437 
THE CARBONIFEROUS TRTL0RTTE8 OF AUSTRALIA. 
By John Mitchell, late Principal, Technical College at 
Newcastle, New South Wales. 
(Plates xlvi.-liii.) 
Introduction. 
For many years, m\' collection has contained a number of 
Carboniferous Trilobites new to science. When the opportunity 
of describing tliem presented itself, my first intention was to 
confine myself to these specimens. On subsequent consideration, 
it occurred to me that palaeontoloi^ical knowledge would be 
increased by extending the scope of my paper so as to embrace 
all previous work on the Carboniferous Trilobita of Australia, 
to describe all new forms that might be available from other 
sources, and review, redescribe, and redetermine, where it might 
seem necessary, those species referred to by previous authors. 
It will be found, in the course of this paper, that, in a number 
of instances, my views are widely divergent from those of pre- 
vious authors; and, while regretting this divergence, it has not 
arisen through rashness or want of reflection on my part; and I 
may candidly affirm that my inability to reconcile the deter- 
minations of previous authors with my own, in some cases, was 
the only unpleasant part of the work expended on this paper. 
My aim is to clear the literature on the Australian Carboniferous 
Trilobita, to date, of errors which have undoubtedly become in- 
corporated therein. This aim is one not likely to be fully 
realised, but it will be my endeavour at least to lessen them, 
and, if I succeed in doing this, I shall be satisfied. That the 
present paper is free from errors is not one of my expectations, 
for with reference to my conclusions in respect to F. woodivardi, 
I am not by any means satisfied; and I shall await with some 
anxiety, the discovery of better petrifactions of the remains of 
this species, to make certain what its complete form actually 
33 
438 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
The discovery of the genus Brachymetopus in the Mount 
Morgan district will be of much assistance in establishing the 
geological age of that area, and also in correlating its sedimentary 
rocks with those of other localities. For reasons which will be 
obvious, the name Phillij^sia dubia has been discarded by me. 
To Messrs. W. S. Dun, Palaeontologist, Department of Mines, 
Sydney, B. Dunstan, Chief Government Geologist, Brisbane, and 
H. A. Longman, Director of the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, 
I am indebted for specimens placed with me for inspection and 
description, and for which I tender to them my thanks. To Mr. 
R. Etheridge, J. P., Director and Curator of the Australian 
Museum, and to Mr. Dun, my thanks are tendered for affording 
me access to literature. I am very grateful to General A. W. 
Vogdes, of San Diego, U.S. A, Bibliographist and Authorit}^ on 
Palaeozoic Crustacea, for supplying me with notes on the classifi- 
cation, and a list of the Carboniferous Trilobites described to 
date. Lastly, I wish to express my thanks to Mr. F. K. Cowper 
Heed, M.A., F.G.S., Acting Keeper of the Sedgwick Museum, 
Cambridge, England, for supplying me with a number of liis 
valuable papers, from which I have received much help. 
Bibliography of Australian Carboniferous Trilobites. 
(I). — 1847. Prof. McCoy (^.im. Mag. Nat. Hist., xx., p.231, 
PI. xii., fig. 1) described Brachymetopus strzehckii and referred to 
the occurrence of the genus Fhil/ipsia in Australian Carbonifer- 
ous rocks. 
(2). — 1872. R. Etheridge, Senr., (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 
Vol. xxviii., p 338, PL xviii., fig.7) described Griffithides dubins, 
which, from the description, would appear to be an abnormal 
species. 
(3). — 1877. De Koninck (Foss. Pal. Nouv. Galles du Sud, 
Pt. 3, p. 348, etc., PI. 24, figs. 8, 9, 9a, 10, 10a, 106, and 10c) de- 
scribed and figured Griffithides (PhiUipsia) elchwaldi Fischer, 
Phillipsia (Griffithides) seminifera Phillips, and Brachymetopus 
strzeleckii McCoy. 
(4)._1892. R. Etheridge, Junr., (Geo), and Pal. Queensland 
and New Guinea, pp. 214-216, PI. xxi., figs.U-H; PI. viii., figs. 
BY JOHN MITCHEJ.L. 
439 
5, 6; and PI. xl., figs. 4, 5, 6) described the following: — PluUipsid 
dubia, P. woodwardi Eth. fil., PhiUipsia{h sp. ind., for wliich he 
suggested the specific name Griffithides fieininiferus vai*. (lus- 
tralasicd, from Queensland. Also in the same year [Mem Geol. 
Surv. N. S. Wales, Pal., No.5, Pt. ii., pp. 126-1 30, PI. xxi., figs. 
1-4, 5 (and Text-fig. f)), 6, 7,8; Pi. xxii., figs. 12-15], the same 
author described PhiUipsia dubia, P. grandts, J'hillipsia spp. 
ind. (two, a and b), and Grijfithides, sp. ind. 
(5). -1903. F. R. C. Reed, M.A., F.G.S. (Geol. Mag., Dec. iv., 
Vol.x., No. 467, pp. 193-197) redescribed BracJtymetopus strzeleckii 
McCoy, and added valuable remarks on its generic and specific 
position. 
(6). — 1917. R. Etheridge, Junr., (Geol Surv. of Queensland, 
Publication No.260) made additional reference to the occurrence 
of PhiUipsia grandis in Queensland. 
(7). — Besides the above descriptions and determinations, R. 
Etheridge, Junr., referred a fragment of a pygidium from West 
Coerdawandy and the Yaltra Mtns., on the Gascoigne River, 
W^est Australia, to his species PhiUipsia grandis (MS.). 
Critical Review of the Carboniferous Trilobites of 
Australia, previously described. 
Order TRILOBITA. 
Family PROETID^. 
Genus Brachymetopus McCoy, 1847. 
1. Brachymetopus strzeleckii McCoy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 
XX., 1847, p.231, PI. xii., fig.l. 
Since this species was described by McCoy, no specimens of it, 
or of any other member of the genus, appear to have been found 
by collectors, though on the occasion of the first find at Dun- 
vegan, N. S. Wales, quite a number seem to have been obtained. 
Genus P h i l l i p s i a Portlock, 1 843. 
To Prof. McCoy we owe the first reference to the occurrence 
of this genus in Australia {loc. cit. antea). 
440 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
2. Phillipsia eichwaldi De Kon., (non P. eichwaldi Fischer) 
Foss. Pal. Nouv. Galles du Sud, 1877, Pt.3, p.348, t.24, f.9. 
Under the name of Griffithides {Phillipsia) eichwaldi, De 
Koninck described a trilobite from Colo Colo, N.S„W., and de- 
termined it to be P. eichivaldi Fischer; but, as the writer points 
out further on, this determination was evidently incorrect. Mr. 
Etheridge, Junr., expressed a similar view (Etheridge, Junr., Mem. 
Geol. Surv. N. S. Wales, Pal. No.5, Pt. ii., 1892, p.l24). There 
is little doubt that the presence of this trilobite in Australia 
remains yet to be established. 
3. Phillipsia dubia Etheridge, Junr., (non Griffithides diihins 
Etheridge, Senr.) Geol. and Pal. Queensland and New Guinea, 
1892, pp.214-215, PL vii., fig.5; PL xliv., fig.4. 
Phillipsia dubia Etheridge, Junr., (non Griffithides dnhiiis 
Etheridge, Senr.) Mem. Geol. 8urv. N. S. Wales, Pal. No. 5, Pt. ii., 
1892, p.l26, PL xxi., figs.1-4, PL xxii., figs.l2, 13. 
The above two forms were considered bv Mr. Etheridge, Junr., 
to be specifically identical with Griffi'thides dnhiiis Etheridge, 
Senr.; and the latter to be generically misplaced. The writer 
regrets that, with this determination, he cannot agree with Mr. 
Etheridge. It appears to him that neither of the above trilobites 
is specifically identical with Grijfithides duhius Eth. Senr., nor 
with each other. Mr. Etheridge, Junr., wlien describing the 
trilobite from Binge Berry, Rouchel Brook, New South Wales 
iloc. cit. antea) pointed out that it diftered from the Queensland 
form in having eighteen to twenty axial rings in the pygidium 
instead of eight to ten, which is the number in that of the 
Queensland form. This alone is suflficient to separate them 
specifically; but the head-shields of the two also differ. Both 
forms are here treated as separate species. The writer's view 
regarding the Queensland Phillipsia dubia is, that it cannot at 
present be generically or specifically joined with Griffithides 
dubius; and that the latter species must still be recognised. 
Only the discovery of a number of specimens of this form, show- 
ing the stages of development from the immature to the mature 
state, can satisfactorily establish the proper position generically 
and specifically of Griffithides dubius Eth. Senr. 
fiY JOHN MITCHELL. 44l 
4. Phillipsia grandis Etheridge, Jurir., Geol. and Pal. Queens- 
land and New Guinea, 1892, p.215. Etheridge, Junr., Mem. 
Geol. 8urv. N. S Wales, Pal. No.o, Pt. ii., 1892, Text-6g.5, and 
Pi. xxi., fig. 5. Etheridge, Junr., Geol. Surv. Queensland, Pub- 
lication No.260, pp.11-12, PI. iii., fig 3. 
It is unfortunate that Mr. Etheridge placed tliese two forms 
specifically together. They are quite difterent, and are so 
treated by the writer.. In describing them, their differences 
will be fully shown. As the Queensland form was the one for 
which the specific name grandis was first suggested by Mr. 
Etheridge, it is proposed that it should continue to be known by 
this name. To tlie New South Wales one, a new specific term 
will be given. 
The name grandis is quite appropriate for either of the forms; 
because their pygidia are larger than those of any other known 
Carboniferous trilobite. 
5. Phillipsia woodwardi Etheridge, Junr., Geol. and Pal. 
Queensland and New Guinea, 1892, p. 215, PI. 7, figs. 11, 13; PL 
44, figs. 5, 6. 
This is a singular species, to which some reference will be 
made later on. 
6. Besides the foregoing species of Phillipsia, which have been 
specifically determined, Mr. Etheridge described two pygidia 
from Binge Berry, Rouchel Brook, and near Paterson, respect- 
ively, and referred them to this genus, but did not give them 
specific rank. 
7. (a) Phillipsia sp. ind. (a), Etheridge, Junr., Mem. Geol. 
Surv. N S. Wales, Pal. No. f., Pt. ii., 1892, p. 1 29, PL xxi , figs. 
6-8. 
(b). Phillipsia sp. ind. (6), Etlieridge, Junr., op. cit., p. 129, 
PL xxiL, fig. 14. 
Both of these jvill be redescribed and named. 
Genus G R i f f i t h i d e s Portlock, 1843. 
8. (^iRiFFiTHiDES DUBius Etheridge, Senr., Quart. Journ. Geol. 
Soc, 1872, xxviii., p.338, t.l8, f.7. 
442 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OP AUSTRALIA, 
The writer is of the opinion that this species should still be 
recognised. Its description is the first record of the genus in 
Australian rocks. 
9. Gkiffithides skminiferus De Koninck (non Pliillips, 
species) Foss. Pal. Nouv. Galles du Sud, 1877, Pt.3, p.348, t.24, 
f.9, 9a. 
That this determination on the part of ])e Koninck was in- 
correct, there is really no doubt. It is fully dealt with in the 
observations on the relationship of Phi/lipsia collitisi to other 
species, described further on. 
10. Gkiffithides seminifeuus var, austkalasica Etheridge, 
Junr., Geol. and Pal. Queensland and New Guinea, 1892, p. 216, 
PI. vii., fig. 14. 
The material used by Mr. Etheridge for his description of the 
above is before me, and, after close examination of it, I am 
doubtful of the correctness of Mr Etheridge's conclusions. The 
pygidia, by which his conclusions were greatly influenced, have 
each thirteen and eleven axial and pleural divisions respectively; 
and, in this respect, agree with pygidia }>laced by me with his 
P. woodwardi. All these pygidia agree in tlieir ornamentation. 
As regards the cephalon associated on the specimen with these 
pygidia, it does not appear to differ in any essential from two of 
those included by Mr. Etheridge in his F. ivoodwardi, except 
that, in the latter, the granulation has been worn off by weather- 
ing. On the glabella of the former, it is true, no anterior or 
ftiesial glabellar furrows are visible, but this glabella is a very 
imperfect intaglio. If it should ultimately be shown that this 
fossil is a good species, it will not, even then, be closely related 
to Gr. semitiiferns, because it possesses supplementary basal 
lobes, and the latter does not. This difference certainly places 
them specifically apart. It may be stated that, so disposed was 
I to the opinion that this was a separate species, that I had 
written a description of it under a new name, but not being able 
to discern any difference in the pygidia now under discussion, 
and those I have placed with F. woodtvardi, I deferred final 
judgment. 
BY JOHN MITCHELr.. 443 
11. Griffithides sweeti Etheridge, Junr., Proc. Linn. Soc. 
N. S. Wales, 1894, p. 528, PI. xxxix., f.3. 
The writer lias not seen the original specimen. Judging from 
the description and illustration, it is a very unusual type. See 
description further on. 
12. Griffithides sp. ind., Etheridge, Junr., Mem. Geol. Surv. 
N. 8 Wales, Pal. No.5, Pt. ii., 1892, p.l30, PI. xxii., figs.lo, 16. 
It is not improbable that this may be identical with Phillipsia 
collhisi. 
From, the foregoing review, the following conclusions have 
been drawn, viz. : — 
i. That, of the nine species of Australian Carboniferous trilo- 
bites previously described and named, only the five following are 
worthy of recognition. 
1. lirachymetojnis strzeleckii McCoy. 
2. Griffithides dubius Eth. 8enr. 
3. Griffithiiies sweeti Eth. Junr. 
4. PhiUipsia icoodfvardi Eth. Junr., Geol. et Pal. Queens- 
land and New Guinea, p. 215, PI. 7, figs. 11, 13. 
b. PhillijJsia yrandis l^lh. iuin\, oi which the type is the 
Mt. Morgan form. Mem. Geol. Surv. N.S. Wales, Pal. 
No.5, Pt, ii., 1892, p. 128, PI. xxi., fig.5. 
ii. That the two determinations made by the late Prof. i)e 
Koiiinck are incorrect, and scientifically valueless. 
Family PROETID^ Steiiib. 
Genus Phillipsia Portlock, 1843. 
Dr. H. Woodward's* description of the genus is as follows: — 
"General form oval; glabella with nearly parallel sides, marked 
by either two or three pairs of short lateral furrows; the posterior 
angles, forming the basal lobes, always separated by a circular 
furrow from the rest of the glabella; eyes large, reniform, surface 
delicately faceted; cervical furrow deep; free cheeks separated 
from the glabella by the axal (facial) suture, which forms an 
acute angle with the circular border of the cheek in front of the 
* Moil. Brit. Carb. Trilobites, 1883-4, p. 11. 
444 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OP AUSTRALIA, 
glabella; whilst the facial suture cuts obliquely across the pos- 
terior margin, just behind the eye, leaving a small pointed por- 
tion fixed to the glabella b}' the neck lobe; angles of the cheeks 
more or less produced, mart^in of head incurved, forming a 
striated and punctured rim. Thoracic segments nine in number, 
the axis distinctly marked off from the side-lobes or pleurae by 
the axal furrows; the abdomen or pygidium usually with a 
rounded border, the axis composed of from 12 to 18 coalesced 
segments." 
Phillipsia collinsi, sp.nov. 
(PI. xlvi., figs. 1-5; PI. xlviii., figs. 8, 9; PL lii., fig. 4). 
Sp. CVtars. — Complete form elongately ellipsoidal. 
