PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 107(2). 2005, pp. 398-416 PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CYANOPHRYS CLENCH, A SYNOPSIS OF ITS SPECIES, AND THE POTENTIALLY THREATENED C. BERTHA (JONES) (LYCAENIDAE: THECLINAE: EUMAEINI) Robert K. Robbins and Marcelo Duarte (RKR) Department of Entomology, RO. Box 37012, NHB Stop 127, Smithsonian In-stitution, Washington, DC 20013-7012 U.S.A. (e-mail:
[email protected]); (MD) Colegao de Lepidoptera, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Nazare 481, 04263-000 Sao Paulo SP Brasil (e-mail:
[email protected]) Abstract. — A species level phylogenetic analysis of Cyanophrys Clench was performed using 14 characters of the frons, wing venation, wing shape, androconia, and genitalia. There were 15 most parsimonious cladograms, and a successive weighting iteration re-sulted in three of these 15. Cyanophrys is characterized in this paper by two hypothesized synapomorphies (an expanded hindwing anal lobe that is tan-brown and a pair of dorsal brush organs), and adults can be readily identified in the field. Cyanophrys has been divided into Plesiocyanophrys K. Johnson, Eisele and MacPherson, Apophrys K. Johnson and Le Crom, Antephrys K. Johnson, Eisele and MacPherson, Mesocyanophrys K. John-son, and Cyanophrys (as delimited in Johnson and Le Crom 1997a), but only the mono-typic Antephrys is monophyletic on the most parsimonious cladograms. A synopsis of Cyanophrys species includes notes on their distribution, habitat, identification, nomencla-ture, larval food plants, and male behavior. Cyanophrys bertha, which occurs in moist evergreen and seasonally deciduous forests in the mountains of southern Brazil from 800 to 1,400 m elevation, has been proposed for threatened status. It is "cladistically distinct" (sensu Vane-Wright et al. 1991) in that its sister is a lineage of five montane species or seven primarily lowland species. Key Words: Callophrys, phylogeny, venation, genitalia, androconia, brush organs Generic taxonomy of the primarily Neo-(Brown 1993, Brown and Freitas 2000 and tropical Cyanophrys Clench (Theclinae: references therein, Otero et al. 2000). More Eumaeini) has been unstable (Robbins recently, it has been listed as "almost 2004b). Clench (1961) described it as a threatened" (Mielke and Casagrande 2004). subgenus of the Holarctic Callophrys West-Little is known about C. bertha, and it is wood, but since 1993, Cyanophrys has been unclear which species, or group of species, divided into five genera and subgenera, pri-is its closest relative. Such information marily on the basis of differences in geni-might provide clues to its biology. Further, talia and color of the frons (Johnson et al. phylogenetic position is a factor to be con-1993, Johnson and Le Crom 1997a). sidered in assessing the status of threatened While most of the 16 Cyanophrys species species (Vane-Wright et al 1991). are common and widespread, the Brazilian The first purpose of this paper is to assess C. bertha (Jones) is exceedingly rare and the monophyly of the genera and subgenera has been proposed for "vulnerable" status into which Cyanophrys has been parti-
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