JUL 1 8 1380 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Woods-Hoi^, Mass. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ! Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 181-227, 17 figs. July 2, 1980 REVISION OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC SYNGNATHIDAE (PISCESiSYNGNATHIFORMES), INCLUDING BOTH RECENT AND FOSSIL FORMS By Ronald A. Fritzsche Department of Biology, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677 Abstract: The marine and estuarine eastern Pacific Syngnathidae comprises 17 extant and 3 extinct species. Diagnostic characters for species and genera, including meristic and morphometric characters, and osteological features, are given. All species both living and fossil are diagnosed and described. The recognized species and their ranges are: Hippocampus ingens Girard [=//. hildebrandi] (San Francisco Bay, California, south to Pucusana, Peru, including the Gulf of California); Doryrhamphus melanopleura (Bleek-er) (Indo-Pacific; in the eastern Pacific from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California, south to Isia la Plata, Ecuador, including the Gulf of California, Galapagos Islands, and Clipperton Island); Doryrhamphus paulus n.sp. (Islas Revillagigedo, Mexico); Leptonotus blainvilleanus (Eydoux and Gervais) [=S. acicularis] (Hornitos, Chile, to Golfo Nuevo, Argentina); Bryx arctus (Jenkins and Evermann) (Tomales Bay, California, south to Mazatlan, Mexico, including the Gulf of California); Bryx heraldi n.sp. (Islas Juan Fernandez and Isia San Felix, Chile); Bryx coccineus (Herald) (Bahia Banderas, Mexico, south to Punta Aguja, Peru, and the Galapagos Islands); Bryx veleronis Herald (Galapagos Islands; Islas Revillagigedo; Isia Murcielago and Isia del Cano, Costa Rica; and Islas San Jose and Canal de Afuera, Panama); Bryx clarionensis n.sp. (Isia Clarion, Mexico); Syngnathus auliscus (Swain) (Santa Barbara Channel, California, south to Paita, Peru, including the Gulf of California); Syngnathus carinatus (Gilbert) (confined to upper Gulf of California); Syngnathus exilis (Osburn and Nichols) (Half Moon Bay, California, to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California, and Isia Guadalupe, Mexico); Syngnathus calif orniensis Storer (Bodega Bay, California, south to Bahia Santa Maria, Baja California); Syngnathus ma-crobrachium n.sp. (Tumbes, Peru, south to Puerto Montt, Chile); Syngnathus euchrous n.sp. (Redondo Beach, California, to Punta Eugenia, Baja California); Syngnathus leptorhynchus Girard [=S. griseolineatus , S. bar-barae] (southeastern Alaska south to Bahia Santa Maria, Baja California); Syngnathus insulae n.sp. (Isia Guadalupe, Mexico). Studies of growth and variation show that S. leptorhynchus is highly variable viith each population distinct. Marked seasonal variation, when combined with growth data, indicates that individuals probably live for one year or less. The fossil pipefishes of Southern California are all only known from the Miocene. Hipposyngnathus imporcitor n.sp. from the upper Modelo Formation is most closely related to two species from the Oligocene of Europe. Syngnathus emeritus n.sp. is known only from the Puente Formation. Syngnathus avus Jordan and Gilbert is known from the lower Modelo Formation. A comparison between inferred relationships of the various species and their geographical distribution sug-gests that the evolution of the eastern Pacific Syngnathus is a result of at least two separate invasions. Doryr-hamphus melanopleura invaded the eastern Pacific by crossing the East Pacific Barrier and gave rise to Doryr-hamphus paulus. Leptonotus blainvilleanus is related to other species oi Leptonotus in New Zealand and southern Australia and was probably derived from an ancestor in these areas via waif dispersal. The reduction and loss of elements of the branchial skeleton is useful in characterizing urophorine genera and may be of general use when relationships within the family Syngnathidae are studied in more detail. 181
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