Cephalon sub-semielliptic, moderately inflated, densely tuber- 
culated; glabella sub-oblong or sub-bellshaped, narrow, upper 
surface flat, steep and straight sided, densely crowded with pro- 
minent tubercles of variable sizes; medially the tubercles are 
arranged in four sublongitudinal rows, those on the anterior pari 
are subconcentric; front gently rounded and bearing a concentric 
row of tubercles; lateral lobes and furrows distinct, the basal 
pair altogether circumscribed, and bearing a varying number of 
tubercles, one usually much larger than the others; limb narrow, 
witli a gentle upward turn, smooth or very finely granulate; 
neck-furrow distinct, narrow, and deep behind the basal lobes; 
neck-ring strong, moderately arched and tuberculate, its lateral 
extensions being narrow; fixed cheeks very small, eye or palpe- 
bral lobes bounded by tubercles; eyes apparently crescentic; free 
cheeks unknown. Axial furrows distinct; facial sutures ante- 
riorly very gently sinuate (almost straight) and close to the 
axial furrows; posteriorly straight, and almost at right angles to 
the axial line, and at last cutting the fixed-cheeks with a sharp 
backward turn. 
TJiorax oblong, moderately inflated and granulated; axis pro- 
minent, the rings centrally and at the bases mildly curve forward; 
bases feebly tuberculated, width equal to that of one side-lobe, 
median sulci of the rings narrow; pleura? convex, medial furrows 
of each segment wide and shallow, and reaching the distal end. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 44 5 
which is rounded; each posterior segmental ridge bears a row of 
tubercles, as du also the axial rings; axial furrows distinct. 
Pygidinvi semi-ellipsoidal, moderately tumid and strongly 
tubercuJate; proportion of length to width equals 3 : 4 approxi- 
mately; axis has fourteen rings, prominent, dorsally depressed, 
sides steep, contracting very gradually posteriorly to about half 
the anterior width, terminating bluntly and somewhat overhang- 
ing the border, the rings bearing tubercles which vary in number 
with their spread from two or more on the posterior ring, to 
eight on the anterior ones, and not exactly forming longitudinal 
rows; axial furrows pronounced; pleurae very convex, arching 
from the axial grooves at first gently and then steeply to the 
narrow furrow separating them from the border, where all the 
segments, except the anterior pair, end, segments ten in number, 
each succeeding one having a gently backward trend, and dimin- 
ishing in length till the last two pairs are represented by mere 
tubercles. Each segment bears a row of tubercles along the 
posterior ridge varying in number with its length, from one to 
ten, and perhaps in some instances more; medial segmental 
furrows wide and shallow, reaching to the faint furrow within 
the border; the border itself is fairly wide, and thickened, and- 
in normal specimens, has the same convexity as the pleura] ribs; 
it bears a row of conspicuous tubercles usually placed in line 
with each rib, and three to five behind the axis, these tubercles 
being occasionally elongated or double; when the thickened por- 
tion is removed, the undersurface shows concentric striations, 
which is a common feature in the Proetidte. Only the first pair 
of the pleural segments interrupts the continuity of the l)order. 
Ohs —This species is (juite singular. Its outstanding features 
are:— 1. The narrow, straight-sided glabella. 2. 'J'he crowded 
and conspicuous tuberculation uf the glabella. 3. The equality 
of the lengths of thepygidium and thorax. 4. The width of the 
thorax, which equals half the total length of the complete indi- 
vidual. 5. The closeness of the eyes to the axial groove. G. The 
straightness of the anterior branches of the facial sutures, and 
their parallelism to the axial furrows. 
Dimensions: total length of an individual not quite mature. 
446 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA 
one inch: widtli, half an inch; cephalon, one-quarter inch: thorax 
and pygidiuH), each three-eighths of an inch. 
In the proportions of length to width, and the character of 
the pvgidial granulation, this trilobite agrees with P. gemmu- 
lifera Phillips, with which it also agrees in the equality of the 
lengths of the thorax and pygidium. In other specific features, 
thev differ. In the cephalons and pygidia of F. collinsi and F. 
truncdtuld, there is much common to the two. They agree in 
possessing narrow, straight-sided and tul)erculate glabella, eyes 
close to the axial furrows, and similarly tuberculated pygidia: 
but the tuberculation on the glabella of the former is much more 
pronounced than it is on the latter, and the sinuate course of the 
anterior branches of the facial sutures of the latter is more pro- 
nounced than that of the former. Thepj^gidium of F truncatula 
has seventeen or eighteen annulations in the axis, and fourteen 
divisions in each pleura ; but in F. collinsi^ these parts 
number fourteen (or thirteen and a terminal piece), and ten 
respectively. In the former, the pygidium has no border, and 
the pleural ribs extend to the periphery; on the other hand, the 
latter species has a very distinct pygidial border, which, except 
in the case of the anterior pairs, the pleural ribs do not cross. 
The tubercles of the pygidial axis of the former are arranged in 
longitudinal rows; this is not quite so with those of the latter. 
Of the North American Phillipsif^, the nearest relative to ours 
appears to be P. insignis, which apparently has the same number 
of divisions in the axis and pleurae of the pygidium, as are in 
the similar parts of P. collinsi. The tuberculation of the axial 
rings is much alike in the two species. In other respects, they 
differ rather widely. The only Australian Carboniferous trilobite 
fragments bearing any resemblance to P. collinsi are two pygidia 
described and figured, but not named, by Mr. Etheridge, Junr.* 
The one pygidium he placed in the genus FhiUipsia {loc. cit., PI. 
xxii., fig. 14). It agrees with F. collinsi in possessing fourteen 
rings in the pygidial axis, and in having a tuberculate test; but 
differs in having a continuous, smooth, flattened border, and 
'" R. Etheridge, Junr., Mem. Geol. 8urv. N. 8. Wales, Pal. No.5, Pt. ii., 
1892, pp. 129-130, PI. xxii., figs. 14, 15. 
BY JOHN MITCHKLL. 447 
twelve pleural segments, and less disparity between length and 
width of the pygidium. 
The pygidium {loc. cit., PI. xxii., fig. 15) placed by Mr Ether- 
idge in the genus Grijfithides, bears a resemblance to the present 
species in the character of its border and granulation, and in 
having the same number of pleural segments; but its axis has 
less rings, and ends in a sharp point. 
Lastly, referring to De Koninck's P. {Grijjithides) seinhiifera 
{noil Phillips sp.)* from Colo Colo. The dimensions, number of 
rings in the axis of the pygidium, character of the granulation 
generally on the pygidium and thorax agree closely with similar 
features of F. collinsi: but the two forms widely differ in the 
outlines of their glabellse and pygidia, if De Koninck's figures 
are to be relied upon, which is doubtful, as they do not agree 
with the text. In the former, the glabella is represented as 
being conical in outline; and, in the latter, it is said to have an 
anterior width slightly less than that of its base. Whatever 
Phillipsia [Grijfithides) seminifera De Koninck, may have been, 
it is practically certain it was not Grijjithides seminiferus 
Phillips; but it may have been identical with the present species. 
Named after Mr. Collins, C.C.M., Lecturer in Coalmining and 
Mine Surveying at the Newcastle Technical College. 
Loc. and H or. — Glen AVilliam Road, one mile from Clarence- 
town, Parish Parr, County Durham. Lower(?) Carboniferous. 
Philijpsia coulteri, sp.nov. 
(Plate xlvi., figs 6-10;. 
Sjo. Chars. — Complete form subelliptic. 
Cej^halon sub-semielliptic, fairly inflated, finely granulated : 
glabella subrectangular, rounded in front, lateral furrows and 
lobes not visible, owing to the loss of the part bearing them, and 
the exposure of the hypostome; neck-furrow shallow, its lateral 
extensions across the cheek.s shallow and wide; neck-ring narrow; 
axial furrows faint. Fixed cheeks small. Free cheeks relatively 
large, strongly inflated, steep between the eye and border-furrow, 
which is wide and shallow, outer edge of border only moderately 
* Pal. Foss. Nouv. Galles du Sud, 1877, p.'267, PI. xxix., figs. 9, 9m. 
448 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBlTfiS Of AUSTRALIA, 
thickened. Eyes prominent, large, crescentic and faceted. 
Genal angles rounded. Hypostome alate, shield like, and striated 
in tiie fashion common to Phillipsise. 
Thoi'dx 11 mm. wide and 9 mm. long, appearing to have been 
finely granulated, with a few scattered tubercles; straight-sided. 
Axis very strongly and acutely arched, rings, centrally and 
basally, strongh^ inclined anteriorly, each one bearing along the 
medial line a rath--r prominent tubercle, giving the axis through- 
out a serrated character: spread equal to that of one side-lobe, 
mildly tuberculate, height and width diminishing gradualh* pos- 
teriorly, axial grooves faint. Pleurae gently rising from the 
axial grooves to the fulcra, thence steeply deflected, mesial fur- 
rows of the somites shallow and wide, and reaching the extremi- 
ties, which are rounded: along the fulcral line each rib bears a 
tubercle on the posterior ridge, and there is evidence of the 
presence of general fine tuberculation or granulation. 
Pygidium semielliptic, length 8 mm., width 10 mm. Axis 
very prominent, the first ring having a medial forward trend, 
rings eight or nine, counting the end-piece, which is buttress- 
like, and ends at the border in a rather fine point, and bears a 
subconspicuous tubercle. Pleuriie with seven divisions, all rather 
inconspicuous in the specimen (decorticated) serving for this de- 
scription, moderately convex; mesial furrows very shallow and 
reaching to the faint furrow within the border, each segment 
bearing a tubercle at the fulcral angle, and showing traces of 
other tuberculation, as do also the axial rings; the border is 
relatively wide, steep, gently thickened, and bounded inwardly 
by a faint furrow, and is crossed only by the first pair of ribs. 
(9^^^ —Though the glabellar furrows and lobes are not visible 
in the specimen described, the shape of the glabella and character 
of the hypostome leave no doubt as to its being a Phillipsia, and 
the specimen is one of the finest of this genus yet discovered in 
Australia. It difiers so widely from other Australian species 
that there is no need to detail its relationship. It bears no close 
relationship to any of the American Phillipsiai referi-ed to in 
Brigadier General A. W. Vogdes' Monograph.* 
* " The Genera and Species of North American Carb. Trilobites,"' 
Amialb N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1888, vi. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 449 
The species has been named after Mr, E. Coulter, of Katoomba, 
an enthusiastic student of geology, who discovered and presented 
the specimen to the author. 
Loc. and /To?*. — Stroud-Dungog Road, near Dungog, Parish 
Howick, County Durham. Lower Carboniferous. 
Phillipsia brkvickps, sp.nov. 
(Plate xlvi., figs.ll, 12; and Plate li., fig.2). 
S]). CAars. — Complete form unknown. 
Cephalon apparently subsemicireular, finely granulated. Gla- 
bella straight-sided, rounded in front, very gently convex, 
highest just in front of the neck-furrow, smooth, though a lens 
shows evidence of microscopic granulation, two pairs of lateral 
furrows visible, basal and mesial. 'J'he former very shallow and 
circumscribing the basal lobes, which are large and pyriform; 
the other narrow; neck-furrow narrow and shallow; neck-ring 
relatively wide, decidedly arched back ward ly and lobed at its 
l)ases; frontal limb narrow and gently recurved. Fixed cheeks 
very small, eye-lobes small, and abutting the axial furrows. 
Facial sutures anteriorly rather straight and close to the axial 
furrows; eyes of moderate size only, judging by the size of the 
palebral lobes. 
Thorax unknown. 
Pygidium sub-semielliptical, moderately convex, very fineh' 
granulated; width 10 mm., and length 7 mm. respectively. Axis 
prominent, consisting of thirteen rings, and a very narrow end- 
piece, spread equal to that of each side-lobe, contracting very 
gradually posteriorly, and terminating short of the border, 
rounded and bluntly, with half its anterior width; some of the 
rings bear very fine tubercles, barely distinguishable without 
the aid of a lens; side-lobes moderately convex, with ten, or 
doubtfully eleven, pairs of segments, of which the medial furrows 
are distinct, and, in the case of the four anterior pairs, at least 
reach the edge and interrupt the narrow border; a few of the 
posterior segments bear very small tubercles at their junction 
with the border, and three similar tubercles occur behind the 
axis, on the axis itself centrally the posterior ridges also bear 
fine tubercles. 
450 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
6)6s. — Aswill be apparent from a comparison of the above 
description with that of P. derbieitsis Martin, the two fossils 
agi-ee in several important features. For example, in both the 
glabella is parallel-sided and practically smooth, anterior facial 
sutures rather straight and close to the axial furrows, eyes reni- 
form, pygidial axis with thirteen rings, and ten segments in the 
pleur?e; and the pygidial borders obsolescing before reaching the 
articulating face; in the equality of maximum widths of the axes 
and pleurae of the pygidia (this is only true in the case of the 
above species when the pleurae are measured obliquely, and not 
the actual horizontal widths: if measured in the latter way, the 
axis is wider than one pleura) and the faint tendency to orna- 
mentation on these parts. Against these resemblances, there 
are the following differences to be considered. The length of 
the glabella of the local species, measured from the neck-furro\v 
to its front, is equal to its width between the axial furrows 
across the basal lobes; in that of J\ derbiensis, these dimensions 
are respectively about 4 : 2. The eye-lobes are shorter, and the 
frontal border wider, neck-ring more intensely arched posteriorly 
in the local form than in the British one. The distinct lobation 
of the bases of the neck-ring, relatively short cephalon, and the 
almost equality of the lengths of the cephalon and tail are very 
marked features in the local species, separating it from the other. 
Then tliere is the distinct, though fine, granulation, more or less 
tuberculation of the pygidium of the form now described, as 
against a practically smooth one in the other. Further, judging 
from the anterior pair of pleural segments of the pygidium, the 
thoracic pleural ribs were not imbricated, in the case of the local 
species. Although undoubtedly closely related to each other, I 
have concluded that the differences between them are sufficient 
to justify their separation specifically. 
The glabellie of the above species and Proetus inissourieiisis 
are much alike. I am indebted to J^rigadier General Vogdes' 
paper [op. cit., antea) for the references made to American Car- 
boniferous trilobites. 
Lvc. and Uor. — Neighbourhood of Port Stephens, probably 
from near Bulladelah. Carboniferous. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 451 
Philltpsia proxima, sp.nov. 
(Plate xlvi., figs.lf), 16). 
Sp. Chars. — Pygidinm semielliptical, fairly convex, practically 
smooth, so fine is the granulation. Length 12 mm., width 15 
mm. Axis strongly convex, rings twenty, tapering posteriorly 
very gradually, and ending bluntly at the border, with a spread 
of about half that of the anterior ring; axial furrow shallow, but 
distinct. Pleurje gently convex, consisting of twelve pairs of 
ribs, the last one or two very shoit and faint, all terminating at 
the border, which is continuous to the articulating face and sub- 
depressed: medial furrows of the segments, except in the cases 
of a few of the posterior pairs, well defined, anchylosing ridges 
also fairly prominent; furrow separating border and pleural ribs 
distinct. 
Ohs. — This p3"gidium agrees with that of PhiUipsia eiehivaldi 
Fischer, in the continuous smooth and somewhat depressed 
border, and the character of the pleural segments. The most 
important differences between them are— (1) the pygidium of 
F. eichivaldi is just as wide as long, is distinctly granulated, and 
the distal axial end does not seem to be prominent. The 
pygidium above-described has a length only four-fifths of its 
width, and is practically smooth. The total length of the pygidia 
of mature individuals of the former, as shown by the beautiful 
figures in Dr. H. Woodward's work* is 9-5 mm., that of the 
latter is 12 mm. The large number of rings in the axis of ours 
places it far apart from the other. Named because of its close 
resemblance to P. eichivaldi Fischer, in shape. 
Loc. and H or. — Glen William Road, near Clarencetown, Parish 
Parr, County Durham. Lower Carboniferous. 
Phillipsia('?) robusta, sp.nov. 
(Plate xlvii., figs.l and 8). 
Phillipsia graridis Eth. fil., Mem. Geol. Surv. N. S. Wales, No. 
5, Pt. ii., 1892, p.l28, text-fig.5 {non PI. xxi., fig.5). 
