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PROCEEDING^ NOV ^ 9 ^^^^ 
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OF THE I 
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OE.SCIENCES 
Vol. 42, No. 14, pp. 349-377; 18 figs., 2 tables 
October 26, 1981 
THE /L4MA^(/5-GROUP OF THE GENUS CALLIONYMUS 
(PISCES: CALLIONYMIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTIONS 
OF SIX NEW SPECIES 
By 
Ronald Fricke 
Saalestrasse 3 a, D-3300 Braunschweig, 
Federal Republic of Germany 
Abstract: The kaianus-^roup of the genus Callionymus, subgenus Callionymus, is revised. The recognized 
species and their ranges are: Callionymus kaianus Giinther, 1880 (Kai Islands, eastern Indonesia); Callionymus 
moretonensis Johnson, 1971 (northern half of Australia, New Ireland, New Caledonia); Callionymus whiteheadi 
n.sp. (southwestern Indonesia); Callionymus guentheri n.sp. (Philippine Islands); Callionymus formosanus n.sp. 
(Formosa Strait, Taiwan); Callionymus sokonumeri Kamohara, 1936 (southern Japan); Callionymus altipinnis 
n.sp. (South China Sea: China coast); Callionymus ochiaii n.sp. (southern Japan); Callionymus regani Nakabo, 
1979 (Saya de Maiha Bank, western-central Indian Ocean); Callionymus kotthausi nom. nov. (for Callionymus 
indicus (Kotthaus, 1977), a secondary homonym; India); Callionymus africanus (Kotthaus, 1977) (east Africa); 
Callionymus bentuviai n.sp. (southern Red Sea); Callionymus carebares Alcock, 1890 (northern Indian Ocean). 
Introduction 
The dragonets of the family CaUionymidae are 
a group of benthic marine fishes (except for two 
euryhaline species which enter and even five in 
freshwater rivers). About 130 species are 
known. The two largest genera, Callionymus 
and Synchiropus, are nearly circumtropical in 
warm and temperate seas, but some species also 
live in cold waters; e.g., Callionymus lyra and 
C. maculatus of the northern Atlantic follow the 
warm Gulf Stream to Iceland and northern Nor- 
way. Callionymids usually live on sand or mud 
bottoms, sometimes also on coral sand bottom 
in coral reefs, or among seaweed, from very 
shallow waters and even tide pools down to 
about 800 m. 
Callionymus is the largest genus of the family, 
comprising about 75 species. Fricke (1980) dis- 
tinguished three subgenera (Callionymus, Cal- 
liurichthys, and Spinicapitichthys) which differ 
principally in the shape of the preopercular 
spine. The subgenus Callionymus is the largest, 
comprising about 55 species which can be ar- 
ranged into various species groups. The kaia- 
////.9-group is one of the larger species groups and 
contains deepwater mud-bottom species of the 
Indian and western Pacific oceans. 
Seven of the species included in the kaianus- 
group have been described. Callionymus kaia- 
nus Giinther, 1880, was originally described from 
Kai Islands, west of New Guinea, and later re- 
corded from India, Indonesia, Saya de Malha 
Bank (western-central Indian Ocean), Zanzibar, 
Arabian Sea, Japan, Pescadore Islands (near 
Taiwan), Gulf of Tonkin, and the coast of China. 
Johnson (1971) described a new subspecies, 
Callionymus kaianus moretonensis, from north- 
eastern Australia. Callionymus carebares Al- 
[349] 
350 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 42, No. 14 
cock, 1890, was described from the Bay of Ben- 
gal; C. sokonumeri Kamohara, 1936, from 
Japan; and C. regani Nakabo, 1979, from the 
Saya de Maiha Bank. Under the generic name 
Diplognimmus, Kotthaus (1977) described two 
further species, D. africanus and D. ludicus. 
I found several closely allied new species, 
which are described and compared in the pres- 
ent paper, from examination of specimens (most 
previously identified as Callionymits kaianiis) in 
the Australian Museum, Sydney (AMS); British 
Museum (Natural History), London (BMNH); 
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 
(CAS); Faculty of Agriculture of Kyoto Univer- 
sity, Kyoto (FAKU); Fish Collection, Hebrew 
University of Jerusalem (HUJF); Institut Royal 
des Sciences Naturelles, Brussels (IRSN); Ma- 
rine Science Laboratory, Chinese University of 
Hong Kong (MSL); Staatliches Naturhisto- 
risches Museum, Braunschweig (NMB); Zoo- 
logisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum der 
Universitat Hamburg (ZIM); and Museum fiir 
Naturkunde, Zoologisches Museum, East Berlin 
(ZMB). 
