PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 104(1), 2002, pp. 174-194 A REVIEW OF THE SIRICID WOODWASPS AND THEIR IBALIID PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: SIRICIDAE, IBALIIDAE) IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE MID-ATLANTIC REGION David R. Smith and Nathan M. Schiff (DRS) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. De-partment of Agriculture, % National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Instituion, Washington, D.C. 20560-0168, U.S.A. (e-mail:
[email protected]); (NMS) U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwood Research, RO. Box 227, Stoneville, MS 38776, U.S.A. (e-mail:
[email protected] us) Abstract. — Keys are presented for the five genera and 15 species of adult Siricidae and one genus and two species of their parasitoids of the family Ibaliidae that occur in or may be adventive in eastern United States. Siricid larvae are wood borers in conifers and broadleafed trees. Notes on their biology, fungal symbionts, distributions and host asso-ciations are given. Data from collections in the mid-Atlantic states include seasonal oc-cunence of both Siricidae and Ibaliidae. Key Words: Sire.x, Urocerus, Tremex, Xerix, Eriotremex, Ihalia, fungal symbionts Worldwide, there are 85-100 species of Siricidae in two subfamilies and 1 1 genera (Smith 1978, 1993). The subfamily Tremi-cinae is associated with angiosperms and Siricinae with gymnosperms. The family is widespread in the deciduous and coniferous forests of the northern hemisphere, extend-ing south to Cuba, northern Central Amer-ica, New Guinea, Philippines, Viet Nam, northern India, and northern Africa; one ge-nus with two species is Afrotropical. No Siricidae are native to Australia and South America. All species for which larvae are known bore into weakened or dying trees (Middle-kauff 1960, Smith 1979). Most species in their native range are considered to be of minor importance except for decreasing the value of lumber; however, introduced, ex-otic species can be very damaging. Because larvae of siricids feed and develop in wood. with several years required for their life cy-cle, they are commonly transported in lum-ber by commerce. Thus, non-native species may emerge in buildings constructed of lumber that originated in other parts of the country or from other nations. For example, Sirex noctilio (F.) is a European species that became a major pest of Pinus radiata. an American species, when P. radiata was planted in New Zealand and Australia (Gil-bert and Miller 1952, Rawlings 1955, Gaut 1970). A major control effort in the 1960's and 1970's used parasitic nematodes to con-trol S. noctilio (Bedding and Akhurst 1974). Sirex noctilio is now considered to be the most important threat to new P. radiata plantations in South Africa, Brazil, and Ar-gentina (Stival et al. 1993; lede et al. 1998; Tribe 1995, 1997). In the early 1970's, an Asian species, Eriotremex formosanus (Matsumura), was accidentally introduced
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