Sp. Chars. — Cephaloji and thorax unknown. 
Pygidium subsemicircular, strongly convex, very finely granu- 
* Mon. Brit. Carb. Trilobites, 1883-4, PI. iv., figs. 9 and 1.3. 
452 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITKS OF AUSTRALIA, 
late, greatest width 44 mm., length 26 mm., (the width here given 
is what the writer considers to be the normal, and is calculated 
from the width of the left side-lobe and half the spread c)f the 
axis, because the right side-lobe is distorted). Axis fairly pro- 
minent, evenly arched without any decided backward or forward 
inclination of the annulations, of which there are fourteen: the 
furrows of these are wide and V-shaped in section, ridges high, 
edged, and bore some small tubercles, bases not tuberculate. 
Axial furrows shallow. Pleurae very convex, arching strongly 
from the axial furrows, and showing no decided fulcra; segmental 
divisions twelve pairs, which reach to the border, and are only 
wently directed posteriorly, except in the case of the last two 
pairs; their mesial furrows are V-shaped, wide, and reach to the 
border, ridges high and chisel-edged, and show no sutures, hence 
the pleural segments in this oygidium were very completely 
fused: some of the ridges exhibit evidence of very fine and sparse 
tuberculation, anterior pair facetti. Border continuous, wide, 
steep, and its undersurface concentri -ally striated. 
Qf)s. — 11iis pygidium was described and figured by R. Etheridge 
Junr.,* and considered by him to be identical with a pygidial 
fragment from near Mt. Morgan, Queensland, and for which he 
had previously suggested the name Fhillipsia gi-andis.j Mr. 
Etheridge figured this Queensland specimen, when dealing with 
some New South Wales trilobites.| The writer is unable to 
accept Mr. Etheridge's determination of the identity of these 
two pygidia, for the following reasons. 1. The part of the 
pleural lobe preserved on the Queensland pygidium shows fifteen 
segments, and, when complete, without doubt had several others, 
as against twelve in the New South Wales one. 2. Though the 
Queensland tail, when complete, was apparently longer than 
that of the New South Wales specimen, the greatest Midth of 
its pleural lobes was only 10 mm., as against 15 mm. for that of 
" Mem. Geol. Survey N. S. Wales, Pal. No.o, Pt. ii., 1892, p. 128, text- 
fig. 5 {uoii PI. xxi., fig. 5). 
t Jack and Etheridge, Cleol. and Pal. of Queensland and New Guinea, 
1892, pp.2irj, 216. 
X Mem, Geol. Survey N. S. Wales, Pal. No.5, Pt. ii., 1892, PI. xxi., fig.o. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL 453 
the latter. 3. In the Queensland one, the pleural segments 
along the ridges are separated by very distinct sutures; in the 
other, this is not so, 4. In the Queensland one, the border is 
not nearly continuous, for the three anterior pairs of pleural 
segments reach to the edge of the lobes, and these are the only 
ones which are perfect on the portion of the left and pleural lobe 
of the specimen. 5. The mesial furrows and ridges of the pleural 
segments are not alike in the two. 6. In the Queensland tail, 
there were not less than sixteen or more axial rings, but fourteen 
only in that of the other. 7. The axial grooves are deeper in 
the specimen from Queensland, than in the one from New South 
Wales. The two agree in the character of their granulations; 
but that of the Queensland one is the coarser. 
That the Queensland pygidial fragment represents a new 
species of either Phillipsia or Griffithides. there is no doubt; 
and, to it, my proposition is to apply the name Phillipsia grandis, 
first suggested for it by my friend, Mr. Etheridge. 
P.i'ohnsia differs from all species of this genus, or of Griffith- 
ides known to me. Mr. Etheridge, too, noted (loc. cit.) how 
different it was from foreign Carboniferous trilobites. 
Loc. and Hor. — Swain's Conditional Purchase, seven miles 
south-east of Carroll, County Buckland (D. A. Porter). Car-, 
boniferous. 
Phillipsia(?) stroui>e;nsis, sp.nov. 
(Plate xlvi., fig.14; Plate li., fig.ll), 
Sp. Chars.-^Cephalon and thorax unknown. 
Pygidium semielliptic, densely and finely granulate, moder- 
ately convex; greatest width 17 mm., length 15 mm. Axis only 
moderately convex. Consists of twenty annulations, a few of 
the anterior of which have a very gentle forward inclination, 
centrally and basally ; contraction posteriorly very gradual, 
terminating bluntly, and rounded at the border, with half the 
anterior width (3 mm.), medial furrows of the rings wide and 
shallow; anchylosing ridges not very prominent, but distinctly 
granulated, anterior spread slightly less than that of one side- 
lobe. Axial furrows faint. Pleurae moderately convex, seg- 
ments fifteen, the last faint, anterior pair faceted, all finely and 
34 
454 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
distinctly granulate, reaching to the border, and gently inclined 
backward (falcate). Medial furrows wide and shallow, reaching 
the border, ridges low. Border continuous, narrow anteriorly, 
gently increasing in width posteriorly, flat, densely and finely 
granulate. 
O65. — This is a fairly large pygidium, as the dimensions given 
will show; but it is, in this respect, exceeded by both of the 
forms placed by Mr. R. Etheridge Junr., under the name of P. 
yrandifi; but it has no specific relations with either of them. In 
the number of axial rings, it agrees with P. elongata, but not in 
other features. It is different from all the British Phillipsise 
the writer has been able to compare it with; and the same is 
true as far as the North American species are concerned. 
Log and Hot. — Stroud, County Gloucester, N.S.W., associated 
with Orthis resupiiiata and Spirifer striattis. Lower(?) Car- 
boniferous. 
Phillipsia superba, sp.nov. 
(Plate xlviii., fig. 15: Plate Hi., fig.3). 
Complete form unknown. 
Sp. Chars.— (7</?Aa?o?z semicircular or very nearly so, microscopi- 
cally granulate, practically smooth; length 6 mm., width just on 
double its length. Glabella subfiddle-shaped, orsuboblong with 
a very gently rounded front, practically smooth, very slightly 
convex, and decidedly contracted at the middle; three glabellar 
furrows (doubtfully four), anterior pair or pairs very short, mesial 
pair falcate and very faint, posterior pair faint at their origin; 
inwardly wide and deep. Anterior and mesial lobes ill-defined, 
the latter indistinctly separated from the basal pair, which are 
small, reniform, and prominent, standing out from the posterior 
part of the glabella, like tubercles. Neck-furrow distinct, with 
a decided central and basal forward curve, its lateral extensions 
straight and well-defined, joining with the lateral furrows of the 
free cheeks within the genal angles. Neck-ring strong, convex, 
centrally and basally anteriorly inclined, bases also gently tuber- 
culate; lateral extension narrow and not prominent. Axial 
grooves relatively narrow, deep, and sinuate. Limb narrow, 
with gently thickened and mildly raised margin. Facial sutures 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 455 
anteriorly gently sinuate, and posteriorly shortly obliquely 
curved. Fixed cheeks very small, palpebral lobe almost linear, 
but convex. Free cheeks relatively fairly large, subdepressed, 
border wide, depressed; margin very slightly thickened, furrow 
shallow, linear; bands just within the border, and the similar 
bands under the shallow, wide furrows beneath the eyes, bear 
rows of granules. Genal angles apparently rounded. Eyes 
relatively large, reniform and faceted. 
Obs. — This cephalon is clearly separated from all other known 
Australian Phillipsise. In the shape of the glabella and possibly 
in the possession of four glabellar furrows, relative size and 
situation of the eyes, it bears likeness to P. eichivaldi; but it 
differs from that species in having a nearly semicircular cephalon, 
rounded genal angles, and in the absence of distinct cephalic 
granulation, and of genal spines. Also, it resembles P. derhiensis 
Martin, in the form of the glabella, small free cheeks, and char- 
acter of its facial sutures, small palpebral lobes, rounded genal 
angles, and widely differs in other respects. No North American 
Phillipsi?e known to the writer, have any close relationship with 
this one. 
Loc. and Hor. — Supposed to have been obtained near Dungog, 
N.S.W. 
Phillipsia(?) waterhousei, sp.nov. 
(Plate xlviii., figs.16-18: Plate Hi., fig.7). 
Complete form oval. 
Sp. Chars. — Cephalon subsemicircular, greatest length and 
width approximately 2 mm,, and 4 mm., respectively; finely and 
densely granulated. Glabella subcylindrical, narrow, very convex, 
anteriorly sloping to the border rather steeply, basal glabellar fur- 
rows small; the anterior and mesial pairs are visible on the cover, 
basal lobes small, neck-furrows wide and deep, lateral extensions 
similar; neck-ring strong, very convex, its lateral extensions also 
strong; frontal limb narrow and close to the glabella. Facial 
sutures, anteriorly, only gently diverging laterally in their course, 
posteriorly short and oblique. Fixed cheeks small. Free cheeks 
moderately large and strongly inflated, borders relatively wide 
and depressed; genal angles produced into spines apparently ex- 
456 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
tending almost to the distal end of the thorax. Eyes crescentic, 
relatively large, faceted and depressed. Axial grooves shallow. 
Thorax apparently has the normal number of somites, eight 
being plainly recognisable by the aid of a lens, the whole surface 
finely granulated. Axis strongly and rather acutely arched, as 
wide anteriorly as one side-lobe; posteriorly diminishing gradu- 
ally, the fourth ring appears to be much stronger than the others, 
and resembles in this respect the neck-ring; all the rings are 
directed anteriorly, and bear a row of very fine granules on the 
ridges. Side-lobes strongly convex, ridges and valleys of the 
segments strong and deep respectively, ridges bearing rows of 
fine granules; segmental extremities faceted. Axial furrows 
narrow. 
Pygidium subtriangular, fairly inflated, granular throughout 
in a way similar to the thorax; axis prominent, diminishing 
rapidly posteriorly, and terminating at the border with a moder- 
ately fine point; the rings appear to be eight in number. Side- 
lobes convex, made up of six pairs of segments, apparently. 
Border narrow, steep and continuous. 
Obs. — In so small a specimen, it is a difficult matter to clearly 
distinguish its features; but, under a lens, they become discerni- 
ble. The glabella in shape slightly resembles that of a Griffith- 
ides; and had it not been for the presence on it of three pairs of 
glabellar furrows, I would have placed it in this genus. It is 
the smallest and most perfect Carboniferous trilobite belonging 
either to Phillipsia or Griffithides obtained in Australia. It 
may represent only an immature individual, but still mature 
enough to have all its chief parts developed. 
In the shape of the glabella and of the pygidium, this species 
is not unlike Phillipsia leei Woodw., and P. 7ninor Woodw. 
Dedicated to J. Waterhouse, M.A., Government Inspector of 
Schools. 
Log. and Hor. — Probable Paterson or Dungog District, N.S. W. 
Carboniferous. 
Phillipsia elongata, sp.nov. 
(PL xlvii., figs.3-5; PI. xlviii., fig.14; and PI. 1., figs.4-7) 
Phillipsia duhia Eth. fil,, Mem. Geol. Surv. N. S. Wales, Pal. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 457 
No. 5, Pt. ii., 1892, pp.126, 127, PI. xxi., figs. 1-4, and PI. xxii., 
figs. 12, 13. 
Complete form elongately oval. 
Sp. Chars. — Cephalon sub-semielliptic, smooth, only moder- 
ately inflated, greatest length 12 mm., width between the genal 
angles 18 mm. Glabella long, narrow, sub-bellshaped, convex 
and prominent, highest between the anterior lateral furrows, and 
from thence sloping to the front, which is gently rounded; lateral 
furrows distinct, first pair short, linear and gently curved, 
middle pair linear with a posterior curve, posterior pair wide, 
shallow and circumscribing the basal lobes, which are relatively 
small and suboval. Neck-furrow shallow, its lateral extensions 
shallow. Neck-ring narrow, with a strong forward inclination, 
its lateral extensions also narrow. Frontal border fairly wide, 
especially at the antero-lateral angles. Facial sutures strongly 
sinuate anteriorly, and posteriorly obliquely crossing the fixed 
cheeks nearly in a line with the outer edge of the thorax. Axial 
furrows deep. Fixed cheeks small. Eye-lobes small, crescentic 
and elevated. Free cheeks relatively large, depressed, border 
wide, space between the border and furrow beneath the eyes 
short and steep; and immediately under the eye is a groove. 
Eyes large, subcrescentic, very distinctly faceted, and wider 
behind than in front. Genal angles spinate, the spines evidently 
long. Thorax with the normal number of somites; length two- 
thirds of the greatest width, sides subparallel, surface smooth or 
very linely granulate. Axis prominent, rings with a distinct 
forward inclination centrally, and showing slight indication on 
the ridges of granulation, spread equal to one side-lobe; axial 
furrows faint; side-lobes sloping gently from the^axial furrows 
to the fulcra, thence sloping fairly steeply. Mesial furrows of 
the somites distinct, and reaching to the extremities, the anterior 
somites shorter than the posterior ones. 
Fyyidiuin sub-semielliptic, convex, greatest width nearly equal 
to the greatest width of the thorax, and consequently just on 
one-third greater than the thoracic length. Axis very prominent, 
tapering gradually, and ending just within the border at half 
the anterior width, rather prominently and rounded; annula- 
458 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OP AUSTRALIA, 
tions twenty, strongly arched; axial furrows distinct; side-lobes 
strongly convex, their greatest width equals the anterior spread 
of the axis; segments fourteen, all terminating at the inner 
boundary of the narrow border. 
Ohs. — This very fine trilobite was described by Mr. K. Ether- 
idge,* and was determined by him to be identical with his P. 
dubia,j remarking, however, that the form now dealt with 
differed from the Queensland one in the possession of eighteen 
to twenty annulations in the pygidial axis, while the former had 
only eight to ten. This of itself appears to the writer a sufficient 
difference to justify the separation of the two forms specifically, 
for, in no instance, has he found any Phillipsia, or indeed any 
meinber of the Proetidse, presenting such a wide variation in the 
axial annulations of its pygidium as is exhibited by these two 
forms. But there are other differences between the two forms 
of even greater specific importance than this one. The eyes 
and front limb of the glabella of P. elovigata are relatively very 
much larger than those of P. stanvelleiisis [P. dubia Eth. til.). 
In the former, the facial sutures are more sinuate, the free 
cheeks more depressed, eyes more squat on the cheeks, lateral 
furrows of the free cheeks wider than they are in the latter. The 
neck-ring and thoracic axial rings in the former are non-tuber- 
culate basally; in the latter, these are tuberculate; the glabella 
of the former, too, is relatively longer and straighter- sided than 
is the case in the latter. The former has a relatively narrower 
pygidial border, and is of a much larger growth than the other. 
The two forms, in many of their features, belong to the same 
typical group of Phillipsise, in which the glabellte diminish in 
width anteriorly, and are sub-bellshaped, and the facial sutures 
strongly sinuate in front of the eyes. The British P. Lruncatula 
is a good representative of the group. 
Log. and Hor. — Binge Berry, Rouchel Brook, Hunter River, 
County Durham: (IjAllyn River, half a mile north-east of Gres- 
ford; County Durham (Cullen). 
* Mem. Geol. Survey N. S. Wales, Pal. No.5, Pt. ii., 1892, pp. 126-8. 
t Geol. and Pal. Queensland and New^ Guinea, p. 215, PL 8, fig. o. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 459 
Phillipsia rockhamptonensis, sp.nov. 
(Plate xlix., figs. 9, 10; Plate 1., figs. 8, 9). 
Phillipsia dubia Etheridge, fil., Geol. and Pal. Queensland and 
New Guinea, 1892, pp.214-215, P1.44, fig.4. 
P. woodwarai Eth. fil., op. cit, p. 215, PL 4 4, fig. 6. 
Complete form oblong-ovate. 