Methods 
Methods used are the same as those in my 
previous papers (especially Fricke 1980; Fricke 
1981a). 
The preopercular spine formula, explained by 
Fricke (1981a), is calculated by the following 
formula: 
a d. 
c 
where a is the number of antrorse spines at the 
base, h is the number of points or serrae at the 
dorsal edge, c is the number of points or serrae 
at the ventral edge, and d is 1 and reflects the 
main tip of the spine. The formula treats sim- 
plified left spines. Right spines have to be treat- 
ed as left (e.g., the number of antrorse spines at 
the base, a, is always on the left side of the 
formula). 
The pectoral fin base is divided in two by a 
membrane connecting it with the fifth pelvic fin 
ray. The formula ;i/b is used where n is the pec- 
toral fin base length above the connecting mem- 
brane, h is the corresponding length below. 
The Cm I ionymus kaianus-Gkovp 
The CallioiiyniKs kaianiis -group, including 
the new species described in this paper, com- 
prises thirteen deepwater mud-bottom species 
in the subgenus Callionymus (see Fricke 
1980:59) distributed in the Indian and west Pa- 
cific oceans (Figs. 1 & 2): Callionymus kaianus, 
C moretonensis, C whiteheadi, C. guentheri, 
C. sokonumeri, C. formosanus, C. altipinnis, C. 
ochiaii, C regani, C. kotthausi, C. africanus, 
C. hentuviai, and C. carehares. The group is 
characterized by the presence in its members of 
large eyes; dorsal and anal fin formulae D IV + 
viii.l. A (vii,l-)viii.l ; one or two unbranched 
median caudal fin rays which are often filamen- 
tous; a characteristic shape of the preopercular 
spine (see Fig. 3); and (usually) a characteristic 
black blotch on the third membrane of the first 
dorsal fin. 
Species of the kaianus-gvouxi are similar to 
the deepwater mud-bottom species groups of the 
genus Synchiropus (e.g., phaeton-group, alti- 
velis -group), agreeing with them in some aspects 
of body shape and even color markings (black 
spot on third membrane of first dorsal fin, etc.). 
The Synchiropus species groups are easily dis- 
tinguished from the kaianus-group by the shape 
of the preopercular spine and by generic differ- 
ences between Callionymus and Synchiropus 
discussed in detail in my revision of the genus 
Synchiropus (Fricke 1981b). 
Characters and distribution of the species of 
the kaianus-group are compared in Tables 1-2. 
Further distinguishing features (not compared in 
the tables) include other proportions, the pre- 
opercular spine shape, and body color pattern. 
Key to the Species of the 
Callionymus kaianus-Group 
la. Head in SL 2.7-3.1; branchial opening 
very broad, same size as or larger than 
pupil; upper edge of preopercular spine 
with 2 large curved points, but without 
a small antrorse point C carehares 
lb. Head in SL 3.4-4.6; branchial opening 
small, about '/i-'/i of pupil; upper edge 
of preopercular spine with 1 small an- 
trorse and I or 2 large curved points .. 2 
2a. D^, and anal fins very high, males with 
convex distal margins 3 
2b. D., and anal fins relatively low, with 
straight distal margins 6 
3a. First spine of D, filamentous 4 
3b. First spine of D, not filamentous 5 
FRICKE: AwOlMNty^-GROUP OF GENUS CALLIONYMUS 
351 
FiCiURE 1. Geographical distribution of species of the kuiuniis-group of the genus Cdllionvinus 
4a. D2 relatively low, 1st ray about 1.0, 5th 
ray about 0.9 in head length: preoper- 
cular spine with 2 curved points (and 1 
small antrorse point) at its upper side; 
black blotch on 3rd membrane of D, 
large, nearly covering entire membrane; 
anal fin with a distal black streak on each 
membrane; distal V3 of anal fin dark 
brown, tips of rays white 
C formosanus 
4b. D2 high, 1st ray about 1.1, 5th ray about 
0.8 in head; preopercular spine with 1 
large curved point (and 1 small antrorse 
point) at its upper side; black blotch on 
3rd membrane of D, small, distal in po- 
sition; anal fin without a distal black 
streak on each membrane; distal margin 
of anal fin black, tips of fin rays also 
black C. altipinnis 
5a. Main tip of preopercular spine long and 
slender; distal half of anal fin black, tips 
of rays white; distal margin of caudal fin 
regular; black blotch on 3rd membrane 
of D| relatively large, central in position 
(not reaching distal margin) 
C. guentheri 
5b. Main tip of preopercular spine short; 
anal fin with a distal black streak on each 
membrane, distal -A of membranes and 
tips of fin rays brown; distal margin of 
caudal fin irregular; black blotch on 3rd 
membrane of D, very small, extremely 
distal in position C. sokonumeri 
6a. Caudal fin convex, without filaments 7 
6b. Caudal fin convex or slightly pointed, 
with 1 or 2 filaments 10 
7a. Anal fin with a small distal yellow margin 
or colorless; sides of body with a row of 
large indistinct brownish blotches 
C regani 
7b. Anal fin with a broad dark brown or 
black margin; sides of body with a row 
of small distinct black blotches 8 
8a. 
