsch. deutsch. geolog. 
Gesellsch., XVIII, p. 474, pi. ix, fig. 8. 
Distribution. — Cretaceous, Senonian, North Germany. 
RemarJiS. — Bolsche states that Cyclahacia is separated from A nahacia 
b}^ the presence of a perforate wall;" from Micrdtxicid by the costaj 
not alternating with the septa, i. e., the costal and septa are continuous 
in Oyclabacia. 
Three species, Cydahacia semiglohosa, C. steJlifera., and C fromen- 
teli., all of Bolsche, were described and placed in the genus at the 
time of its publication, and no type species was designated. I have 
selected the second as the geno-t3^pe, because l)oth the description and 
the figures are satisfactory. 
Bolsche unfortunately does not describe the septal structure. 
Duncan,-' in his Revision of the Genera and Families of the Madre- 
poraria, placed Cyclahacia in the '''' Steplianoplnjllioida^'^ of the 
Eiipsammidse., remarking that ''This is probably identical with 
Fungia., and is therefore a link between Micro}>acia, and F'ungia.'''' 
It is difficult to see wh}" he should have placed it systematically so far 
from where he says it belongs. 
IV. CONDITION OF NEITHER THE WALL NOR THE SEPTA KNOWN. 
1. Turbinoseris. 
2. Elliptoseris. 
3. Gonioseris. 
4. Epistreptophyllum. 
5. Thecoseris. 
«"Von Anabacia trennt diese Gatcung das Vorhandensein einer durchborten 
Mauer." This supposed difference is of no value, as the wall of Anabacia is synap- 
ticular, abundantly perforate. See p. 408. 
ftJour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVIII, p. 174. 
410 riKJCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvni. 
1. Genus TURBINOSERIS Duncan. 
187(1. TiirliiiinKcrinDv^i'AS, rahi'oiitograph. Soc, Monog. Brit. Foss. Corals, Slip., 
I't. 2, No. 2, p. 42. 
( >r'i<i'n)(d (/eiierie (luKjiKmi^. — "The coralluin is simple, more or less 
tuil)iiuite, or constricted midway ]>etween the base and calico. The 
base is either bi-ojid and adherent or small and free. 
"There is no epitheca. and the costal are distinct. 
'"There is no columella, and the septa unite literally [-s/c] and are 
very numerous.'' 
Ty)>e species. — TurhinoMeris (lefnniientcJi Duncan, Pah\?ontog'raph. 
Soc, Monog. Brit. Foss. corals, Sup., Ft. 2, No. 2, p. 43, pi. xv, tigs. 
13-lS. 
(jfeohx/lc Jiorhon ami loail'dy. — Athertield, England, in the Lower 
Greensand. 
RemarliH. — The following additional characters apparently can })e 
deduced from Duncan's description and figures of T. defromenteU. 
He sa3^s "the syuapticultB are well developed, and the costfe are well 
developed, and often not continuous with the septal ends." The septa 
are not positively stated to be imperforate, but figures 15 and 18 so 
represent them. No discussion of the wall is given, but })oth hgures 
13 and 14 represent it as of perforate or synapticulate composition. 
Figure 18 illustrates what Duncan says is "the unusual appearance of 
septa ending in intercostal spaces, magnified.'' Figure 16, natural size 
of a calice, shows an apparently imperforate wall, though not of uni- 
form thickness, and the septa in most instances correspond in position 
with the cost}©. Although Duncan says there is no columella, one 
would judge from his figure that a poorly developed, false one is 
present. A comparison is made with Trovhoserm in the following 
words: "The necessity for forming a new genus for this species is 
obvious. It is the neighl)or of Trochoseris in the subfamily of the 
LopJhomr 1)1(1'. This last genus has a columella and the new has none." 
There is quite a large literature on Tiirhlnoseris^ but no one has as 
yet published an accoiuit of the structure of the type species. The 
following is a review of the literature: 
Duncan, in his On the Older Tertiary Formations of the West 
Indies," republishes his original description, adds a note to the effect 
that it is separated from Trochoseris by the absence of a columella, 
and describes seven new species from the Tertiary of St. Bartholomew, 
In his Sind fossil Corals and Alcyonaria,^ he descri)>es four more 
species that he places in Turhino-serix^ but gives no additional informa- 
tion on the characters of the genus, 
"Quart. .Tour. Geol. Soc. London, XXIX, 1873, pp. 558-561. 