*S'^. Chars. — Cephalon sub-semicircular, appearing to have been 
very finely granulated. Glabella subcylindrical or conical, 
widest across the basal lobes, two lateral furrows visible on the 
left side, basal pair wide, deep, and very distinctly joining the 
neck-furrow, basal lobes small, very prominent and sub-pyriform; 
neck-furrow deep centrally and shallowed laterally by a very 
mild swelling behind the basal glabellar lobes, which can barely 
be said to be supplementary lobes, its lateral extensions shallow; 
neck-ring stronger and more convex than any of the axial rings, 
very faintly tuberculate at its base, front limb narrow, the 
margin being upturned and gently thickened ; axial grooves 
narrow; fixed cheeks small; eye-lobe relatively large and gran- 
ulated; free cheeks fairly large, only moderately tumid, depressed 
but posteriorly high and sloping steeply into the posterior 
furrow, distinctly channelled under the eyes, lateral furrows 
wide, lateral borders of moderate width, mildly tumid, under- 
surface striated; facial sutures not distinguishable anteriorly, 
and posteriorly obliquely crossing the fixed cheeks rather close 
to the axial grooves; eyes of medium size, reniform, faceted, 
prominent and vertically narrow, genal angles bearing Ion"- 
spines. 
Thorax oblong, length equal to the width of the axis and one 
side-lobe, granulations microscopic, somites of the normal num- 
ber, axis strongly convex, wider than one side-lobe, diminishing 
posteriorly very gently and uniformly, anterior width in the 
specimen under notice being 5 mm., and the posterior width 
4 mm.; each individual ring has a decided anterior trend cen- 
trally and tuberculate bases, ridges and valleys narrow, and on 
the former the articulating seams are plainly visible; side-lobes 
convex, steeply deflected from the fulcra, segmental ends strongly 
faceted, axial grooves narrow. 
460 CARBONIFKKOUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
Pygidiuin sub-semicircular or sub semielliptic, length 7 ram., 
greatest width 12mm., convex, distinct indications of granulation 
present; axis prominent, strongly convex, diminishing rapidly 
posteriorly, ending prominently near the margin of the border 
with about one-fourth of its anterior spread, its rings are twelve; 
axial grooves distinct; side-lobes convex, consisting of eight 
pairs of segments, the last two pairs being rather indistinct, first 
pair faceted; border of moderate width, gently tumid, continuous 
to the anterior pair of segments; undersurface striated. 
Obs. — This fossil was included by Mr. Etheridge with his 
species Phillipsia diihia {op cit.}, but not separately described. 
For so placing it, there appears to me to be insufficient reason. 
That the trilobite here described is not identical with Mr. 
Etheridge's P. duhia {P. stanvelleiisis mihi) may be made plain 
by an explanation of their differences. 
(1 ). The free cheeks and eyes are different, as are their glabella?; 
for though the glabella of the present species is not perfect, 
there is sufficient of it preserved to show that, anteriorly, it 
neither contracts nor droops as does that of P. duhia [P. 
staiivellensis). 
(2). The neck-furrows of the two also differ. 
(3). The axis of the former is wider than one side-lobe; in the 
latter, the axis is narrower than one side-lobe. 
(4). The axis of the former is much less prominent than that 
of the latter. 
(5). Tn the former, the length of the thorax is much greater 
than its cephalic or pygidial length; in the latter, both the 
cephalon and pygidium are longer than the thorax. 
(6). In the latter, the anterior pleural segments of the pygidium 
show distinct bifurcation; this is not visible in the former. 
(7). The genal angles of the former are strongly spinate; those 
of the latter are not yet proven to be so. 
(8). The middle lobe of the one is wide and moderately convex; 
that of the other, narrow and very convex. 
(9). The angulation of the free cheeks of the former posteriorly, 
and their steep slope into the furrow are very marked, but this 
is not so ill the latter. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 461 
The above differences clearly separate the two species. From 
all other Australian species, it is easily distinguished. 
Loc. and Uor. — Rockhampton district, Corner Creek, Great 
Star River, Queensland. Carboniferous. 
Phillipsia stanvellensis, sp.nov. 
(Plate xlviii.,%s.lO-13; Plate li., figs. 8-10). 
Phillipsia dubia Eth. fil., Geol. and Pal. Queensland and New 
Guinea, 1892, pp.214-215, P1.8, tig.o. 
Complete form elongately ellipsoidal. 
Sp. Chars. — Cephaloii sub-semielliptic,. strongly inflated, prac- 
tically smooth, length 6 mm., width between the genal angles 
9 mm. Glabella bell-shaped or subconical, liigh posteriorly, with 
a steep anterior droop to the front limb, microscopically gran- 
ulated, three pairs of lateral furrows, basal pair shallow, the 
others faint; basal lobes very prominent, relatively small and 
round, mesial pair subquadrate and about equal in size to the 
basal pair, front pair well-defined. Neck-furrow shallow cen- 
trally, but rather deeper behind the basal glabellar lobes, its 
lateral extensions across the fixed cheeks shallow; neck ring 
narrow, strongly arched, and its bases tuberculated, lateral ex- 
tensions weak; front limb narrow, gently thickened, and turned 
almost on to the front of the glabella; facial sutures anteriorly 
only moderately sinuate, posteriorly oblique and crossing the 
fixed cheeks in a line with the fulcra of the thoracic segments. 
Free cheeks relatively large and steep, border moderately wide 
and strong, lateral furrows linear and faint. Eyes of moderate 
size, densely and finely faceted, subcrescentic, and rising steeply 
from the shallow grooves of the cheeks just below them. Genal 
angles acute, but apparently not spinate. 
Thorax: length two-thirds of width approximately, and 
anterior and posterior widths equal; number of somites small, 
smooth. Axis very prominent, rings arched forward both cen- 
trally and basally, bases also tuberculate, centrally each ring is 
rather acute, which gives to the axis when viewed sideways a 
mildly serrated aspect; ring-furrows rather deep, ridges high and 
narrow (in decorticated specimens), greatest width 3 m-m., and is 
462 CARBONIFEROUS TKILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
wider than the pleurse if measured horizontally. Axial grooves 
linear. Side-lobes between the axial grooves and fulcra almost 
horizontal, thence nearly perpendicular ; somites apparentl}^ 
faceted, medial grooves very shallow, ridges feeble. 
Pygidiuni semielliptic, length 6 mm., width 7 mm., smooth. 
Axis very prominent, made up of twelve if not thirteen annula- 
tions, but not more than ten usually visible owing to the slender- 
ness of the posterior ones. Posteriorly it contracts gradualh', 
and ends a little short of the border with about half the anterior 
width; in some specimens, the rings centrally show emargination 
and other indications of having borne fine tubercles. Axial 
grooves faint Side-lobes convex, consisting of eight pairs of 
segments whose valleys and ridges are inconspicuous, and the 
ends, as they approach the border, bifurcate, or, more correctl}^, 
the sutures widen out and make the segments appear to have 
free ends; the individual segments have little or no backward 
curve, and the last two pairs are indicated merely by a very faint 
ridge and tubercle; border continuous and relatively wide, con- 
centrically and finely striated underneath, only slightly thickened 
and separated from the segments by a fine suture. 
06s. — This beautiful trilobite was originally described by K. 
Etheridge, Junr., and with it was joined Griffithides dubiiis Ether- 
idge, Senr., for reasons not explained. All the evidence avail- 
able leads me to conclude that the two are not specifically the 
same, and to regret that this very typical Phillipsia above-de- 
scribed should have been in any way linked with Griffithides 
diihius Eth. Senr. An examination of the figure given of this 
latter trilobite reveals that the glabella has three continuous 
lateral furrows, and a shape altogether unlike the former species; 
and, further, the latter is represented as having thirteen or four- 
teen axial rings, and an equal number of pleural segments in its 
pygidium; while the former has only twelve and eight, respect- 
ively, in the similar parts of the pygidium. These differences 
place the two apart. 
As may be observed (antea, under the description of P. 
elonyata mihi), I have had to disagree with Mr. Etheridge in 
determining that, and the above form to be specifically the same, 
for which divergence of opinion reasons are given. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 4€3 
P. stanveUensis is so different from all foreign and other Aus- 
tralian species that it is not necessary to detail its relationships 
with them. 
The outstanding features of the species are. 1. The dunce's 
hat-shaped, prominent, smooth and anteriorly drooping, and 
narrow glabella. 2. The slightly elevated glabellar basal lobes. 
3. The moderate size, and fine but distinct faceting of the eyes. 
4. The very prominent axis. 5. The shallowness of the medial 
furrows, and slenderness of the ridges of the pleural segments. 
6. 'J'he bifurcation of the pleural segments of the pygidium. 7. 
Twelve and eight divisions in the axis and pleural segments, 
respectively, of the pygidium. 8. The equality of the lengths of 
head and pygidium. 
Loc. a7id Hor. — Corner Creek, Great Star River, Queensland. 
Carboniferous. 
Phillipsia grandis Eth. til. 
(Plate xlvii., fig.2; Plate 1., tigs.1-3). 
Phillipsia grandis Eth. fil., Geol. and Pal. of Queensland and 
New Guinea, 1892, pp.215-216. 
Etheridge, Junr., Mem. Geol. Survey N. S. Wales, Pal. No. 5, 
Pt. ii., 1892, PI. xxi., fig.5 (non text-fig.5, p.l28). 
Etheridge, Junr., Geol. Survey of Queensland, Publication No. 
260, pp.11, 12, PI. iii., tig.3. 
Complete form unknown. 
Sp. Chars. — What appears to be a portion of a cephalon of 
this species is preserved on a rock-fragment from near Mt. 
Morgan, Queensland, associated with a very nearly perfect 
pygidium, free cheeks, a small portion of the anterior of the 
glabella, and the greater part of the hypostome (m situ), but so 
little of the glabella remains that none of its features can be 
recognised; except that it was sparsely granulated, sloped gradu- 
ally anteriorly, and was of unusual size. The hypostome was 
large, striated, and apparently granulated; free cheeks very large, 
strongly granulated, the granules in many instances joining and 
producing rugosity; posterior furrows very wide and shallow; 
lateral border very wide; and the undersurface bearing six or 
seven concentric stride, posterior border narrow; the genal angles 
464 CARBONIFRItOUS THILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
appear to have been spinate. The length of the cephalic shield 
was approximately 30 mm. 
Thorax: greatest width approximately 45mm., length 27mm., 
finely granulated. Axis moderately convex, and had a spread 
of 15 mm., and hence equal to one side-lobe. These lobes were 
fairly convex, greatest width 15 mm., and the mesial furrows of 
each pair of the segments were wide and shallow along the 
articulating faces (ridges), the sutures are plainly visible in 
decorticated specimens. 
Pygidiuyn: greatest width 41 mm., length 34 mm.; serai-elliptic, 
moderately convex; axis mildly convex, tapering very gradually 
posteriorly, ending bluntly at the inner edge of the border, much 
narrower than one side-lobe, practically two-thirds as wide as 
one side-lobe, the width being 11 : 15, rings apparently eighteen, 
strong, densely and finely granulated, valleys narrow : axial 
furrows narrow and distinct; pleurae moderately convex; ribs, 
fifteen pairs, reaching to the thickened outer margin of the 
border, and having a decided backward curve in the portions 
traversing the border; mesial valleys fairly deep, ridges strong, 
and bearing two or more rows of closely placed granules, and 
articulating sutures plainly visible^ each succeeding pair gradu- 
ally inclining posteriorly, border wide but ill-defined, not con- 
tinuous and concave, margin thickened and upturned. 
Q})s — The first fragment of this gigantic Carboniferous trilo- 
bite was briefly described by Mr. Etheridge, Junr.,* and for it 
he suggested the specific name gratidis. Subsequently,! he de- 
scribed a pygidium from New South Wales, which he placed 
specifically with the Queensland pygidial fragment. Very 
reluctantly, I have to disagree with this latter determination of 
Mr. Etheridge, and am compelled to give the New South Wales 
fossil separate specific rank. A recent discovery of a nearly 
perfect tail, portions of a cephalic shield, and thorax, in the Mt. 
Morgan area, Queensland, has much simplitied the task of 
separating the two forms. This recently discovered specimen 
* Geol. and Pal. Queensland and New Guinea, 1892, pp. 215-216, 
t Mem. Geol. Survey N. S. Whales, Pal. No.5, Pt. ii., 1892, p. 128, text- 
fig. o, and PI. xxi., fig. 5. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 465 
was submitted by Mr. Dunstan, Chief Government Geologist, 
Department of Mines, Brisbane, to Mr. Etheridge, who described 
it briefly,* placing it with P. yrandis. This same specimen has 
been used for the above description. It will be seen that, in 
the description of the parts of the fossil, we are not in agreement, 
our dimensional estimates, strangely, differing rathei- widely. 
The dimensions arrived at by myself are :~ 
Cephalic shield, length 30 mm. 
Length of thorax, 20 mm. 
Greatest width, 45 mm. 
Length of tail, 34 mm. 
Greatest width, 44 mm. 
Total length of trilobite, 84 mm., or nearly 3i inches, A giant, cer- 
tainly, among Carboniferous trilobites. 
The reasons for separating the pygidium from Swain's Selec- 
tion, near Carroll, N.S.W., from the Queensland forms, are fully 
entered into under the re-description of the New South Wales 
form, under the name of PJiillipsia robusta mihi. 
The distinguishing features of the present species are — 1. Its 
great size. 2. The largeness of the free cheeks, their ornamenta- 
tion, and great width of their borders. 3. The relatively narrow 
pygidial axis. 4. The mild tuberculation of the bases of the 
thoracic and pygidial axial rings. 5. The slight tuberculation 
of the pleural segment at the inner margin of the border, and 
their claw-like shape, as they cross the border. 6. The plainly 
visible sutures along the articulating ridges of the pleural seg- 
ments, and the fine and close granulation of these ridges. 7. The 
strongly ridged and furrowed somites of the pygidium. 
As Mr. Etheridge has pointed out, it is uncertain still whether 
this trilobite belongs to the genus Phillipsia or to Griffithides, 
but the evidence available indicates the former. 
Loc. and Uor. — Crow's Nest, near Mt. Morgan, Queensland. 
Carboniferous. 
Phillipsia woodwardi Eth. fil. 
Phillipsia woodwardi Eth. fil., Geol. and Pal, Queensland and 
New Guinea, 1892, p.215, PI, vii., figs.ll, 13; PI. viii., fig.6; and 
PI. xliv., figs.5-6. 
* Geol. Survey Queensland, Publication No.260, 1917, pp. 11-12, PI. iii., 
fig. 3. 
466 CARBONIPKROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
Oriffithidea seminiferus vslv. ausiralasica Eth. fil., (in part) op. 
cit., p.216. 
(PL xlvii., fig.9; PI. xlix., figs. 1-8, 13-14; PI. 1., 6gs.lO-ll; PI. li., 
figs.12-14; PI. lii., fig.l; PI. liii., figs.8-9). 
Here is Mr. Etheridge's description of this species (loc. cit.): — 
"/S/>. Char. Glabella round, without any lateral inflection of the 
margin, moderately convex in the middle line, and a little arched 
posteriorly; neck furrow strong and deep, with more or less com- 
plete basal furrows; anterior furrows present, but faint; anterior 
border thick and upwardly turned, leaving a wide depression 
between it and the front of the glabella." 
In his observations, Mr. Etheridge remarks: — "The pygidium 
referred to is much larger than that described as P. dubia, but 
otherwise resembles it." In the text, there is nothing to show 
what pygidium is here referred to, for no description of it is 
given; but no doubt he refers to the pygidium illustrated in 
Plate xliv., fig. 6; and if so, the determination, in my opinion, is 
incorrect. This pygidium belongs to the trilobite described by 
me as Phillipsia rockhamptonensis, and is shown in PI. 1., fig.8. 
