PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 108(3), 2006, pp. 583 610 ADVENTIVE APHIDS (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO Robert G. Foottit, Susan E. Halbert, Gary L. Miller, Eric Maw, AND Louise M. Russell' (RGF, EM) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, ON, KIA 0C6 Canada (e-mail:
[email protected];
[email protected]); (SEH) Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL 32614, U.S.A. (e-mail: halbers(S)doacs. state. fl. us); (GLM, LMR) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Plant Science Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A. (e-mail: gmiller(gsel. barc.usda.gov) Abstract. — We provide a compilation of 262 species of aphids that are considered as adventive to North America north of Mexico. Included for each species, where applicable, is reference to: the location and date of introduction of the first North American record; pest status in North America; principal economic hosts; and biogeographical origin. Information is also provided for species whose presence in North America is considered erroneous or questionable and for those species that are considered Holarctic or Beringian. Key Words: Aphidoidea, plant lice, plant pathogens, invasive species, biological control, quarantine, agriculture, forestry, horticulture, ornamentals, fruit trees In an era of a global economy and commerce, the increase of adventive species represents both domestic and international concerns. If non-indige-nous species become pests, the economic consequences include loss of production, diminished quality, production cost in-creases, flexibility decreases in produc-tion/management decisions, increased risk of human disease, and damaging environmental and aesthetic effects (Hu-ber et al. 2002). Various insects of agricultural concern have been identified as potentially damaging if introduced or 1 It is noteworthy that Louise Russell, a pioneer woman entomologist and specialist in the Sternorrhyncha, continues to publish at the age of 101. reintroduced into the United States (Huber et al. 2002). Many aphid species have been added to the North American fauna since colonization by Europeans, and some of these have become serious pests. In addition to direct feeding damage, aphids constitute one of the largest groups of known plant-virus vectors (Chan et al. 1991). Aphids are primarily controlled through pesticide applica-tions, adding to crop production costs, and having environmental implications associated with increased pesticide use. The effects of some non-indigenous aphids in North America have been staggering. For example, by the early 1990's, the Russian wheat aphid, Diur-
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