''Palfcontol. Indica, Ser. XIV, I, 1880, Pt. 2, pp. 49-51, 
NO. 1401. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAUGHAN. 411 
In his Revision of tlie Families and Genera of the Madreporaria/' 
it is stated that the septa are .solid and that the wall is stout, but 
whether those characters are based on the type species or on a species 
subsequentl}^ referred to the genus can not l)e determined. 
R. F. Tomes, in an article entitled Observations on some imper- 
fectly known Madreporaria from the Cretaceous Formation of Eng- 
land,'' declares that TurhinoHerh is a synonym of Lej>f(>j>Jiyllla Reuss, 
but as he does not describe the structural details of the wall or septa, 
he can not be considered to have proven his contention. 
Duncan, in the next volume of the same journal, pu))lishcd An 
Answer to 01)servations on some imperfectly known Madreporaria, 
etc., by Tomes, in which he denies the identity of Turhinoserls and 
LeptophylUa, and says positively that "the septa [of tlie former] are 
solid."' But Duncan does not state explicitly that this is the condi- 
tion in Turhinoserls defronne^iteli. 
In Jul}^ 1899, Mr. Tonies published an article, 0]>servations on 
some British Cretaceous Madreporaria, with the Description of two 
new Species, in which'' he not onl^' places Turhinoserls in the syn- 
onj^my of Leptophyllia^ but refers Turhinoseris defronwideli to the 
synonymy of LeptophylUa darata Reuss, the type species of the latter 
genus, but he does not present evidence of a convincing kind to sus- 
tain his conclusion. Tomes identifies another specimen from the Lower 
(xreensand, at Sandown, Isle of Wight, with LeptopliyUia irre<jidaris 
Reuss. 
In September, 1899, my paper on Some Cretaceous and Eocene 
Corals from Jamaica was pul)lished. In it- I pointed out the unsat- 
isfactory definition of the genus, and added a few remarks based on 
Duncan's original figures. Two additional species, closely related to 
those from St. Bartholomew, were described. There I made the state- 
ment, ''I have referred the two Jamaican corals to Turhhtoseris on the 
strength of their reseml)lance to the species from St. Bartholomew, but 
whether Duncan was correct in referring the latter corals to that genus 
must be left to future work." 
Gregory, in The Corals, Jurassic Fauna of Cutch,-^ makes some 
remarks on Turhinoserls^ basing them on Duncan's description, figures 
and subsequent notes. He contributes no ol).seryations of his own. 
Felix, in his Anthozoen der Gosau.schichten in den Ostalpen,f/ 
expresses doubt as to the correctness of Tomes's identification of the 
«Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XVll, 188-4, p. 148. 
6Geol. Mag., New Ser., Dec. Ill, II, 1885, pp. 550, 551. 
c Idem, Dec. Ill, III, 1886, pp. 54, 55. 
^Idem, Dec. IV, VI, 1899, p. 306. 
«Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXXIV, pp. 243, 244. 
/Pateontol. Indica, Ser. IX, II, Pt. 2, 1900, p. 163. 
i/ Pateontographica, XLIX, 1903, pp. 201, 202. 
412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvm. 
English Lower (irreensiind species witii the Austrian Gosau forms. 
Felix says: 
Tomes is iiu-lhu'd to refer to leptn/ih. cUivdla Rs., tlie species lirst described )ty 
Duncan as Ti(rhlnoseris (Icfromciileli from the Lower Greensand of Atherton, and later 
desifinated by himself [Tomes] as L('i>ti)j>}iyUi<i (OH/Hrii. He determines still another 
coral from the Lower (ireensand of the Isle of Witjht as Irplojiliiillin irregularis Rs., 
which is separable from the (losan form only by its somewhat thicker septa and 
costfe; l)iit mifortunately the nund)er of tliese is not irivcn. However, one obtains 
the impression, from an insi>ection of the accompanyinjj tiwure, that the number of 
septa would be essentially smaller than on a specimen of the same size of L. irregu- 
laris from Gosau. Furthermore, the specific identity of the forms would l)e very 
surprising when there is so much difference in geological horizon and so great a 
distance between the localities. 
