PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 93(3), 1991, pp. 559-570 LIFE HISTORY OF TRUPANEA CALIFORNICA MALLOCH (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) ON GNAPHALIUM SPP. IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA David H. Headrick and Richard D. Goeden Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521. Abstract. — Trupanea californica Malloch is a multivoltine, nondiapausing, oligophagous tephritid reproducing in the flower heads of G nap halium and Anaphalis spp. in the tribe Inuleae of the Asteraceae in southern California. The larvae feed mainly on the ovules and achenes, and only incidentally on the receptacle. Unlike other flower head-infesting, nongallicolous Tephritidae, the puparia commonly are oriented with their long axes angled at 45° or less, or even parallel, to the receptacle surface. The egg, second and third instar larvae, and puparium are described and figured. The most noteworthy feature of the immature stages are the open, apparently functional lateral spiracles on the second and third thoracic segments and all abdominal segments except the last of the third instar. The presence of these spiracles seemingly contradicts the amphineustic tracheation as-cribed to larvae of all Muscomorpha, including the Tephritidae. Key Words: Insecta, Trupanea californica, spiracles, larval tracheation, immature stages, Gnaphalium, Anaphalis Despite its namesake, Trupanea califor-nica Malloch (Diptera: Tephritidae), here-tofore was not very well known in California or elsewhere. Our study of this tephritid continued a series of life histories of differ-ent species of Trupanea, the largest and most commonly encountered genus of nonfrugiv-orous fruit flies in California (Foote and Blanc 1963, Cavender and Goeden 1982, Goeden 1987a, 1989) Materials and Methods This paper was based on rearing records, photographs, and laboratory notes of dis-sections of selected samples of mature flow-er heads of Asteraceae infested by T. cali-fornica from among the many samples collected annually throughout California in the manner described by Goeden (1985). Field observations of adult behavior were made on Gnaphalium beneolens Davidson at Hemet Lake, San Bernardino National Forest (southern section). Riverside Co., during August and September, 1988 and 1989. Adults studied were either swept from G. beneolens at Hemet Lake or reared in glass-topped sleeve cages in the insectary of the Department of Entomology from bulk flower-head samples of this and other spe-cies of Gnaphalium collected elsewhere in California (Goeden 1985). Behaviors of adults were observed in screen-topped, clear plastic laboratory cages or in 9-cm dia., dis-posable, clear-plastic Petri dishes provi-sioned with honey and water (Goeden and Headrick 1990, Headrick and Goeden 1990c). Flies were reared from puparia dis-sected from flower heads and held sepa-rately in cotton-stoppered, glass, shell vials within humidity chambers at 22-2 4°C and 76% R.H. Plant names used in this paper follow
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