The following is a more amplified description of the type- 
cephalon of the species. Outline subsemicircular, surface gran- 
ulated. Glabella wider across the basal lobes than it is long, 
very convex both transversely and longitudinally, the front lobe 
(the portion anterior to the anterior pair of the lateral furrows) 
semicircular, highest between the mesial pair of lateral furrows. 
Three pairs of lateral furrows present, anterior and mesial rela- 
tively wide, shallow and straight, basal pair wide and deep; 
anterior and mesial lobes narrow, basal pair large, subfusiform, 
much lower than the glabellar centre, overhanging the axial and 
neck-furrows; limb very large, border strongly thickened and 
upturned, furrow wide and deep. Neck-furrow deep; neck-ring 
strong, convex, sharply curving anteriorly, as it approaches the 
axial furrows; sides gradually thickening towards their origin. 
Frontal limb very wide, border strongly thickened and upturned, 
and separated from the glabella by a wide and pronounced 
furrow, strongly expanded antero-laterally. Facial sutures 
anteriorly directed outwards at an angle of about 25°. Fixed 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 467 
cheeks appear to have been small, and strongly tumid. Axial 
furrows deep. Other parts not known. 
As Mr. Etheridge pointed out, this head-shield bears a strong 
resemblance to that of some Proeti. The enormous limb is its 
most striking feature. The discovery of a complete specimen 
will be of much scientific interest. It may be noticed here that 
neither of the figures, PL vii., fig. 13, PL xliv., figs. 5, 6 {loc. cit.) 
are correct representations of the fossils they are intended to 
depict. For example, in the case of the first of these, the 
glabella is much too blunt in front; and supplementary lobes, 
which are present on the fossil, are not shown in the figure. 
With reference to figs. 5 and 6 of PL xliv., in the case of fig. 5, 
the glabella is represented as of a battle-axe shape, instead of 
being rather quadrate, or only gently rounded in front, and the 
glabellar basal lobes are exaggerated in size. In fig. 6, the axis 
is shown terminating much too short of the border, and, in the 
pleural lobes, too many segments are shown. Photographs of 
the original specimens, from which the drawings of the figures 
above referred to were made, will be found in the Plates of this 
paper. 
At present, I hesitate to recognise the portion of a cephalon 
determined by Mr, Etheridge to belong to this species, and re- 
presented in PL vii., fig. 13, for the following reasons. The 
glabella of this specimen is much more convex and narrower in 
front than the type-specimen. Further, this glabella is just as 
long as wide across the basal glabellar lobes. On the other 
hand, the typical glabella of the species is much wider across 
these same lobes than it is long. The glabella in question is not 
correctly represented by the figure above referred to, as will be 
seen from the photos of it now produced. 
Since Mr. Etheridge described this species, much additional 
material has been secured, and this has been placed with me by 
Mr. Dunstan, Chief Government Geologist, Brisbane, for classi- 
fication. Included in the collection is a large number of pygidia, 
all possessing similar specific features; and these were collected 
from the same localities from which all the known cephalic frag- 
ments of the species have been obtained. In pait, owing to the 
468 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
association in this way of these heads and tails, and because the 
great convexity of the pygidia referred to, which would indicate 
the possession of a very convex cephalon by the species they 
belong to, and, further, because no other head-shields reasonably 
preserved occur in association with these remains, with whicli 
they appear to have near relationship, I liave determined to place 
them with Mr. Etheridge's }\ tvoodwardi, and, for this reason, 
the species is redescribed hereunder. 
Complete form not yet certainly known, but it may be assumed 
to have been oblong-ovate. 
Cephalon sub-semicircular, highly inflated, surface granulated 
throughout. Glabella subquadrate, wide and mildly rounded in 
front, strongly convex, highest between the mesial lobes, sloping 
strongly anteriorly, and overhanging the furrow of the limb in 
front; three pairs of glabellar furrows present, the anterior and 
mesial pairs rather wide, shallow and straight; basal pair wide 
and deep; anterior and mesial lobes narrow; basal pair large, 
subfusiform, much lower than the glabellar superficial centre, 
overhanging the axial and neck-furrows latero-posteriorly; limb 
very large, border strongly thickened and upturned, furrow wide 
and deep; neck-furrow wide and deep; neck-ring strong, convex, 
bases strongly curving anteriorly under the glabellar basal lobes; 
supplementary lobes present, though tjot conspicuous in the most 
typical specimen. Facial sutures anteriorly directed outwards 
at an angle of about 25°. Fixed cheeks would appear to have 
been of moderate size, and posteriorly strongly inflated. Free 
cheeks fairly large, strongly and thickly granulated, especially 
on the part between the lateral and ocular furrows; this part, 
too, is high, and rather acutely angulate postero-laterally, flat 
superficially, laterally and posteriorly steeply falling into the 
lateral and posterior furrows, which are wide and deep; border 
much thickened and upturned, striated, posterior border (exten- 
sion of the neck-ring) strong, genal angles apparently blunt; 
eyes of moderate size, apparently crescentic and faceted, some- 
what sunk into the ocular furrow. 
I'horax : for certain not known, but the following is the de- 
scription of one attached to a pygidium identical with a number 
BY JOHN MITCHKLL. 469 
of others assumed to belong to this species : suboblong, gi-aii- 
ulated, longer than the p\^gidium, all the segmental ridges appear 
to have borne tubercles; number of segments normal. Axis 
prominent, ring-bases non-tuberculate, with a strong anterior 
inclination centrally, ridges and valleys well defined, apparently 
as wide as one side-lobe. Side-lobes strongly convex and steep 
between the fulcra and margins, all parts densely granulated, 
segments anteriorly angulate at the fulcra; mesial furrows wide, 
ridges relatively narrow and faceted, and mildly thickened 
posteriorly. 
Pygidivm very strongly convex, length to width approximately 
2 : 3, granulated; axis prominent, evenly arched, anterior spread 
about equal to the greatest width of one side-lobe, posteriorly 
diminishing in width very gradually, and ending prominently 
and bluntly a little short of the bordei-; number of rings thirteen, 
and each bore a row of small tubercles quite conspicuous on 
unweathered specimens; axial grooves wide and deep. Side, 
lobes convex, consif^ting of eleven pairs of segments, the lidges 
of each pair bearing rows of small tubercles varying from two or 
three on the shorter, to eight or perhaps nine on the longer ones. 
Border continuous, mildly thickened, convex and steep. 
Ohs. — At the outset, I admit that the pygidia here joined with 
Mr. Etheridge's tj'pe-cephalon of the species may yet prove to 
be a wrong conclusion; but should it happen so, T am inclined 
to believe, too, that the heads (PI. li., figs. 1*2, 13) will also prove 
not identical with the type one; but should that happen, I am 
fully satisfied that these latter heads, and the tails here dealt 
with, will prove to ijelong to the one species. The heads now 
joined with the typical one possessing the very characteristic 
frontal limb, cannot, for certain, in the absence of this limb, be 
said to belong to the species. 
While completing the above description, the specimen No.712, 
belonging to the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, is before me; 
and the trilobite fossil remains on it consist of two pygidia, one 
thorax and pygidium conjoined but incomplete, a fragmentary 
head in intaglio, and a part of a free cheek. (On the same 
specimen, occurs the tail of a Brachymetopus, the first recorded 
35 
470 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
from Queensland). These fossils weie those which chiefly served 
Mr. Etheridge to found his varietal species Griffithides aemini- 
ferus var. australasica on. After a close study of these remains, 
I am compelled to dissent from his conclusions concerning them. 
They cannot belong to the above species, because the glabella 
possesses supplementary basal lobes, a feature by some palaeon- 
tologists thought to be of generic significance, and which G. 
seminiferus does not possess. Again, these pygidia have thirteen 
rings in their axis, and eleven pairs of segments in the pleursp. 
In these parts, G. seminiferus has twelve and nine respectively. 
These differences alone would render the specific identity of the 
two forms invalid, but these are not the only differences between 
them. As far, then, as the fossils under present consideration 
afford evidence, Mr. Etheridge's varietal species fails. The part 
of the cephalon on this same specimen of rock is very imperfect, 
but it shows, on the glabella, similar but clearer granulation, 
because the granules are not worn off by weathering, similar 
glabellar basal and supplementary lobes lo that and those 
respectively found on the cephalons here determined to belong 
to Phillipsia vjoodwardi. The only features not visible on the 
glabella of the fragmentary cephalon, to make its identity with 
the latter certain, are the mesial and anterior glabellar furrows; 
but these are barely visible on some glabellse of P. woodwardi. 
Lastly, the pygidium represented in Plate viii., fig. 6 (oj). cit.), 
which was considered by Mr. Etheridge to be a normal pygidium 
of his P. duhia (P. stanvellensis mihi) is here joined with the 
present species by me. It is undoubtedly inseparable from the 
other pygidia now joined with the species above described, and 
certainly is not at all closely related to the pygidia of P. stan- 
vellensis mihi [P. duhia Eth. fil., op. cit., PI. viii., fig.o). 
Mr. Etheridge has already called attention to the Proetus-like 
aspect of the cephalon of the present species. The singular form 
of this part of the fossil makes it unnecessary to point out in 
detail the features which separate it from other species of 
Phillipsia. 
Log. and Hor. — Stoney Creek, Stanwell; Crow's Nest and 
Trilobite Ridge, Mt. Morgan, Queensland, etc. Associated wit |i 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 471 
Brachymelopus dniififani. Middle or Lower Carboniferous pro- 
bably. 
Phillipsia morganensis, sp. nov. 
(PI. xlix., figs.ll, 12; PI. li., 6g.l). 
.S';;. CAa/-6\ — 6V/?/irt/o?i sub-semicircular, very finely granulated, 
greatest length and width 8 mm., and 16 mm., respectively. 
Glabella subconical or sub-bellshaped, mildly convex, finely and 
densely granulated, longer than wide ; three pairs of lateral 
furrows distinctly shown, basal pair very deep and wide, anterior 
and mesial pairs short and only gently curved posteriorly: 
anterior and mesial lobes of moderate size, basal pair fairly 
large, with small complementary lobes present; neck-furrow deep 
and wide, the extensions laterally also fairly deep and wide; 
neck-ring strong, moderately convex, strongly curving anteriorly 
at its bases; facial sutures anteriorly very straight, posteriorly 
short and oblique, frontal limb narrow and close to the glabellar 
front; fixed cheeks very small, with small eye-lobes. Free cheeks 
rather large, only moderately tumid, finely granulated, both 
borders and lateral furrows large, the former being moderately 
thickened, finely granulated on the upper and striated on the 
undersurface, the latter being shallow, ocular furrow wide and 
shallow. Eyes of moderate size, finely faceted, vertically narrow, 
and decidedly higher behind than in front. Genal angles obtuse. 
Hypostome shield- like, narrow, not alate, posteriorly glossiform 
and corrugated, no striae visible, widest at two- thirds of its length 
from the front edge. 
Thorax not known in a complete state, but one, on which a 
pygidium and a free cheek rest, shows the following features — 
moderately convex, finely granulated. Axis moderately convex, 
diminishing in width and height gradually posteriorly, wider 
than one side-lobe, rings strong, valleys narrow and having an 
anterior inclination, bases non-tuberculate, axial furrows linear. 
Side-lobes not well shown, but the segmental ridges and furrows 
were strong and deep respectively. 
Pygidium widely triangular, mildly convex and granular, 
length 7 mm., and greatest width 12 mm. Axis mildly and 
evenly convex, anterior width equal to that of one side-lobe, 
472 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
diminishing gradually in width and height posteriorly, and end- 
ing short of the margin inconspicuously with about half its 
anterior width, rings apparently eleven; ridges not prominent, 
furrows also faint, some of the anterior ones have centrally a 
backward trend. Axial furrows linear. Side-lobes convex, con- 
sisting apparently of nine pairs of segments (eight only are 
visible on the best available specimen), front pair faceted, ridges 
and furrows fairly distinct, and having successivelv onlv a 
moderate backward trend. 
Obs. — This trilobite belongs to the ty^pe oi Phillipsia which 
had the glabella narrower in front than posteriorly, which seems 
a common characteristic among the Australian members of the 
genus, and, in this respect, shows a closer relationship to the 
typical genus of the Proetidse, than do the Phillipsiie of Europe, 
and, perhaps also, America. A singular feature in the present 
species is the form of the hypostome assumed to belong to it. 
None similar to it has come under my notice. The one nearest 
to it is one figured by Dr. H. Woodward* with other illus- 
trations of Phillipsia eichivaJdi, but evidently not belonging to 
that species. 'J he straightness of the anterior branches of the 
facial sutures, and their mild outward divergence as tiiey reach 
the frontal limb, are striking features of the species. A study 
of the description and illustrations of the species will render its 
separation from other Australian Phillipsise simple. In contour, 
the glabella is not unlike what that of the glabella placed with 
P. woodtvardi (PI. xlix., fig. 7) would be, were it not so convex; 
but, in the former, the glabella is longer than it is wide across 
the basal glabellar lobes; in the latter, these dimensions are 
equal. No foreign species has come under my notice witli which 
it seems necessary to compare it. 
Loc. and Hor. — Trilobite Ridge, Mount Morgan, Queensland. 
Carboniferous (Lower'?). 
Phillipsia connollii, sp.nov. 
(PI. li., figs.4-7). 
Phillipsia grandis Eth. fil. (MS.). 
Only an incomplete pygidium known. 
* Mon. Brit. Carb. Trilobites, 1883-4, PI. iv., fig. 7. 
6Y JOHN Mitchell. 4/3 
Sp. Chars. — Pyyidiuiu semielliptic, moderately convex, and 
microscopically granulated. Axis very prominent, consisting of 
ten, possibly eleven rings, not as wide as one side-lobe, evenly 
arched, and slightly flattened dorsally, ending at the border very 
prominently and rather acutely, ridges and valleys of the rings 
quite distinct. Axial grooves shallow. Side-lobes mildly convex, 
consisting of eight or nine pairs of segments, -which are only 
very gently directed backward, and terminating at the border, 
except in the case of the anterior pair, which encroaches on it. 
Mesial furrows and the ridges of the segments moderately defined. 
Border proportionately wide and continuous, mildly convex, 
horizontal, and apparently wider laterally than behind, separated 
from the ribs by a shallow furrow. Greatest width 13 mm., 
length 9 mm., anterior width of axis 3 mm. 
Obs. — Thispygidium was placed by Mr. Etheridge, Junr., with 
his Fhillipsia grandis, but to this species I find it has no close 
relationship. In its wide border, and the number of axial rings 
and pleural segments, it bears strong resemblances to our 
Gri(tithides conveoncaudatus, but its axis is much more prominent 
and relatively narrower, than is that of the latter. The axial 
and pleural divisions are more clearly defined in the former than 
they are in the latter; the border in the former is ilat, and in the 
latter very steep. The shape or outline of the pygidia of these 
species is very different. In number of axial and pleural 
divisions, this species is related to both i". cordteri and /-*. staii- 
reUensls, but not otherwise. In possessing very prominent and 
relatively nai-row axes, P. stanvellensis and the present species 
agree. I am not aware of any foreign Carboniferous trilobite 
having a pygidium closely resembling this one. 
Named after Mr. Connolly, wlio discovered it. 
Loc. and llor. — Gascoigne River, AN'est Australia (Connolh'). 
Carboniferous. 
Phillipsia kouchklensis, sp.nov. 
PkUiipsui sp., ind. {a), Eth. til., Mem. Geol. Surv. N. S. Wale.s, 
Pal. No.5, Pt. ii., 1892, p.l29, PL xxi., tigs. 6, 7. 
(PI. xlviii., figs. 4, 5, 6, 7). 
474 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
Cephaloii and thorax unknown. 