The genus Tm'hino.serls has ))een discussed in the literature at least 
ten dilierent times, but as yet no adeciuate description of it has l)een 
published. A detailed description of the septal and nuiral structure 
of T(U'h/')i{>S(ris (h'fr(»iii'nt<'li must be published, and sliouid t)e accom- 
panied by tigures, before it can be known whether the genus should 
he considered valid or should ])e referred to the synonym}' of some 
other. 
2. Genus ELLIPTOSERIS Duncan. 
1880. Elliptoseris Duncan, 8ind foss. Corals and Alcyonaria, Palicontol. Indica, 
Ser. XIV, I, p. 48. 
Genus referred to Lojj/ioserliipe. 
Or'ujlnal generic diagnosis. — "The corallum is simple, conical, com- 
pressed, with a largely open, elliptical calico. There are cost?e, but 
no epitheca; there is no columella, but an elongate and deep axial 
space. The septa are niunerous, and the smaller join those between 
them near the axial space. There are pali before the joined septa. 
Synapticulai are numerous in the calice." 
Type species. — EUij)tost-ris aperta Duncan, Sind foss. Corals and 
Alcyonaria, Pa]a?ontol. Indica, Ser. XIV, I, p. 48, pi. viii, tigs. 8-<). 
Geologic horizon and locality. — Lower Eocene (Ranikot group), 
Jhirk, India. 
S. Genus GONIOSERIS Duncan. 
1872. (lonioseris Dincax, llrit. foss. Corals, Sup., I't. ;'>, p. L'l. 
Original generic diagnosis. — *'The corallum is simple and free. 
The base is polygonal in outline and the projecting angles are formed 
by groups of costa? terminating in septa, l^etween the angles the 
margin is concave externally. The center of the base is concave. 
The costa' are niunerous and they cover the base. Man}' converge at 
each angle along a line leading from the large septum to the center. 
The upper surface of the corallum is convex, and is divided by masses 
of septa which are continuous with the angles of the base, and which, 
NO. 1401. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAUGHAN. 413 
after projecting there, become exsertand pass to the axial space where 
thev meet. There is a hirg-e, prominent, primary septum in each 
mass. The calicuhir wall is invisible. The sjmapticuhie are broad 
and nmiierous." 
Type species. — Gonloserls (nxjtdata Duncan. Brit. foss. Corals, Sup., 
Pt. 3, p. 21, pi. VII, figs. 1-5. 
Disfrihutfo/i. — Jurassic, Inferior Oolitic, Cloughton W3'ke, near 
Scarborough, England. 
Rejimrhs. — Duncan does not give any detailed information regard- 
ing the character of the wall or the structure of the septa. His figure 
(Plate VII, fig. 5) of G. auijiilata represents the septa as solid. The 
type species of this genus needs a thorough investigation. 
4. Genus EPISTREPTOPH YLLUM Milaschewitz. 
1876. EimtnptopJujlliua Milaschewitz, Pal?eontograpliica, XXI, i>. I'll. 
Original generic diagnosis. — "' Gorallum simple, conical or cylin- 
drical, firmly attached to some object, columella well developed, spongy. 
Calice excavated, septa numerous, not exsert. Outer surface of the 
wall covered with equal ribs. Low down in the interseptal loculi 
besides endothecal dissepiments are numerous synapticula; in the 
upper part numerous pointed or wart-shaped granulations occur on 
the septal faces.'' 
Milaschewitz remarks: "This remarkable genus can ))e referred 
either to the family Astrxldx or the Fwnglda^^ as it unites the charac- 
teristic features of both families. In consequence of the presence of 
synapticula it would belong to the Fungidse; because of the presence 
of endothecal dissepiments, also because of its tall,, sometimes perfectly 
cylindrical form and its excavated calice it appears more nearly related 
to the Ast7'aeidse. However, according to the rows of granulations on 
the septal faces being parallel to the free margins of the septa, instead 
of being vertical as in the Fangld^,., the genus shows a greater rela- 
tionship to the subfamily Fusmllinse., which liave septa with entire 
margins, than with the subfamily Astraelnse., which have dentate septa 
with vertical rows of granulations." 