8b. 
Main tip of preopercular spine long and 
slender; lower part of caudal fin colorless 
C. kotthausi 
Main tip of preopercular spine short; 
lower part of caudal fin with a broad 
black streak 9 
9a. Pectoral fin base with a large dark brown 
352 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Vol. No. 14 
Aregani vguentheri 
T kotthausi a altipinnis 
o whitehead! •formosanus 
■ bentuviai 
D sokonumeri 
Figure 2. Geographical distribution of species of the A(H(;/;Mv-group of the genus Callio/iyinus. 
area; back marbled with olive-green; 
operculum with large white spots; lower 
part of caudal fin black distally; D^ with 
a basal row of dark blotches 
C. whiteheadi 
9b. Pectoral fin base with 2 black streaks; 
back yellowish brown, with white 
blotches surrounded by semicircular 
dark brown bands; operculum with small 
black spots; lower part of caudal fin with 
a broad, curved black band, but color- 
less distally; D^ without a basal row of 
black spots C. africanus (female) 
10a. First spine of D, with a long filament _ 
U 
10b. First spine of D, without a filament . 13 
11a. Main tip of preopercular spine short, 
largest point on its dorsal side with a bas- 
al hook; D^ colorless, with transverse 
white lines; sides of body with a row of 
distinct black blotches C. ka'uinus 
lib. Main tip of preopercular spine long and 
slender, largest point on its dorsal side 
without a basal hook; D., with rows of 
blotches; sides of body with a row of in- 
distinct brownish blotches 12 
12a. Anal fin with a dark margin; D2 with 2 
rows of white blotches and a darkish dis- 
tal margin; main tip of preopercular 
spine about 2.5-3.0 times as long as larg- 
est point at its dorsal side; body with 
light blotches edged with semicircular 
dark lines C. moretonensis 
12b. Anal fin pale, without a dark margin; D2 
with a basal and 2-3 more distal rows of 
dark spots; main tip of preopercular 
spine about 1.0-1.5 times as long as larg- 
est point at its dorsal side; body with 
minute blackish spots forming rings and 
blotches C. ochiaii 
13a. Second membrane of D, deeply incised; 
caudal fin with 2 long filaments which are 
nearly twice as long as rest of fin; D, 
with 2 or more black blotches, largest 
reaching from 1st to 4th spine; D2 with 
vertical dark streaks C. hentiiviai 
13b. Second membrane of D, not incised; 
caudal fin with 1 or 2 relatively short fil- 
FRICKE: A'AMNt/5-GROUP OF GENUS CALLIONYMUS 
aments which are not longer than rest of 
fin; D, with a black blotch on 3rd mem- 
brane (rarely also with an additional 
black blotch distally on the same mem- 
brane), occasionally reaching to 2nd 
spine; D2 with rows of dark and/or light 
blotches (but without vertical dark 
streaks) 14 
14a. Lateral line in area behind eye with a 
long branch running downwards; D, with 
a large black blotch basally on 3rd mem- 
brane, 1 or 2 branches of which reach 
2nd membrane; pectoral fin base with 2 
dark streaks; anal fin with a distal black 
margin (usually including tips of fin 
rays); caudal fin without 2 median trans- 
verse black lines; D2 with 1 basal, 1 me- 
dian, and 1 distal row of light spots and 
2 median rows of black spots 
C. africanHs (male) 
14b. Lateral line without a branch in the post- 
orbital area; D, with a relatively small 
distal black blotch on 3rd membrane; 
pectoral fin base with a dark area; distal 
half of anal fin black, tips of fin rays 
white; caudal fin with 2 median trans- 
verse black lines; D^ with a basal and a 
median row of black blotches 
C. i^'uentheri (female) 
Callionymus carebares Alcock, 1890 
(Figures 4-5) 
Callionymus carehaies Ai cock, 1890:209 ("off Madras coast. 