Sp. Chars. — Py^ic<t?AWi sub-semicircular, width 15 mm., length 
11mm.; smooth and moderately inflated. Axis moderately 
convex, tapering very gradually, and terminating bluntly with 
a spread rather greater than half that of the first ring; anterior 
width about equal to that of one side-lobe; consisting of eighteen 
rings, some of which show traces of having been very mildly 
tuberculated; axial furrows faint. 8ide-lobes convex, with no 
decided fulcra, segments thirteen, or doubtfully fourteen, mildly 
recurved, not crossing the border; border of moderate width, 
steep, smooth, and separated from the pleural segments by a fine 
suture. 
Ohs. — This pygidium was briefly described by Mr. Etheridge 
{loc. cit.), but not specifically named, though he stated that it 
possessed certain features which clearly indicated that it was 
a new species. It differs from all other species of Phillipsia and 
Griflithides known to me. 
Loc. and IIor.~ Binge Berry, Rouchel Brook, near Muswell- 
brook: County Durham. 
Phillipsia dungogensis, sp.nov. 
Phillijjsia sp. ind. {b), Eth. fil., Mem. Geol. Surv. N. S. Wales, 
Pal. No.5, Pi. ii., 1892, p.l29; PI. xxii., fig.14. 
(Plate xlvii., figs.6, 7). 
Complete form unknown. 
Sjy. Chars. — Fygidium sub-semicircular, very moderately con- 
vex, finely granulated throughout, greatest width 22 mm., length 
16 mm. Axis mildly convex, consisting of fourteen annulations, 
the furrows and ridges of which are respectively shallow and 
low, diminishing very slightly in width posteriorly, the end 
being wide and rounded, bases of the rings not tuberculate, 
anterior width less than one side-lobe: axial furrows fairly dis- 
tinct. Pleui-ie gently inflated and sloping from the axial furrows; 
segments twelve pairs, which are very completely fused, the four 
anterior pairs reaching to the outer margin, medial furrows wide 
and shallow, ridges not prominent and showing no sutures : 
border narrow and continuous. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 475 
Obs. — This is another of the pygidia described by Mr. Ether- 
idge, Junr., {loc. cit.) but which he did not specifically name. 
It resembles no other Australian Carboniferous form at all 
closely; and, so far as I have been able to ascertain, it stands 
apart from the pygidia of foreign species of the genera Phillipsia 
and Griffithides. 
Loc. and Hor. — Greenhills, near Dungog; County Durham. 
Carboniferous. 
Genus Griffithides Portlock, 1843. 
Geol. Report, Londonderry, &c., p. 3 10, 
The following is Portlock 's original description of the genus — 
''Cephalothorax semi-oval, longitudinal: glabella strongly marked 
and gibbous, rounded in front, narrowed posteriorly into an ob- 
solete neck with a furrow more or less distinct on each side. 
Cheeks: triangular spaces very slightly convex. Wings either 
ending in an angle posteriorly or prolonged backwards in a 
tlattened spine. Eyes near the axis, not large, lunate, smoothC?). 
The minute neck tubercle sometimes present. ' 
" Thorax. — The pleuripedes are compound, in number nine, or 
with the neck segment ten." 
^^Fygidium. — Fully developed and strongly resembling that of 
Phillipsia." 
General A. W. Vogdes {loc. cit.) gives the following brief 
summary of the generic features of this genus: — 1. Glabella 
short, tumid. 2. No short lateral furrows on the glabella. 3. 
Basal lobes distinct. 4. Eyes small, placed close on the glabella, 
reniform. 5. Axis of pygidium has 10 to 17 segments. 
Griffithides convexicaudatus, sp.nov. 
(PI. xlvi., tig.l3; PI. xlviii., figs.1-3; PI. lii., figs.5, 6;. 
Sp. Chars. — Complete form suboval with straight sides 
Cephalon sub-semicircular, apparently finely granulated and 
strongly inflated. Glabella subpyriform, tumid; basal furrows 
faint; basal lobes relatively small; neck-furrow shallow, its lateral 
extensions deeper, and communicating with the lateral furrows 
of the free cheeks; neck-ring wider than the axial rings of the 
476 CARBOMFEtlOtS TKILOfilTES OF AOsTRALtA, 
thorax, its lateral extensions narrow but prominent. Axial 
grooves faint Fixed cheeks very small and high; palpebral lobe 
high, narrow, convex, and very faintly separated from the basal 
lobe. Free cheeks iiigh, sharply rising from the narrow lateral 
furrows, lateral border narrow, thickened and raised. Eyes 
reniform, short fore and aft, high and prominent, separated from 
the upper and flattened part of the cheeks by a faint sulcus, ap- 
parently faceted. Facial sutures anteriorly follow the course of 
the axial grooves, posteriorly oblique passing out in a line with 
the fulcra of the thoracic pleurae. Limb narrow and pressed 
to the front of the glabella. Genal angles bear very short spines. 
Thorax fairly convex, finely granulated, rectangular, length 
practically two-thirds of greatest width, anterior and posterior 
widths approximately equal, somites nine. Axis prominent, 
widely and evenly arched transversely, width or spread through- 
out about equal, the last two rings only being slightly contracted, 
a little wider than one side-lobe, centrally the rings have a gentle 
forward arch, and bear a row of inconspicuous granules, bases 
non-tuberculate: axial furrows shallow. Side-lobes sloping very 
gently from the axial furrows to the fulcra and thence fairly 
steeply, median furrows of each segment narrow and shallow, 
but reaching just to the margin, ends faceted. 
Fygidiiun sub-semicircular, evenly and very convex, finely 
granulate, length equal to length of thorax, and to about three- 
fourths of its own greatest width (9:13): axis convex, bearing 
eleven annulations, diminishing posterioily very gradually in 
width and prominence, ending bluntly and rounded a little short 
of the border. Its length equals seven-ninths of the pygidial 
length, annulations faint, especially towards the distal end. 
Side-lobes strongly convex, anteriorly having a spread approxi- 
mately equal to that of the axis, possessing eiglit ribs, only the 
first three pairs being at all conspicuous: all, except the first 
pair, stop at the faint furrow separating them from the wide, 
convex, smooth border. 
Obs. —The individual, whicli served for the above description, 
measured 25 mm., of which the cephalon was 7 nnn., the thorax 
and pygidium 9 mm. each; width of thorax 14 mm. The speci- 
fiY JOHN MITCHELL. 477 
men was not quite complete, being minus part of the right front 
quarter of the cephalon. 
This fossil agrees very closely with one described by De 
Ivoninck from the Upper William River,* and determined by 
him to be Grijfithides (Phillipsia) eichwaldi. 'Jhe total lengths 
of the two fossils exactly agree, as also do the widths of the 
thoraces; but there are some discrepancies in the dimensions of 
the separate parts. De Koninck gives 10 mm. and 8 mm., re- 
spectively, for thorax and pygidium of his specimen; whilst 9mm. 
is the length of each of these parts in the specimen under 
review. The two hav^e nearly the same number of annulations 
in the pygidial axis, and probably the same number of pleural 
ribs, a similar wide pygidial border: also the same relative 
length to width of their pygidia, and an identical frontal pro- 
jection of the glabella on to the border. In the characters of 
granulation and of thoraces and pleural ribs of the pygidia, thev 
also agree. If, at this, the discussion of their relationship 
stopped, the identity of the two would have to be accepted as 
conclusive, as I believe it actually to be. But against these 
agreements have to be placed some important differences, which 
make their specific identity difHcult to reconcile. For instance, 
T>e Ivoninck states that his specimen has only eight thoiacic 
segments, that tlie anterior annulation of the thoracic axis has a 
widthf of 3 mm., and not one of the annulations has a width 
less than 1 mm. The present specimen has the normal nine 
somites, and the widest annulation of the thoracic axis does not 
exceed 1 mm. De Konincks figure of his specimen shows it to 
have had a \'ery globular frontal glabellar lobe, and, in this, differs 
from the one above described. Again, De Konincks text does 
not agree with his illustiation. The former indicates his speci- 
nien to have eight thoracic somites, and the pleural lobes to have 
a width equal to that of the thoiacic axis; but his figure shows 
nine somites, and pleural lobes much narrower than the axis. 
These important discrepancies make it impossible to accept his 
" Foss. Pal. Nouv. (dalles du Sud, Pt. i., 1870, pp.278-9, PI. xxiv., tig.8. 
I The writer assumes the width of tlie axial rings to be their measure- 
ment alonj.; the lonifjtudinal line of the axis. 
478 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
description as having any scientiHc value, for there is no evidence 
to show whether his text or figure is correct, the tj^pe specimen 
having been destroyed in the Garden Palace fire of 1882. 
The next consideration is whether the present fossil, or even 
De Koninck's, is specifically identical with P. eichwaldi Fischer. 
Accepting the types given by Dr. H. Woodward* as fully 
reliable, the author does not believe it a difficult task to prove 
the aegative. 
1. Dimensions. — The relative lengths to widths of the parts of 
the author's fossil and that of P. eichwaldi Fischer, are, respect- 
ively, for cephalon 14 : 28 and 17 : 27; thorax 17 : 28 and 17 : 31 ; 
pygidium 9:13 and 1:1. 
The dimensional differences, as these measurements show, place 
the fossils apart; but these are not nearly so important specifi- 
cally as the following. The pygidium of F. eichwaldi is semi- 
elliptical, and the length equal to the width: that of the author's 
is sub-semicircular; that is, if the centre of the junction of the 
second axial ring with the third be taken for centre, the portion 
of the pygidium posterior to this forms a semicircle; and the 
length is only two- thirds of the width, approximately. There are 
up to sixteen rings in the axis, and twelve to fourteen pleural 
divisions in the pygidium of P. eichwaldi; while, in the local 
one, these divisions are eleven and eight, respectively. Then, in 
the former, the pygidial border is depressed; in the latter, tlie 
curve of convexity of the pleurae continues uninterruptedly across 
the border to the outer edge. In the former, also, the genal 
spines are long; in the latter, very short, only extending past 
the first thoracic segment. These differences are sufficient to 
prove that the author's specimen is not F. eichwaldi Fischer, and 
the same conclusion may be drawn in respect to De Konincks 
fossil. 
In several respects, this species resembles G'rij/ithides ylobiceps 
Phillips; but the proportionate lengths of the thorax and pygidium 
of the latter are different from those of the former; as also is the 
proportionate length of the cephalon to these same parts. In 
the former, there is no lobe connecting the eye-lobe with the 
* Mon. British Trilobites, Pt. i., 1883. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 479 
glabella, though, indeed, tlie eye or palpebral lobe is very close 
to, and only faintly separated from, the basal lobe of the glabella. 
The eye, too, is relatively larger, the pygidial border is wider, 
and the glabellar frontal lobe less globular ; the free cheek- 
border and glabellar limb narrower, and the eyes less prominent 
and more posteriorly situated in the former than in the latter. 
Tiie British species, too, was much larger than the New South 
Wales one. 
The specific name was chosen for it because of the strong con- 
vexity of its pygidium. 
Log. and I/or. —Glen WilUam, about two miles from Clarence- 
town, Parish Parr, County Durham. Lower Carboniferous. 
Griffithides sweeti Eth. fil. 
Grijfithides siveeti Eth. fil., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, (2), 
Vol. ix., Pt.3, pp.5-28-9, PI. xxxix., fig.3, 1894. 
(PI. liii, figs.1,2). 
Through the courtesy of Mr. G. Sweet, of Melbourne, the 
type-specimen of the species is before me, and I regret that, 
owing to the incompleteness of its cephalon, it fails to elucidate 
certain difficulties met with in considering the thoraces and 
pygidia from the Mt. Morgan area, assumed to belong to 
PhiUipaia woodtrardi Eth. fil., or to settle whether G. siveeti Eth. 
fil., and that species are not identical. All the numerous pygidia 
obtained from the Mt. Morgan area, except those which belong 
to P. siaitvellensis, P. rockltatnptonensis, and P. inoi-yaiietLsis. 
have thirteen axial, and eleven pleural divisions; and, aftermost 
careful and repeated inspection, 1 have to conclude that Mr. 
Etheridges G. sweeti has the same number of divisions in the 
axis and pleurie of its pygidium; also the same kind of pygidial 
border and furrow: and, in fact, its pygidium cannot be sepa- 
rated from pygidia which are the most plentiful in the Mt. 
Morgan distiict, and which I have tentatively considered to 
belong to P. woodwardi, or at least to those cephalons represented 
on PI. li., figs. 12 and 13, l)ecause these, too, were the most 
plentiful cephalons occurring in the same area. As regards the 
head-shield of G. sweeti., sufficient of it has not been conserved 
480 CARBOKiFEKOUS TRlLOBlTES OF AUSTRALIA, 
to enable one to say positively whether its features place it with 
the Phillipsia or the Griffithides type; but, except for the un- 
certainty of the presence on its glabella of the normal lateral 
furrows of the Phillipsian genus, it does not differ from the 
head-shields above referred to, which are considered to belong to 
P. looodwardi Eth. fil. Further, it will be found that G. sweeti, 
as far as present evidence admits, cannot be separated from 
Grlffitliides semi)iifenis var. australasica Eth.fi]. This, I think, 
will be con(;eded after the description and figures of the latter 
have been studied in conjunction with my remarks on the latter, 
under P. iroodivardi: and an examination of Plate li., fig. 14^ 
which is a photo of Mr. Etheridge's type specimen, which shows 
two tails, the greater portion of a thorax and tail conjoined, an 
intafylio of a portion of a head, and, between the two tails and 
on the left top corner, is a view in relief of this intaglio. 
We are up against a problem here, wliich can be solved only 
Ijy the discovery of better material: and when it is solved, it 
seems to me that a new genus or subgenus will be needed for 
the reception of tliis trilobite with the ten thoracic somites. 
The following is a fuller description of the species than is 
given bv Mr. Etheridge It will be seen fronj the photograplis 
of this species now given, that it was not as correctly figured as 
it might have been. 
Complete form suboval. 
^}i. Chars. — Cephalon incomplete, apparently granulated 
throughout, with grHiiules of uniform size. Glabella incomplete, 
moderately tumid, mesial and anterior furroAvsnot visible (though 
there appears to be a faint trace of the mesial pair): basnl 
furrows deep, joining the neck furrow: basal lobes fairly large, 
suboval: supplementary lobes of moderate size, and suboval : 
neck-furrow wide and fairly deep: neck-ring stronger than any 
of the axial rings of the thorax. Fixed and free (;heeks absent. 
Thorax consisting of ten segments, finely and evenly gran- 
ulated: axis prominent, diminishing posteriorly very little in 
prominence, and barely at all in spread: each ring, except the 
last, has centrally a slightly forward direction, the last ring is 
stron<ier than the others, non-tuberculate; axial furrows shallow. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 481 
Side-lobes, between the axial furrows and fulcra, rising verv 
gently, and thence are depressed almost at right angles, seg- 
mental ends strongly faceted, and the ridges and vallevs strong 
and deep respectively, segments strongly angulate at the fulcra, 
the whole thoracic surface was finely granulated. 
Pygidium subelliptic, finely granulated, strongly convex: axis 
prominent, rings thirteen, the anteiior one being somewhat over- 
lapped by the last thoracic one, decreasing in spread gradually and 
ending prominently at about half of its anterior spread, a little 
short of the border; axial furrows distinct, side-lobes stronglv 
convex, granulated, consisting of eleven segments, each verv 
gently and increasingly curving posteriorly, segmental ridges 
strong, valleys deep; -border entire, steep, very finely granulated, 
middle thickened and relatively wide, separated fi-om the pleural 
segments by a narrow furrow, accentuated by punctations at 
each segmental end. 
Ghiffithides dubius Etheridge Senr. 
Griffithldes dubius Etheridge Senr., Qiuu't. Journ. Geol. Soc, 
1872, Vol. xxviii., p.338, PI. xviii., fig.7. 
Fhillipsia dubia Eth. fil , Geol. Pal. Queensland and New 
Guinea, 1892, pp.2U, 215, PI. 7, fig.l2. 
(PI. liii., fig,7). 