Tyi^e species. — Three species are referred to EplstrepUyphylluni by 
its author, E. commune Milaschewitz, E. cylindratnm Milaschewitz, 
and E. ten:ue Milaschewitz, all from the Jurassic of Nattheim. No 
species is designated as the geno-t3^pe, nor are the details of the struc- 
ture of the wall or of the septa given. Without making a careful 
study of Milaschewitz's original material it is not safe to designate 
a type species. 
Eplstreptoj^hyUuni was made by Zittel" the type of his Epistrepto- 
phyllinse., a subfamil}^ of the Astrseldee. 
«Handb. Palaontologie, I, 1880, p. 249, 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxviii— 04 27 
414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou xxviii. 
Oo;ilvic in her Koiallen der Strainl)erg-er Schichten'* attempted to 
jrivc more detail <'()n('eriiin<>- the genus. She remarks (p. 252): 
rnfortniuik'ly tlu' Nattlieim specimens of Ej)i.'<trfpl(ipln/l/>uii do not ixTiiiit a 
minute, niUTOHcopical investigation. However, many conclusions concerning the 
liner septal structure can always be drawn from the superficial sculpture of the septa. 
It is important that the septa are often interrupted and that the separated pieces form 
in the center a spongy columella. The synapticula likewise occur irregularly and 
give to the septa more often a Eupsannnid septal appearance. The Stramberg speci- 
mens, which agree in all external characters with the Nattheim forms, are better 
preserved and show the finer septal structure characteristic for the Eupsammidiv. 
Thus the systematic position of the genus Epistrcptojylnjllum is made clear, and at the 
same time its near relation to the synchronous simple Ilaplarxa and the compound 
Diplarna is shown. 
Oj;'ilvie does not mention on Avliich of Milaschewitz's species she 
based her remarks. Howe\"er, she identified one of her Stramberg 
species with E. comvnuie. If we could assume her identitication as 
correct, J^. coiiviivune would become the geno-type. 
Ogilvie's recharacterization of the genus: 
Corallum simple, conical or cylindrical, calice rather deep; septa 
very luimerous and thin, separated now and then into individual tra- 
becular members. Granulations on the septal faces not regularly 
arranged and of ver}" dissimilar size, many developed as pseudosynap- 
ticula. True .synapticula and numerous vesicular dissepiments present. 
Columella spongy, large, composed of free and interlacing trabecular 
members of the longer septa. No true wall, only a pseudothecal 
thickening of the septal and interseptal skeletal parts near the outer 
edge. Epitheca thin, v/rinkled, extending to margin of the calice. 
Ogilvie regards LitJioseris Koby as a synonym of EinHtreptojyliyl- 
Ixuii. Gregory thinks her opinion '""probabh" correct." For a fuller 
discussion see Litlioserls^ p. 398. 
5. Genus THECOSERIS de Fromentel. 
1870. y7(«'as(;-/.s- DE Fkomentel, Paleontol. franc., Cretace, VIII, Pt. 2a, p. 367. 
Original generic diagnosis. — ""Corallum elevated and regularh^ tur- 
binate; columellar fossa, when present, round; usually the septa meet 
in the center, where the}^ fuse and simulate a papillary colimiella, but 
which really does not exist. The septa are thin, numerous, often 
anastomosing and finely denticulate; they are never exsert, and the 
calice is usually concave. T'he epitheca is strong, well developed, much 
folded, and extends to the edge of the calice." 
Type species. — Thecoserls jxitellata de Fromentel and Ferr\% Pale- 
ontol. frany., 1st ser., Jurassi(iue, Pt. 18, pi. lviii, fig. 2, 1869. 
iJlstrlhntlon. — .Jurassic, Lias, France. 
Rehiarks. — The structure of neither the wall nor the septa is 
described. The figures of the type species indicate an imperfect, 
"Pala-ontogr., Sup., II, 1897, pp. 248-255. 
GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— V AUG HAN. 415 
synapticulate wall, and the septa probably arc somewhat perforate 
near their upper edoes. But to determine these points positively the 
type species must be restudied. 
M. Kob}'," in his Monoo-raphie des Polypiers jurassiques de la 
Suisse, refers six species to this gemis, l)ut oives no data based on the 
type species. 
GENERA PROBABLY ERRONEOUSLY PLACED IN THE FUNGIDA. 