98-102 fms ■); 1898:73: 1899:pl. 20. fig. 4: Regan 1906:329 
(Sea of Oman, 98-180 fms [179-329 m]): Smith 1963:555. 
pi. 84K (after Alcock). 
Material Examined.— Syntypes: BMNH 1890.11.28.18- 
24, 2 d, 5 9, "Investigator, ■■ off Ganjam Coast. India. 
Other specimens: BMNH 1903.5.14.34, 1 spec, 39.0 mm 
SL, J. W. Townsend, Karachi. BMNH 1903.9.24.2^, 3 spec, 
J. W. Townsend, Iranian Mekran coast. Gulf of Oman 
(25°19'N, 58°2rE), 98 fms (179 m). BMNH 1904.5.25.218- 
220, 3 spec, J. W. Townsend, Sea of Oman. 180 fms (329 m). 
BMNH 1939.5.24.1384, 1 spec, John Murray Exped., 23 Nov. 
1933, Gulf of Oman, 193 m. BMNH 1939.5.24.1385-1409, 24 
spec, John Murray Exped., Arabian Sea, 135-183 m. BMNH 
1939.5.24.1410-1421, 15 spec, John Murray Exped.. Gulf of 
Aden, 220 m. IRSN 1797, 2 9, M. Frank, 4 Apr. 1894, Gulf 
of Bengal. FMNH 5740, 1 V , J. W. Townsend, 1906, Sea of 
Oman (Dr. D. J. Stewart, FMNH, kindly examined the spec- 
imen). 
Diagnosis. — A CalUonymus of the kaianiis- 
group with a very large branchial opening (same 
size as, or larger than, pupil), an unusually large 
A 
^^ 
Figure 3. Preopercular spines of species of the kaianiis- 
group. The main characteristics are the straight ventral side 
of the spine, the strong straight antrorse point, the upcurved 
main tip, and the antrorse spine in combination with two (rare- 
ly one) large curved points on the dorsal side. (,4) Left pre- 
opercular spine of Callionymus kaianus. (fl) Left preopercu- 
lar spine of C. fiuentheri. (C) Left preopercular spine of C. 
africanus. (D) Left preopercular spine of C. moietonensis. 
(£) Left preopercular spine of the most primitive species of 
the kaianus -^roup, C. carehaies (without an antrorse point 
on the dorsal side). 
head (head length in SL 2.7-3.1), and two large 
curved points, but without a small antrorse spine 
at dorsal edge of preopercular spine. 
Description. — Counts and measurements 
(see also Table 1): D, IV; D, viii,l; A viii,l; P, 
ii_iiij4-16,iii; P, 1,5; C ii,2-3,0-ii,2-4,iii. 
Body elongate and depressed. Head very 
large, depressed, 2.7-3.1 in SL. Eye large, 2.7- 
3.5 in head. Pupil large, about 2.5 in eye. Bran- 
chial opening very large, same size as pupil or 
larger. Occipital region with a bony plate and 
two low bony protuberances. Preopercular spine 
nearly as long as eye diameter, with a long, 
slightly upcurved main tip, two curved points at 
its dorsal side and a large antrorse spine at its 
354 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 42. No. 14 
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 42, No. 14 
2mm 
10 mm 
2mm 
10 mm 
10mm 2mm 
Figure 4. Calliommus caiehaies. IRSN 1797, Gulf of Bengal. Specimen 1, female, 8?. 8 mm SL: (A) lateral view: (B) 
dorsal view; (C) ventral view; (D) left preopercular spine; (£) right preopercular spine. Specimen 2, female, 86.2 mm SL: (F) 
right preopercular spine. 
base (formula: 1- 
1; see Fig. 4D-F). Lat- 
eral line reaching from hind margin of eye to 
base of caudal fin; the line of the opposite side 
is interconnected by a transverse branch across 
the occipital region. Caudal peduncle length 5.8- 
6.6 in SL, minimal caudal peduncle depth 21.0- 
22.6 in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin nearly as long as 
first ray of second dorsal fin, filamentous only 
in females. Distal margin of second dorsal fin 
straight. Anal fin beginning on vertical through 
second ray of second dorsal fin. Distal margin 
of caudal fin slightly convex, the two median 
rays elongate but usually not filamentous. Outer 
edge of pelvic fin convex; longest pelvic fin ray 
reaching to base of first anal fin ray. Pectoral fin 
reaching nearly to fifth ray of second dorsal fin 
when laid back. 
