PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 96(1). 1994. pp. 162-175 TURKISH HERBIVORES AND PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH SOME KNAPWEEDS (ASTERACEAE: CENTAUREA AND ACROPTILON) THAT ARE WEEDS IN THE UNITED STATES Sara S. Rosenthal, Tekin Davarci, Ahmet Ercis, Belinda Platts, and Susan Tait (SSR) USDA-ARS, Rangeland Weeds Lab, Culbertson Hall, MSU, Bozeman, Montana 59717-0056, U.S.A.; (ID) Biyolojik Mucadele. Arastirma Enstitusu, P.K. 136, Antalya, Turkey; (AE) Turkish Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Protection Institute. Ankara, Turkey; (BP) Bud of California, P.O. Box 1 759, Salinas, California 93902, U.S.A.; (ST) Department of Entomology, University of California. Berkeley, California 94705, U.S.A. Abstract.— T\\rct surveys of Anatolia were conducted between May and July 1984 to collect insects, nematodes, and pathogens of knapweeds that are pests in the United States. Thirteen herbivores in nine guilds were associated with Acroptilon repens (L.) DC, 49 herbi\ores in ten guilds were found living on Centawea solstitialis L., 19 herbivores in 14 guilds attacked C. calcitrapa L. ssp. cilicica (Boiss. & Bal.), 20 herbivores in 12 guilds were collected from C. virgata (Var. A) ssp. squarrosa Gugler, and 1 1 herbivores in 4 guilds were found on C. iberica Trev. ex Spreng. Turkey is a good source of insects, nematodes, and fungal pathogens for the biological control for weedy knapweeds in North America. Key Words: Biological control, insects, fungi, knapweeds, starthistle, nematodes, plant pathogens, Turkey, weeds, Acroptilon, Centaurea. Cardiius Several knapweeds and starthistles, Cen-with the importation of the seedhead flies taurea spp. and Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. L'rophora affinis Frauenfeld and U. quad-(Syn: Centaurea repens L.) (Asteraceae), /v/aiaa/aCMeigen) into Canada during 1970 were accidentally introduced from Eurasia and 1972, respectively (Harris 1980). U. af-and have become serious range weeds in finis was imported into the U.S.A. begin-North America. A search for their natural ningin 1973 while U.qiiadrifasciat a enxered enemies has been conducted in Europe by the U.S.A. sometime before 1989 by natural the Commonwealth Institute of Biological dispersal from Canada (Julien 1992). The Control since the 1950s and by the United seedhead fly, U.jaculata Rondoni was mis-states Department of Agriculture (USDA) takenly released in the U.S.A. between since 1959 (Watson and Harris 1984, Harris 1969-1977 against C. solstitialis as U. si-and Myers 1984, and Rosenthal etal. 1991). runaseva (Hering), but has not become es-This research led to the release of nine or-tablished. The seedhead moth. Metzneria ganisms against Centaurea spp. in North paucipunctella Zeller (Gelechiidae), estab-America and to the establishment of six of lished in British Columbia on C maculosa them by 1984 (Julien 1992). after release in 1973 and on C. diffusa after The release of insects against C diffusa releases in 1983 (Julien 1992). It is also well Lamarck and C. maculosa Lamarck began established on C maculosa in Washington
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