Coralluin discoid or inw (irilh. a. i)aritsitic irorm in the hat^c); coluiiR'lIu i)ai>illary, no 
ei)itlieca: 
With pali (before all septa except the last cj'cle). 
Ste2)liunoseris Milne Edwards and Haime 
Witliont i)ali Psavimoseris Milne Edwards and Hainie 
1. Genus STEPHA^'OSERIS Milne Edwards and Haime. 
1851. Slq)hanu)<('rii^ Milne Edwards and Hal^u:, Arch. Mns. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
V, p. 127. 
I'laced in the Zop/ioserinm. 
Original generic diagnoaiH. — ''Comllum short, attached to a shell 
wdiich it completely surrounds; wall naked, stronojy o-nuiulated, 
scarcely striate below; columella papillary, sliohtly developed; septa 
nuich elevated, subentire, ver}- granulated laterally, those of the penul- 
timate cycle more developed than those of the last; pali ])efore all 
the cycles except the last." 
Type species. — TIete7'ocyathu^ roussaMnus MWwq Edwards and Haime, 
Ann. Sc. nat., 3d ser., IX, p. 324, pi. x, tig's, i), Ua. 
Distribution . — Recent, Zanzibar 
Reinarhs. — Von Marenzeller^ sa3's, in his Ueber einige Japan- 
ische Turbinoliden, that "The investigation of the preceding Iletero- 
(■y<(thu.s [11. japonic as (Verrill) v. Mnvenz. = Stephanoser is japonica 
Verrill] leads me to make some remarks on the earlier described 
s])ecies. It shoidd be emphasized that the genus Step/tanoseris, erected 
b}' Milne Edwards'' iov Iletcrocyat/tas ronssa^anu.s'' because it possesses 
synapticula, is not valid. It must be assumed that the pointed gran- 
ules of two neighboring septa fuse and produce the impression of synap- 
ticula. The whole structure of the corallum, which is reported to be 
attached to a gastropod shell indicates Heterocgat/i ^^s•. Tenison -Woods *" 
and Moseley' are of the same opinion, and it is surely only a lapsus 
cala/ni when the latter says in another place ^z that Ileteropsanunia and 
Stephanoseris should be united in one genus. Certainly, instead of 
«Schweiz. pal. Gesellsch., Abhand.. XIIl, 1886, pp. 332-338. 
&K. K. Naturhist. Hof-Mnseum, Wien, Ann., Ill, 1888, pp. 17-18. 
cHist. nat. Corall., HI, p. .56. 
«^ Ann. Sci. nat., 3d ser., zool., IX, 1848, p. 324, pi. \, tig. 8. 
''Proc. Linn. See. New South Wales, II, 1878, p. 297. 
/Deep Sea Cor., Challenger Repts., 1880, p. 145. 
!/Idem., p. 197. 
416 PROCEED fNGS OE THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvm. 
Stephanoaeris it should be '' Psammoseris.^ Psamrnxoseris bears the 
same relation to the Ktipsaniinid o'emis Jleteropsarmnla as Sfephano- 
.serls to the Turbiiiolid <;(muis Iltff r<>cy(if/iiii<. In this genus, also, onh' 
false synapticula are present, and it, also, must fall." 
Von MarenzcUer considers that two of Milne-Edwards and Haimc's 
species belong- to JltterocydtJiio^^ namely, //. aequlcostatu,^ and II. [Sfej^/i- 
anoseris] roussaearnis. Verrill added one species of JTeterocyathus^"' 
11. alternatu.-i ; and von Marenzeller places the three species of Stejjh- 
anoHeris., iS. lameUosa^'' S. jaixniiat,'' and 6'. .sulc<(f((^'' in the same 
genus. Other species of TIeteroeyatJins have been described, but they 
need not be noticed here. 
From an examination of the literature, 1 am inclined to believe that 
Tenison-Woods, Moseley, and von Marenzeller are correct in consider- 
ing the type species of Steph<iii<>f<ei'ls a Hetcrocyatlnia.^ but unfortu- 
natel}' the studies on the relations of these genera are based onh" on 
literature; before certainty can be obtained the type species must be 
studied. 