The original description is as follows: — 'vHody elongated, oval, 
length about twice the width, sides parallel. Axis width of 
pleurje. Thoracic segments 10 to 12. Pygidium rounded, 
margins entire; axis composed of ten segments, not extending 
quite to the posterior margin. Cephalic portion much crushed; 
glabella small and round anteriorly, furrows indistinct. Owing 
to the crustaceous test being removed, we have no means of 
arriving at the condition of the original ornamentation; there 
are, however, indications of tubercles upon the axis of the 
pygidium." 
"Zoc. Don River, Queensland. Form. Carboniferous." 
The whereabouts of the type-specimen I have not been able to 
discover, and, consequently, cannot add anything to the above 
description. 
482 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
Tn the possession of ten or more segments in the thorax, it 
resembles G. sweeti Eth. fil., and, certainly, in this respect, is 
not a normal Grijfithides or Phillipsia. This peculiarity, too, 
very decidedly separates it from P. stam'ellensis mihi {P. dnhia 
Eth. .fil.). 
Family PROETID^. 
Genus B r a c h y m e t o P u s McCoy, 1 847. 
Ann. Macr. Xat. Hist., xx., p 229, PI. xii., figs. la, \h. 
McCoy's description of the genus is as follows : — ^'•Gen. Clear. 
Cephalothorax truncato-orbicular: limb narrow, produced back- 
wards into flattened spines: glabella smooth, cylindrical or ovate, 
about twice as long as wide, not reaching within about its own 
diameter of the front margin: one pair of small, basal, cephalo- 
thoracic lobes, or none. Eyes reniform, in the midst of the 
cheeks (1 smooth); eye lines unknown. Surface strongly gran" 
ulated: one tubercle on each side of the anterior end of the 
glabella, the marginal row and a circle round each eye being 
larger than the rest. Body-segments unknown. Pygidium 
nearly resembling the cephalothorax in size and form, rather 
more pointed, strongly trilobed, and with a thickened prominent 
margin; axal lobe about as wide as the lateral lobes, of about 
seventeen narrow segments ; lateral segments about seven, 
divided from their origin, each terminating in a large tubercle 
at the margin.'" Genotype, Br. slrzehckii. 
In this description, characters are included which are merely 
specific. H. Woodward* supplies the following amended de- 
scription of the genus : — " General form elliptical: headshield 
semicircular and slightly pointed, about one-third wider than 
long; glabella small, somewhat elevated, one-third the width of the 
entire shield and about one-half the length, having a basal lobe 
on each side, but no short lateral furrows on the glabella: neck- 
furrow distinctly marked, equal in width to the posterior border 
of the free cheeks: eyes small, smooth, equal to half the length 
of the glabella; no facial sutures visible, only the axal furrow 
surrounding the glabella and the neck-furrow; free cheeks slightly 
^ Mom, Brit, C^^rb, Tnlobites, 1883-4, pp. 46-7. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 483 
convex, nearly twice as long as they are broad, with no visible 
suture separating them from one another in front of the glabella: 
margin broad and slightly grooved, angles of cheeks produced 
posteriorly into spines. The entire surface of the head covered 
irregularly with a small bead-like ornamentation." 
"Thoracic segments unknown, probably nine."' 
" Pygidium consisting of a vai iable number of segments, from 
ten to seventeen, according to species, the axis tapering rapidly 
to a bluntly rounded extremity, each segment of axis ornamented 
with bead-like granulations, ribs with a double furrow extending 
nearly to the border which is smooth and rounded."' 
This description also includes quite a number of features that 
possess only specific significance. 
(General A. W. Vogdes* summarises the characters of the 
genus thus: — 1. Glabella short, tumid. 2. No short lateral 
furrows on the glabella. 3. Basal lobes distinct. 4. Eyes small, 
placed close to the glabella. 5. Axis of the pygidium has ten to 
seventeen segments. 
To this may be added —6. Facial sutures absent. 7. Axial 
furrows continue round the glabella-front. 8. Ornamentation 
bead like. 
R. F. Cowper Reedf has suggested a genus or subgenus 
{Brachymetopina) for the European forms without defined 
cephalic margins, and non-spinate pygidial margins. 
Brachymetopus STRZELKCKii McCoy, 1847. 
Brachymetopus strzeleckii McCoy, 1847, ojk cit., p. 231, PI, xii., 
fig.l. De Koninck, Foss. Pal. Nouv. Gallesdu Sud, 1877, p.352, 
PI. xxiv., figs. 10, 10a, b,c. Vogdes, Trans. Acad. Sc. St. Louis, 
Vol. V. (1892), p.617. Etheridge, R., Junr., Mem. Geol. Surv. 
N. S. Wales, 1892, Pal. No.5, Pt. ii., p.l24. Reed, Geol. Mag., 
N.S., Dec. iv.. Vol. X., 1903, pp.193-196. 
(Plate liii., figs.3-6). 
McCoy's brief description is as follows : — "»S'p. Cha?-. Glabella 
* "North American Carboniferous Trilobites." Ann. New York Acad. 
Sci., vi., 1888, p.70. 
tGeol. Mag., N.S., Dee, iv., Vol. x., p.i96, 
484 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRAfJA, 
widest at the base, with one verv minute obscurely marked 
cephalothoracic furrow at the base on each side; all the segments 
of the pygidium with an irregularly tuberculated ridge along the 
middle; lateral segments forming large tubercles where they join 
the thickened limb, opposite each of which there is a short 
slender spine projecting from the margin. " 
The following is a fuller description of the species by F. ]>. C. 
Reed {op. ci^.) :—" Head-shield semicircnlai', moderately convex, 
with strong raised rounded border increasing slightly in width 
towards the front, and separated off by a deep furrow. Genal 
angles furnished with slender divergent smooth spines, less than 
half the length of the head shield. At its base is a pair of small 
nodular basal lobes, in most specimens quite inconspicuous. 
Two large tubercles are situated in a line down the middle 
of the glabella, followed by a similar median one on the occipital 
segment. Occipital segment strong, rounded, separated off 
by a deep furrow. On cheeks at anterior end of glabella is a 
pair of large tubercles one on each side. No facial sutures 
visible. Eyes prominent, reniform, less than half the length of 
the glabella, distant from the axial furrows about one-third the 
width of the cheeks, and about their own length from posterior 
margin. Surface of head-shield, including glabella, border and 
neck-segment, rather coarsely tuberculated. An indistinct ring 
of larger tubercles surrounds the eyes, and a large tubercle is 
situated at each end of eyes on innei- side. Thorax unknown. 
Pygidium semicircular, slightly convex, with spinose maigin. 
Axis broad, conical, about one-third the width of the pygidium 
at front end, tapers rather rapidly to obtuse point, nearh^ touch- 
ing the border: consists of 9-10 segments, of which eight rings 
are distinct and completely tuberculated across : the 1st, 3rd, 
5th, and 7th have, in addition, a large median tubercle. Lateral 
lobes consist of six (\ seven in some) pairs of pleurae, of which 
the last pair is very small: each pleura is gently curved and is 
divided unequally by a strong longitudinal furrow into a broader, 
raised, rounded, posterior ridge, and a narrower anterior ridge. 
The posterior ridge of each pleura crosses a distinct, raised, 
rounded bordei;, which surrounds the pygidium and bears a large 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 485 
tubercle at the spot where it crosses, and a single median one 
behind the axis. The posterior pleural ridges are prolonged into 
short, recurved, equidistant, and subequal spines, projecting 
beyond the margin. (In one specimen there seems to be a 
median spine behind the axis. In another immature example 
the anterior two or three pairs of spines are half as long as the 
whole pygidium). Surface of pygidium rather coarsely tuber- 
culated: the posterior ridge of each pleura bears 4-5 tubercles, 
and the anterior ridge 5-6 smaller ones. The axial rings bear 
each 5-7 tubercles." 
" Dimensions: — 
Length of head-shield ... ... ... .. 8 'Omni. 
Width of head-.'^hield ... ... ... ... 4'omm. 
Length of pyoidiuni ... ... ... ... 2*5 mm. 
Width of pygidium 4 "0 mm. 
For affinities, see op. cit. 
To quote Reed further, he remarks that " McCoy gave as 
generic characters the circle of tubercles round the eyes and pair 
of large tubercles at the front end of the glabella, but these may 
well be considered as of lower classificatory value, and likewise 
the relatively greater length of the glabella as compared with 
the European species. It does not, however, seem possible to 
regard tlie peculiar pygidial characters in the same light, though, 
as Vogdes (Trans. Acad. So. St. Louis, Vol. v, (1892), p, 617) 
.says, we have many other genera of trilobites with spinose and 
non-spinose representatives. The fewer number of segments in 
the p\'gidium, and the rai.sed spinigerous boi'der separate it from 
all the European forms. " 
" The genus or subgenus Phcetonides, as now understood, is 
partly distinguished for analogous reasons from the typical 
Proetus; and it seems open to question whether the European 
species of Brachymetojnis should not be regarded as constituting 
a distinct group or subgenus for which the name of Brachymeto- 
pina may be suggested." 
Personally, I do not think that pygidial characteristics alone 
are sufficient grounds upon which to found even a 5^ubgenus 
Loc. and Hor. — Dunvegan, Burragood, and Glen William, 
36 
486 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRAF.IA, 
N.S.W. (Etheridge, Junr., Cat. Austr. Foss., Camb., 1878, p.41). 
Carboniferous. 
Bkachymetopus dunstani, sp.iiov. 
(PI. xlix., figs.15, 16: PI. lii., figs.l, 2). 
Complete form unknown. 
Sp. Chars. — Cephalon : length and width 3 mm, and 4 mm., 
respectively; semielliptic, surface covered with tubercles of vary- 
ing size, only mildly convex; glabella conical, densely and evenly 
granulated, very mildly convex, basal furrows well defined and 
joining the neck-furrow, basal lobes small, greatest width about 
one-fourth that of the cephalon, length about half that of the 
cephalon; the surrounding axial furrow relatively deep, cheeks 
gently convex, bordering the furrow surrounding the glabella; 
they bear eleven tubercles of uniform size, and follow a course 
inside of the eyes to the posterior margin: from the front of the 
eyes there branches from this main bead-like chain of tubercles 
two other sets (one on each side) of five each, which are arranged 
along the outer boundary of the eyes; the one or two tubercles 
in front of, and the one in line with, the back of each eye, appear 
to be larger than the others of these sets: besides these rows 
there are a few tubercles bordering the inner edge of the 
marginal furrow, and the thickened border bears a chain of 
these small bead-like tubercles of uniform size, and about twenty- 
five in number, the rest of the surface being finely granulated. 
The eyes are small, crescentic, close to the glabella and posterior 
margin; neck-furrow shallow, as are also its lateral extensions: 
neck-ring fairly robust and granulated, lateral extensions rela- 
tively strong and narrow; border furrow wide and deep: border 
strongly tumid and tuberculate; angles, if not spinate, are acute. 
06s. — The above Brachymetopus is the first and only specimen 
of the genus collected from the Carboniferous rocks of Queens- 
land. It occurs at Trilobite Ridge, Mt. Morgan, Queensland, 
associated with other genera of trilobites. In several features 
it resembles lir. strzeleckii Mc(Joy, the prototype, and agrees with 
this species and Br. Muccoyi in possessing a well-defined cephalic 
marginal border, bounded inwardly by a well-defined furrow. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 48? 
The tuberculation, too, on this border is similar in the three 
species. Dimensionally, this species agrees closely with Br. 
strzeleckii, judging from the dimensions given by Reed,"^ so also 
does it in part in the character of the ornamentation, but in 
part in this respect, it differs very widely, as the description 
shows. 
The chief differences between our species and Br. strzeleckii 
are — 1. The character of the ornamentation. 2. The more conical 
shape of the glabella in ours, and the absence of the large longi- 
tudinally placed tubercles on this part. 3. The more acutely 
rounded cephalon, particularly at the front. 4. The eyes are 
situated closer to the posterior border, and perhaps to the 
glabella. 5. The lateral extensions of the neck-ring are narrow 
and prominent. Without doubt, the two forms are closely 
related. 
Since writing the above, I have found, on some of the Queens- 
land specimens from Rockhampton and Mt. Morgan districts, 
several pygidia and a portion (cheek) of a cephalic shield, which 
belong to the genus Brachymetopus. One of these pygidia, 
which is fairly well preserved, I am assuming to be specifically 
identical with the cephalon above described. Its description is 
as follows. 
Pygidium semicircular, only mildly convex, strongly tuber- 
culate. Axis moderately prominent, contracting gradually pos- 
teriorly, ending short of the border bluntly, with less than half 
its anterior width: it bears five longitudinal rows of tubercles, 
the individuals of the middle row being much larger than those 
in the rows on each side of it. There are at least twelve or 
thirteen rings in the axis, and a central tubercle on ten of these 
can be clearly seen; this applies also in the case of each row 
immediately adjacent to the central one. Axial furrows deep. 
Side-lobes consist of six (? seven) pairs of segments, the ridges of 
which are very prominent, and bear several relatively large 
tubercles and some of smaller size: each of the posterior pair 
merely consists of a tubercle, and each ridge of the anterior pairs 
bears several tubercles varying much in size, the larger being 
'■' Geol. .^Ja.^, X.S., Dec. iv., Vol. x.. IIMKS. pp. llKMUfJ. 
488 CARBONIFEKOUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
situated near the axial furrowy and border; the ribs apparently 
extend into spines beyond the border, mesial furrows of the ribs 
deep. Border of moderate width, and apparently only mildly 
thickened. 
This pygidium, though it presents in a general way a 
strong resemblance to that of Br. strzeleckii, exhibits features 
which help to separate the two forms. The chief differences 
between their pygidia are — l. The axis of Br. dunstani consists 
of twelve or thirteen rings, as against ten in the other. 2. Five 
longitudinal rows of tubercles traverse the axis of the former, 
while seven rows occur on the latter on the same part. 3. A 
large tubercle is situated centrally on each axial ring of the 
former, but only on every alternate axial ring in the latter. 
4. There is a smaller number of tubercles on each pleural seg 
ment of the former than on the similar segments of the latter. 
The pygidial ornamentation of our species agrees closely with 
Br. lodiensis Meek. 
Dedicated to Mr. B. Dunstan, Chief Government Geologist, 
Brisbane, whose palyeontological discoveries have been numerous 
and important. 
Loc. and Hor. — Trilobite Ridge, Mt. Morgan, Queensland, 
associated with P. ivoodivardi. Lower or Middle Carboniferous. 
Specimens Nos.F1031, F 1007, Geological Museum, Dept. of 
Mines, Brisbane; and No.712, Queensland Museum, Brisbane. 
Brachymetopus, sp. indet. 
\\\ addition to the head and tail, which served for the descrip- 
tion of Br. daiisfaui, there occur on specimen No. 712 of the 
Queensland Museum, Brisbane, no less than three pygidial frag- 
ments of Brachymetopi, besides the pygidium which served for 
the foregoing description of Br. dunstani. In the case of two, 
one is partially superimposed on the other, and the tliird is 
almost touching these. On specimen F 1007 is a portion of a 
right cheek, which presents features evidently unlike either Br. 
strzeleckii or Br. dunstani. Two of the fragmentary pygidia 
also appear to be new, and maybe specifically identical with the 
individual to which the cheek-fragment belonged. The material. 
BY JOHN MITCHELL, 489 
liowever, is too fragmentary to describe and figure. The occur- 
rence of three pygidia in a launch indicates that they may be 
plentiful, and careful search may bring better specimens to light. 
KXI^LANATION OF PLATES XLVI.-LIII. 
Plate xlvi. 
PliWiima colfinsi Mitchell. 
I^'ig.s. 1, 2, o, 4. .">. — Fin. 1 i« a photo ( x S) made froni the specimen repre- 
sented in Fig.'i. The glabellar features are plainly visible. Figs. 
.'i, 4, T) represent pygidia. and shoM" their characteristic featui-es 
very well. Figs.4 and "> x | (about). (Coll. Mitchell). 
