PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 109(1). 2007, pp. 166-181 HYPOGEAL MARGARODIDS OF THE GENUS HETEROMARGARODES JAKUBSKI (HEMIPTERA: MARGARODIDAE) FROM THE WESTERN UNITED STATES C. M. UnRUH and p. J. GULLAN Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A. (e-mail:
[email protected];
[email protected]) Abstract. — Soil-dwelling scale insects with cystlike feeding stages, called ground pearls, belong to several genera of Margarodidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), including Heteroinar gar odes Jakubski known only from the western United States. We revise and redescribe Heteroinar gar odes and its type species, H. americanus Jakubski, based on the adult female. In addition, Margarodes chukar McDaniel and Margarodes hienialis Cockerell are transferred to Heteroinar garodes as H. chukar (McDaniel), new combination, and H. hiemalis (Cockerell), new combination, respectively, and redescribed based on the adult female. A lectotype is designated for M. hiemalis. Another North American ground-pearl species, Margarodes dactyloides McDaniel, is found to be a new synonym of Eumargarodes laingi Jakubski. A key to the genera of ground pearls found in North America is included. Key Words: Scale insects, ground pearls, hypogeal insects, taxonomy The hypogeal margarodids, also called ground pearls, have been treated as the tribe Margarodini of the Margarodidae sensu kito by Morrison (1928), as part of the subfamily Margarodinae (Ben-Dov 2005), as two families, Margarodidae sensu stricto and Termitococcidae, by Jakubski (1965), and as one family, Margarodidae sensu stricto by Koteja (2001), Foldi (2005), and Hodgson and Foldi (2006). This group is considered to comprise the following ten genera: Di-margarodes Silvestri, Eumargarodes Ja-kubski, Eurhizococcus Silvestri, Hetero-margarodes Jakubski, Margarodes Guilding, Margarodesia Foldi, Neomar-garodes Green, Porphyrophora Brandt, Promargarodes Silvestri, and Termitococ-cus Silvestri (Ben-Dov 2005). In Jakubs-ki's (1965) taxonomic monograph, he described the immature and adult fe-males of all species known at that time, but he illustrated only the spiracles and pores. His generic concepts are difficult to apply, some genera may be synonyms, and his subfamily and tribal classifica-tion appears to be artificial. Foldi (2001) listed a total of 107 species of hypogeal margarodids belonging to the above genera, including a number of recently described species from Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia (e.g., Jashenko 1989, 1990, 1994) and China (Tang and Hao 1995, Tang 2000). The genus Porphyrophora has been revised recently for species from Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (Vahedi 2002, Vahedi and Hodgson in press) and the South African species of Margarodes have been revised by De Klerk (1982) and De Klerk et al. (1982, 1983). However, there appears to be much convergence in
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