PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 99(1), 1997, pp. 180-193 LIFE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF IMMATURE STAGES OF PROCECIDOCHARES ANTHRACINA (DOANE) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) ON SOLIDAGO CALIFORNICA NUTTALL IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Richard D. Goeden and Jeffrey A. Teerink Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A. Abstract. — Procecidochares anthracina (Doane) is a univoltine, circumnatal, tephritid fly widely distributed in the western United States and apparently nearly monophagous on Solidago californica Nuttall and as yet unknown congeners probably of similar growth habit. Unique among other Procecidochares species studied to date, P. anthracina repro-duces gregariously in underground bud galls on shoots arising from host-plant rhizomes. The egg, first through third instars, and puparium are described and figured for the first time. The small, rounded, rugose pads that circumscribe the prothorax; the presence of four, small subdorsal sensilla ventrolaterad of the dorsal sensory organ and dorsal to the anterior sensory lobe, and the lateral spiracular complexes distinguish the third instar from other gallicolous Procecidochares examined to date. Pupariation occurs within subsurface galls and teneral adults must climb upward through several cm of humus to free them-selves and mate. Premating, mating, and postmating behaviors are described which include spurts of exceptionally rapid, blurred wing enantions. Mated females must reenter the humus layer to oviposit in buds on buried shoots, as subsequently must parasitoids to locate and probably enter galls to oviposit in the larvae or puparia. Eurytoma obtusiventrus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) is reported as a solitary, larval-pupal endoparasitoid reared from puparia; Pronotalia carlinarium Gradwell (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious endoparasitoid of puparia. Key Words: Insecta, Procecidochares, Solidago, biology, galls, taxonomy of immature stages, reproductive behavior, parasitoids Life histories and immature stages of Materials and Methods four species of Procecidochares (Diptera: ^ rz , , .• r, i ^ , . . , , ^ ..^ . . Our field studies on P. anthracina were Tephntidae) in southern California have j , j • • n . . i ^ conducted pnncipally at two locations in been described to date, i.e. P flavipes Al-^^^^^^^^ California during 1992-1995: (1) drich (Goeden et al. 1994a), P kristineae ^^ ^^^ -^^^^-^^ ^^ ^-^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ Goeden (Silverman and Goeden 1980, Goe-^^^ ^^^^-^^ Highway at 1720-m elevation, den and Teennk 1997), P. lisae Goeden Cleveland National Forest, San Diego Co. (Goeden and Teerink 1997), and P. stonei ^nd (2) in Spilman Canyon SE of Lake Blanc and Foote (Green et al. 1993). Herein Hemet at 1380 m, San Bernardino National we describe the life history and immature Forest (S section). Riverside Co. Infested stages of a fifth species, P. anthracina (Do-rootstocks dug from humus beneath decid-ane), which uniquely forms bud galls on uous oaks {Quercus spp.) within patches of shoots arising from subsurface rhizomes of shoots of Solidago californica were trans-Solidago californica Nuttall (Asteraceae). ported in cold-chests in an air-conditioned
Life history and description of immature stages of Procecidochares anthracina (Doane) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Solidago californica Nuttall in Southern California
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