PhUlipsia coulteri Mitchell. 
Figs. (). 7, S. *•. 10. — Different views of one individual. Fig.H x 4, and Fig. 
10 nearly natural size. In Figs. 8 and 9, the mild dorsal serration is 
visil)le. In Fig. 10. the hypostome is plaiidj^ seen, and the latlier 
large tubercle of the terminal axial ring. (Coll. Mitchell). 
PJi///ip-^ia hftricejjs Mitchell, 
Figs.ll. 12.— Cephalon and tail (Colh Mitchell). 
Grijfit hides conrexicaiidatus Mitchell. 
Fig. 18.— Dorsal view. (Coll. Mitchell). 
PJii//ip)<ia xfroHdeii.-!(s Mitchell. 
Fig. 14. — The specific features clearly represented; ( x :]). (Coll. Mitchell). 
Phillipxiu proxlnm ^litchell. 
Figs. IT), 16. — ^Two views of a pygidium, the lattci' alxjut naUnal size. 
(Coll. Mitchell). 
Plate xlvii. 
PhiUipuKt rohnsta Mitcliell. 
l''ig. 1. — The pygidium originally described l)y Mi'. W. Flhcridge. Junr..as 
/'. <irandi-<. II shows the important features rather clearly-. (Coll. 
< Geological and Mining Museum, Dept. of Mines, Sydney. No. 14'.»2). 
Pl,llli)>s;n (iruiidi.s Ftli. Hi. 
l''ig.2. — Piioto of the specimen originally descrihetl hy Mr.' H. Flhcridge. 
Junr. , and for which the specific nam3 r/y-rt/Af//.*.- was first suggested 
by him. The figure shows how different in character arc the pleural 
ribs from those of P. rohiisfa; the sutures along the aitit-ulatijig 
ridges, and the crossing of the border by the anterinr ril»s. (Coll. 
Geological and Mining Museum, Dept. of Mines, Sydney. Xo.l.lKO). 
PhiUij,xi<i cloiKjald Mitchell. 
Figs. 8, 4. — ^Casts from an almost perfect mould (jr cover. They exhil)it 
clearly the features of this fine trilobite. [Coll. (reological and 
Mining Museum, Dept. of Mines, Sydney. No. I.IOO, (cover)]. 
490 • CARBONIFKHOUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
Fig. 5. — The natural cast. Part of the right side of thecephalon is absent. 
Shows traces of the left genal spine. (Coll. Geological and Mining 
Museum, Dept. of Mines, Sj^dnej-. Fig. 3, FloOO, etc.). 
Phillipsia dimgof/ensis Mitchell. 
Fig. 6. — Part of a pygidium, showing the continuous border, and other 
essential features. (Coll. Geological and Mining Museum, Dept. of 
Mines, Sydney. Xo. 1494). 
Fig. 7. — A smaller and nearly perfect pygidium; (x^). (Coll. Geological 
and Mining Museum, Dept. of Mines, Sydney. No. 1494). 
Phi/Npsia rohusta Mitchell. 
Fig. 8. — Another view of the pygidium, only less enlarged. 
Phillipsia ivoodwai^di Eth.fil. 
Fig. 9. — Medial portion of a cephalon much weathered. (Coll. Geological 
Museum, Dept. of Mines, Brisbane. No.F. 1017). 
Plate xlviii. 
All figures on this Plate x % about. 
Griffith ides conrexicaiidatus Mitchell. 
Figs.l, 2. — Dorsal and side-view. 
Fig, 3. — Pygidium and free cheek, with the ej'e of a young individual: the 
free cheek partly covering the tail. (Coll. Mitchell). 
Phillipsia rouchelensis Mitchell. 
Figs. 4, ."), (>, 7. — Four p3-gidia. Thej' exhibit the specific features. Figs. 
o and 7 are photos of the specimens used bj^ Mr. Etheridge for his 
figures (PL xxi., figs. 6-7, opj. cit, antea). (Coll. Geological and 
Mining Museum, Dept. of Mines, Sj'dney. Nos. E 1495, 3534 (2), 
F 1595). 
I^hiUipsia colli n-'<i Mitchell. 
Figs. 8, 9. — Fragmentary head-shield, and faint outline of a poorly pre- 
served l)ut almost complete individual. In Fig. 8, all the glabellar 
features are visible. (Coll. Mitchell). 
Phillipsia staiirellensis Mitchell. 
Figs. 10. 1 1, 12. — Three different views of a mature individual. The speci- 
men represented by these figures was used bj^ Mr. Etheridge for his 
Queensland type of P. dubia (PL viii., fig.5, op. cit.). (Coll. (geolo- 
gical Museum, Dept. of Mines, Brisbane. No.F9«i9). 
Fig. 13. — On this photo are the middle pait of a cephalon and a pygidium 
of an immature individual. The former shows the normal and 
dunce's hat-like shape of the glabella, globular basal glabellar lobes, 
and the relatively strong neck -ring. The pygidium shows the iiar- 
row, prominent axis, etc., characteristic of the species. (Coll. Geo- 
logical Museum, Dept. of Mines, Brisbane. No.F 980). 
BY JOHN MITCHELL. 
491 
Phillip-na eJom/afa Mitchell. 
Fig. 14. — Portion of a head-shield, thorax, and tail. The markings on the 
basal glabellar lobes are accidental. The normal glabellar frontal 
limli and anterior courses of the facial sutures are shown. (Coll. 
Geological and Mining Museum, Dept. of Mines, Sydney. No.ri498; 
Pal. Mem. Pt..!. No.2, PI. xxi., fig.2). 
PJullipsia superlKi Mitchell. 
Fig. lo.^Cephalon minus the right free cheek. (Coll. (ieologieal and 
Mining Museum, Dept. of Mines, Sydnej-. No.'24). 
Phillipsia iraterhoHsei Mitchell. 
Figs. 16, 17, 18. — The first and second of these are from an intaglio, and 
the other is from a squeeze from it. With the aid of a lens, the 
features can be made out. (Coll. Geological and Mining Museum, 
Dept. of Mines. Sydney. Nos. 28 and 30). 
Plate xlix. 
PhiUipsia iroodnrirdi Eth.fil. 
Figs l-fi. — Pygidia, all assumed to belong to this species. All show prac- 
ticallj' the same features. Figs. 3 and 4 are more strongly gran- 
ulated than the others; but this difference probablj^ arises from 
degrees of weathering. Fig. 5 was figured by Mr. Etheridge {op. cit. 
PI. viii., fig. 6) as the normal tail of his P. dubia. (Coll. (geological 
Museum, Dept. of Mines, Brisbane. Nos. F 985, F 1024, F 995, 
F 1026, F 968, F 993). 
Figs. 7-8. — Photos of a fragmentary cephalon, about which I am doubtful 
that it is rightly placed here. It is one of Mr. Etheridge's types 
(Geol. and Pal. Queensland and New Guinea, PI. vii., fig. 13). (Coll. 
(Geological Museum, Dept. of Mines, Brisbane. No. 967). 
Phi//ipsia roekhamp)toHensi-s Mitchell. 
Figs.9-10. — Two prints of a nearly complete specimen. Fig. 10 has some 
of its features intensified. This specimen was figured by Mr. 
Etheridge, Junr., and determined to belong to his P. duhia {op. cit., 
PL xliv,, fig, 4). This figure very indifterently represents the 
original, as will be seen by comparing it with the present photos, 
which show its chief characteristic features clearly. (Coll. Queens- 
land Museum, No. 716). 
Phillipsia morgane.nsis Mitchell. 
Figs. 11-12. — Fig. 11 represents portions of a cephalon, thorax, pygidium, 
and a hypostome. Fig. 12 is a rough sketch of part of a cephalon. 
(Coll. Geological Museum, Dept. of Mines, Brisbane, No.F 1000). 
Phillipsia woodwardi Eth.fil. 
Figs. 13-14. — Photos of the type-specimen. Fig. 14 has the outline traced 
in, (Coll, Geological Museum, Dept. of Mines, Brisbane. No,966). 
492 CARBONIFEROUS TRILOBITES OF AUSTRALIA, 
Brachymetapv.^ dnvsfani Mitchell. 
Ficrs. 15-16. — Showing the cephalon and pyoidium of the species. (Coll. 
(geological Museum, Dept. of Mines, Brisbane, No, F 1031; and 
Queensland Museum. Brisbane, No. 712). 
Plate 1. 
All figures, except 2 and H, whieli are about nat. size, x #. 
Phillipsia (iramlis Eth. fil. 
Figs. 1. "2, 3. — Photos of a pygidium. Figs. 2 and 3 are from casts of No. 1 
in Fig. 1. Besides the pygidium, parts f)f at least three free cheeks, 
etc., are visible. One cheek shows within it tlie hypo-stome. The 
borders of these cheeks are remarkablj- Luge. (Coll. (geological 
Museum, Dept. of Mines, Brisbane. No. F 027). 
Phinipsia eloiKjata Mitchell. 
Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7. — Figs. 4 and 7 represent pygidia. Fig. .3 is a side-view of a 
very fine specimen, and shows, besides other features, the squatness 
of the eyes. Fig. (>, a pygidium and a portion of a head-shield. 
(Coll. (Geological and ■Mining Museum. Dept. of Mines, Sydney. 
Nos. F 14!>6, 1.-)(I0. and l.)0()). 
J^hi/h'p.-n'a rockhaniptoiitnsis M itchell. 
Figs.S, 9. — Two pygidia. Fig. 8 is a photo of the specimen sliown in (U'ol. 
and Pal. (Queensland and New (Guinea, Pl.xliv., fig.G. Fig.9 repre- 
sents a young individual. (Coll. (Queensland Museum, Brisbane, 
No.833: and (Jeological Museum. Dept. of Mines, l>risbaiie, No. 
F7i>2). 
PhiUipsiai'i) woodwardi Eth. fil. 
Fig. 10,~(3n this specimen are several pygidia and a remarkable iiypostome, 
doubtfully assumed to belong to this species; and, in addition, the 
greater part of a cheek of a Hrachymetopiis; the position of which 
is indicated by an arrow. (Coll. (Geological Museum, Dept. of 
Mines, Brisbane. No. 1007). 
Fig. 11. — Glabella; one of Mr. Etheridge's types. (Coll. (Queensland 
Museum, Brisbane. No. 707). 
Plate li. 
If not otherwise indicated, all the figures are x 'i (about). 
Phillipsia mori/anensis Mitchell. 
Fig. 1. — A photo, in two sections, of a specimen on which are parts of at 
least three individuals, all assumed to belong to this species. The 
glabellar, pygidial, ocular, and hypostomal features are all dis- 
cernible, as are also those of the thorax. (Coll. Geological Museum, 
Dept. of Mines, Brisbane. No.F 1000), 
BY JOHN MITCHELL 
49:; 
rhilli)>sia brevictp-^ Mitchell. 
Fi<;K.2, 3. — Photo of a specimen showinj; portions .of two cephalic-shielda 
and a very perfect pyicidiiini, whose characteristics are represented. 
Mark the peculiar contraction near the middle of the tail, which 
suggests a short tail, and a portion of a thorax. Fig.3, a portion 
of a cephalon. shoN\ inu- limb, mesial furrow on the right, etc. (Coll. 
Mitchell). 
riifUipsia connollii Mitchell. 
Figs. 4-7- — ^A doisal and side-view of the only pygidium known. The pro- 
portionately very wide border, pi^ominent axis, granulation, and 
other features are faii-lj- well shown. In Fig. 6, the axial and pleural 
divisions have been intensified slightl3'. (Coll. (Geological and 
Mining Museum, Dept. of Mines, Sydney. No. F 1497). 
Philllpsia sfanvel/ensis Mitchell. 
Figs.S-lO. — Dorsal and side-view of a very perfect tail, and showing the 
very prominent, mildly serrated axis clearlj'. In this specimen, all 
the axial rings (12. doubtfully 13) are visible, as also are eight 
pleural segments, and the steep striated border. (Coll. (Geological 
Museum, Dept. of Mines, Brisbane. No.F977). 
PIn/lipsia xfroiidennx Mitchell. 
Fig. 11. — A medium-sized tail, having the dorsal part of the axis damaged; 
but other\\ise exhibiting the normal fetitures. (Coll. Mitchell). 
Phillipsia icoodicardi Eth, fil. 
Figs. 12-13.— Portions of cephalons. Fig. 12 shows the glabellar furrows, 
strong neck-ring, and supplementary lobes, etc., very well. Fig, 13 
exhibits these features less clearly. Fig. 12 is from the same speci- 
men as that figured by Mr. Etheridge, Junr., {op. cit., PI. xliv., 
fig.5). (Coll. Queensland Museum, Brisbane, No.707; and Geological 
Museum, Dept. of Mines, Brisbane, No.F 1017). 
PhiUipsia vmodu:ardi{''.) Eth. fil. 
Fig. 14. — This photo shows the fragments of trilobite-remains, on which 
Mr. Etheridge chietly founded his species G. >*emmiferus var. au8- 
tralasica. On this specimen also occurs the tail of Brarhymetopus 
dunstani. It remains to be proven that they are not portions of the 
above species. The tails shown on this specimen have the same 
number of axial and pleural divisions, and kind of granulation as 
those included with the cejihalons of P. ivoodwardi. (Coll. Queens- 
land Museum. Brisbane. No. 712). 
Plate lii. 
Phillipsia inoodwardi{'t) Eth. fil., and Brachymetopus dwnstani M'ltaheW. 
Fig.l. — This represents a portion of specimen No.712 of the Queensland 
Museum, Brisbane. On it is the pygidium assumed to belong to 
P. iL'OodAi-a rdi , and a pygidium of Jir. davMani in front of the arrow; 
( X 3). 
494 CARBONIFEKOUS TRir.OBITES OF AUSTRALIA. 
Brai-liyine.topus diinstani Mitcliell. etc. 
Fig.2. — Enlarged poitjon of specimen No. F 1017, (reological Museum, 
Dept. of Mines, Brisbane. Oh it is the intaglio of Br. dnnstani, 
showing, fairly well, the chief specific features. The other pygidial 
and cephalic imprints are assumed to belong to P. iwodirardi Eth. 
fil. ; ( X 3). 
Phi/npsia HHperha Mitchell. 
Fig.3. — Head-shield ( x4) from the same specimen as PI. xlviii., tig. 15. 
PliiUipskt coUinsi Mitchell. 
Fig. 4. — A perfect tail of an immature individual; ( x f ), 
Grijfithides convexicaudatust ^Mitchell. 
Figs. 5, 6. — Tails about complete. Fig.5 is that of a young individual. Init 
shows all the axial and pleural divisions. 
PliUUpsia waterhoiisei Mitchell. 
Fig. 7. — From a cast; it shows tlie glabellar furrows plainly: and other 
features. 
Plate liii. 
Griffi.thidef>{1) sweet I Eth. fil. 
Figs. 1,2. — Dorsal aspect, rraces of glabellar furi-ows are visible, especi- 
ally on the right side generalh'. The important features are well 
shown. The photos are from the type-specimen; (x2). (Coll. 
Sweet). 
Brachymetopus strzeJeckil McCoj'. 
Figs. 3, 4. — Photos of the enlarged figures of McCoy (lor. cit.). 
Figs.5, 6.— Photos of Reed's figures of the species (/or rif.). 
Grijfif hides dnhins Eth. Senr. 
Fig. 7. — Copy of the figure given by R. Etheridge, Junr.. (in (^eol. Pal, 
Queensland and New Guinea, 1892, PI. vii., fig. 12). 
Phif/ipsia iroodwardi Eth. fil. 
Figs.8, 9.— Copies of Mr. Etheridge's figufes (op. cit., PI. vii.. figs. 13, 15). 
Griffithidesi'i) seminiferus var. anstralasica. 
Fig. 10. — Copy of Mr. Etheridge's original figure of a free cheek.