Professor Verrill says, concerning Stephanoserlx; Jranellom., "Wall 
rudimentary, represented near the margin only by trabicular pro- 
cesses." As Professor Verrill descril)ed one species of ITetei-ocynthiis., 
and differentiated his species of ^* Stcphivnomrlii'''' from that genus, I 
am inclined to believe that none of the species referred by him to the 
latter genus belong to the former. 1 strongly suspect that von IVIaren- 
zeller's lleterooyathnx japontcuK. (Verrill) is incorrectly identitied. 
What final disposition nmst be made of the Verrill species must bo 
left to future work.' 
«Prof. Essex Inst., IV, 186o, p. 149; also, V, 1866, p. 41, j)!. ii, figs. 6, 6a. 
''Idem, IV, p. 149; V, p. 46, pi. ii, figs. 4, 4a. 
c Idem, V, p. 47. 
<l Idem, V, p. 48. 
<" Since this manuscript was sent to press I have been able to study in the Yale 
University Museum the types of Professor Verrill's species of Stephanoseris. I made 
the following notes: 
Slephanoseris japonica Verrill. Type, No. 767, Yale Univ. Mus. Wall perforate, 
distinctly costate, costte alternating in size. Septa perforate, with typical Pjipsam- 
mid arrangement. 
Stephano^cris sulcata Verrill. Type, No. 764, Yale Univ. Mus. Wall perforate, dis- 
tinctly costate, costa' alternating in size. Septa perforate, with typical Eupsammid 
arrangement. 
Slephanoseris lamellosa Verrill. Tyjie, No. 766, Yale Univ. Mus. Wall perforate, 
distinctly costate, costye alternating in size. Septa perforate, with typical Eupsammid 
arrangement. 
The genus, to which these species belong, is not closely related to Heleronjalhus. 
They are Eupsammids, very (dose to Balanophi/llia, from which they are separated 
by their apparent commensalism with a Sipunculid worm. Every specimen is 
attached to a small gastropod shell, and has a small wormhole in its base. The 
genus is se[)arated fi-om Heleropsammia by its well-developed costae. Most probably 
Verrill's Slephanoseris is not the Slejihanoseris of Milne Edwards and Haime, it may 
be an undescribed genus. 
NO. 1401. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNGID CORALS— VAVGHAN. 417 
2. Genus PSAMMOSERIS Miltie Edwards and HaiiTie. 
1851. /'xaiiiiiioxi'ri.'< Milne Edwards and Hai.me, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 
V, p. 127. 
Placed ill the I.ojjhoserinse. 
Or'tginal generic diagmms. — "Coralliim discoid, attached to a shell 
which it completely surrounds; wall naked, strongly granulate, scarcely 
striate below; columella papillaiT; septa slightly elevated, very thick, 
covered on their free edges and their faces with very prominent and 
extremeh^ crowded granulations, those of the penultimate cycle much 
more developed than those of the last."' 
Type-species. — HeterocyatJius hemisphivrlcus J. E. Gray, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. London, for 1849, p. 77, Radlata., pi. ii, tigs. 8, 8a, 4; also Ann. 
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d .ser., V, 1850, p. 410. 
Distrihution. — Recent, China seas. 
Remarks. — The systematic position of this genus is in doubt. 
Moseley was evidently of the opinion that JL'terop><ainiida and Fsanio- 
.ser/'s .should be united," although, prol)ably l)y a lapsus calami^ he says 
IlettropmiiHiiiuc and Sffj>haiioser!i<. Von Marenzeller has expressed 
the same opinion.'^ 
Family STYLOPHYLLID.E Volz.^ 
1896. Stylophyllidse VoLZ, Palreontographica, XLIII, pp. 85, 86. 
Volz gives'' a careful description of the septa, endotheca, wall, and 
mode of growth. His description will not be repeated here. 
The following two genera, Stylojthylluin Reuss and Sfyfophyllopsis 
Freeh, can scarcely be referred to the Funglda., l)ut, as they are veiy 
interesting forms to study in connection with a possible phylogeny of 
the Fungids and Eupsammids, they are included in this paper. 
1. Genus STYLOPH YLLUM Reuss. 
1854. Stylopliylluin, Reuss, Denksch. Akad. Wissensrh. Wien, I\lut. Naturhist. 
CI., VII, p. LS2. 
Original generJe diagnosis. — "The form of the corallum unknown; 
but its upper surface must have been plain or only slightly arched. 
"The thick prismatic, irregularh' polygonal corallites are directly 
grown together. The thick walls are compact and entire, without a 
trace of pores or perforations. In both the transverse and longitudi- 
nal sections the line along which the walls of neighboring corallites 
have fused can be seen. 
« Deep Sea Corals, Challenger Reports, p. 197. 
'^K. K. Naturhist. Hof-Museum, Wien. Ann., Ill, 1888, p. IS. 
''These corals are not considered to belong to the Fungida. They are included 
because of the interest in comparing tlieni with the FuiKjUJd and the Eapaammklie. 
'' Palieontographica, XLIII, pp. 85-86. 
418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxviii. 
"The conillites arc (li\ idod by imincrous thin tiil»ul;i', which arc close 
t()^(>thcr and are not hoiizontal, Imt concave upward and l)owl-.shaped. 
Tlie tabuhe are not reouhir, but arc curved and crumpled, the verti- 
cal section (Plate xxi^ tig. 8) and the horizontal cross section (Plate 
XXI, tig. 2) show tlieir irregular form. Prom the tabuljc, short(»r and 
still thinner partitions originate, which run irregularly. obli([U(dy from 
one ta])ula to another, joining them together, and tinis forming smaller 
vesicular spaces. 
" The development of the radial lamelhi^ is very rudimentary. The}^ 
are ])uilt up of thin spine-like pillars of very uneven height, which 
stand in luimerous, but in only slightly regular radial row^s on the 
taliidie. Some of these stand so near together in the same row^ that 
they fuse; others are so long that they extend through several plat- 
forms of the tal>uhe, the latter appearing to be spread out between 
them." 
Ogilvie, in her Korallen der Stramberger Schichten," expresses the 
opinion that ^tt/Joj>It//l/tn/i and Sf(/lo/)k////(?jj,'<i.s are prol)ably related to 
the Kui>.sainin'id». kShe says: ^^ Kxpsannnia is, because of the irregu- 
lar structure and arrangement of the trabecuhv especially remarkable. 
Pratz has already described a similar irregularity of the trabecule in 
the Jurassic genera llaplarxa and Diplmwa, also in the recent Cosct- 
naraea. Also the Triassic genera Styl()j>lnjUHin and Styl<)pliyUopsi>< 
show in their septal structure great agreement with IJaplarwa, etc., 
i. e., the single trabecula-meud)ers are separated more and more toward 
the center of the calice and form there a loose, spongy tissue." 
Volz, in his Korallen der Schichten von St. Cassian in Siid-Tirol,* 
elevates Prech's StyfopJiyUhnv to famil}' rank, calling them the Sfylo- 
l>]iyUhhv. He describes a new compound genus, lle,tastri^e(<^'' which 
he places in that famil}^ and also refers to it Duncan's CyatJioeornid.'' 
This family of the SfyhtpJtyJUdH^ sliow^s some suggestive resem- 
blances to the simple fungid genera, such as Frechla Gregory. 
FrecJda^ however, has no dissepiments and a few svnapticula. 
Type species. — StyJopJiylh(in polyeanthuiii Reuss, Denksch. Akad. 
Wissensch. Wieu, Mat. Naturhist. CI., VII, p. 133, pi. xxi, ^g^. 1-3. 
Distrihution. — Triassic, Gosau district, Austria. 
Remm'ks. — Freeh, in his Korallen Fauna der Trias,*^ referred Stylo- 
'pJiylhdii to liis Astraeldpe. and placed it with StyJophyllopsh Freeh 
(new" genus) in a subfamily, the Styhpliyllinie. He emended StyJo- 
pkylluiii, as follows: "The corallum forms simple calices, with or 
without lateral buds, as well as massive stocks, which possess a simi- 
« Pakeontographica, Supp., II, y. 85. 
i'ldem, XLIli, 189(5, y. So. 
^Idem, p. 90 
'' Idem, p. 92. 
f Idem, XXXVII, 1890, p. 42. 
NO. 1401. GENERA OF SIMPLE FUNG ID CORALS— VAUOHAN. 419 
larly developed internal structui'e. Septa proper are not present. 
The septal spines grow together at the bottom, hut th(>y arc free 
above. Traces of a bilateral arrang-enient of the septal spines was 
.sometimes observed in the simple corals. The endotheca is in the 
form of concave, rather regular dissepiments or convex vesicles, 
without there being- a distinct boundary between the two forms of 
development. In the case of small species (also in those of large 
species that have remained small) the dissepiments appear as ta])uhe.'" 
The stratig-raphic distriljution is given as '' Upper Musselchalk, 
Zlaml)ach beds, Hallstiltter Chalk, Hauptdolomit, and the Rhaetic.'^ 
2. Genus ST YLOPH YLLOPSIS Freeh. 
1890. , SI i/Ittp]ii/llopsi>i FRECii, PaLcontographiea, XX'XVII, \). 4S. 
(h'Ujinal (jenerjc duuinosli<. — ^'''^\\\vi^\^j or only slightly branched; in 
cross-section agre(nng quite closely with JSrontllvaltid, in longituditial 
section agreeing with StyloplnjUamP 
D!.st7'ihut(on. — Norian stage, Rhaetic, lower and middle Lias. 
Type species. — Styh)2>hynoj>sis jxAyacth Freeh, Paheontographica, 
XXXVII, p. 48, pi. XII, tig. 3, pi. XIV, tigs. 17-23, text tig., p. 49. 
Freeh refers six species to this genus: Stylophyllopsis poly act is 
Freeh, S. zUtelJl Freeh, S. rudls (Emmerich) (as Fiingia)^ S. caes- 
plfosa Freeh, S. majsvarl Freeh, and S. liiuhtTdmi Freeh, but 
designated no type species. 
licmarl's. — ^Regai'ding tliis genus, Freeh says: "The septa forma 
transition between the isolated spines of Sfylopliylltim and the compact 
lamellii^ of Montlimdtia (bezw. TheeosmU/d). The septal spines in a 
cross-section are seen near the center (Plate x, figs. lOa, 12), (juite 
exceptionally in other places. In a longitudinal section they appear 
in an isolated condition in the same place; furthermore, as can be 
especially well seen on weathered surfaces, the spines of the upper 
portions of the septa are only loosely fused with one another. The 
upper margins of the septa are distinctly and deeply toothed.'" 
OUTLINE OF THE CLASSIFICATION. 
The following outline, which is accompanied by page references^, will, it is hoped, 
facilitate the use of the classification. 
I'age. 
Family Fungiida? 379 
Oenus Fungia 380 
Family Agariciida* 384 
Table of differential character of the genera 384 
Genus Trochoseris 384 
Palfeoseris 385 
Bathyat'tis - 385 
Fungiacvathus 386 
420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxvin. 
Page. 
Family !\Iicr:il)acii(la' «i8() 
Tal)lt' of differential rliarat'ter.M of tlie jienera 386 
Genus Micrabacia 387 
Diafungia 387 
Microsmilia 388 
I'odoseris 389 
Antilloseris 390 
Family Lei)to})liyllii(la' 391 
Table of differential characters of the genera 391 
(lenns ( iyroseris 392 
l^eptophyllia 393 
Procyelolites 294 
Haplartea 395 
Protethnios 395 
Frechia 39() 
Physoseris 396 
Lithoseris 398 
Metethnios - - 398 
Placoseris 399 
Se])ta as in Leptophyllia; character of wall iniknown 399 
Genus Myriophyllia 399 
( )inphalophyllia 400 
Subgenus Craspedo})hyllia 402 
Family Anabraciiila' 402 
Table of differential characters of the genera 402 
Cienus Anabracia 403 
Trochophlegma 403 
Cyclolites 404 
Trochara?a 406 
Genera not referred to families 406 
Wall solid, condition of septa unknown 407 
( Jenus Phegmatoseris 407 
Microseris 407 
Asteroseris 408 
Sei)ta solid, condition of wall unknown 408 
Genus Zittelofungia 408 
Wall perforate, condition of septa unknown 408 
( ienus Cy clabacia ., 409 
Condition of neither the wall nor the septa known 409 
Genus Turbinoseris 410 
EUiptoseris 412 
Gonioseris 412 
Ei)istrej)t()phyllum 413 
Thecoseris 414 
Genera probably erroneously placed in t he FiuigUhi 41 5 
(ienus Stei)hanoseris 415 
Psammoseris 417 
Family Stylophyllida- 417 
Genus Stylophyllum 41 7 
8tylophy llopsis 419 
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