Color in alcohol. Head and body dark gray, 
belly white. Eye darkish. First dorsal fin in male 
monochromatic dark, in female nearly colorless, 
with a large distal dark blotch reaching from sec- 
ond to fourth spine. Second dorsal fin colorless, 
distal margin darkish. Distal one-third of caudal 
fin dark. Distal two-thirds of anal fin black, anal 
fin base colorless. Pelvic fin colorless, pectoral 
fin with few dark spots. 
Distribution. — Northern parts of Indian 
Ocean: Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, coast of 
India, Arabian Sea (see Fig. 1); 135-330 m on 
muddy bottoms. 
Discussion. — Callionxiuus ccncharcs seems 
to be the most primitive member of the kaianiis- 
group based on the shapes of its preopercular 
spine (no antrorse spine at its dorsal side) and 
caudal fin (often no median unbranched ray 
FRICKE: KAIANUS-GROVP OF GENUS CALLIONYMUS 
357 
Figure 5. First dorsal fin in Callionvmus carehures. (.4) 
BMNH 1890.11.28.18, male, 95.0 mm SL, syntype, Ganjam 
coast, India, (fl) BMNH 1890.11.28.19, female, 86.2 mm SL, 
syntype, Ganjam coast, India. 
present). It is also unique, however, in its very 
large head and its extremely large branchial 
opening (which is porelike and very small in oth- 
er callionymid fishes). Therefore, it seems to 
belong to another evolutionary branch in the 
kaianus -gvouxi, and I assign it to a subgroup of 
its own. Juvenile specimens, which have a 
smaller head and a smaller branchial opening, 
are more similar to the other species of the 
kaianus-gvonp. 
Callionymus kaianus Giinther, 1880 
(Figure 6) 
Ctillionymus kaianus Gunther, 1880:44, pi. 19, fig. B ( Kai 
Is., 129 fms [236 m]); de Beaufort 1951:66-67, fig. 12 
(after Gunther): Smith 1963:553, pi. 84/ (in part; after Giin- 
ther): SuWARDJi 1965:308-310 (Kai Is., 180-290 m). 
Material Examinei^.— Holotype: BMNH 1879.5.14.565, 
1 6. 128.6 mm SL, Challetiiier Exped., Kai Is. 
Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the kaianus- 
group with a small branchial opening, a short 
head (about 4.6 in SL), preopercular spine with 
a small antrorse and two large curved points on 
dorsal side, straight distal margin of second dor- 
sal fin, two short caudal fin filaments, long fila- 
mentous first spine of first dorsal fin, short main 
tip of preopercular spine, and pale anal fin. 
Description. — Counts and measurements 
(see also Table 2): D, IV: D, viii,l; A viii,l; P, 
ii,17-18,ii; P^ 1,5; C ii,2,ii,3,iii. 
Body elongate and depressed. Head de- 
pressed, about 4.6 in SL. Eye large, 2.35 in 
head. Pupil relatively small, 3.3 in eye. Bran- 
chial opening of normal size, about two times in 
pupil. Occipital region with two low bony pro- 
tuberances. Preopercular spine 1.45 in eye di- 
ameter, with a relatively short, slightly upcurved 
main tip, a small antrorse and two large curved 
points (the larger with a small additional basal 
point) on its dorsal side and a large antrorse 
3 
spine at its base (formula: 1 1; see Fig. 
65). Lateral line reaching from area behind eye 
to end of third branched caudal fin ray (seen 
B 
2 mm 
Figure 6. Callionymus kaianus, BMNH 1879.5.14.565, holotype, male, 128.6 mm SL, Kai Islands: {-4) lateral view; (B) 
left preopercular spine. 
358 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 42, No. 14 
10 mm 
B 
10 mm 
C 
2 mm 
D 2 mm 
FicuRE 7. Calli(>inmu\ moretonensis. NMB .17074, 69.4 mm SL, New Caledonia; (4) lateral view; (B) dorsal view; (C) left 
preopercular spine; (/)) right preopercular spine. 
from above); the line of one side is intercon- 
nected to its opposite member by a transverse 
branch across the occipital region and one 
across the dorsal side of caudal peduncle. Cau- 
dal peduncle length 5.2 in SL, minimal caudal 
peduncle depth 23.8 in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin long and filamen- 
tous. Distal margin of second dorsal fin straight. 
Anal fin beginning on the vertical through mid- 
base of second membrane of second dorsal fin. 
Distal margin of caudal fin pointed, the two un- 
branched median rays filamentous (filaments rel- 
atively short). Distal margin of pelvic fin con- 
vex; longest pelvic fin ray only reaching the anal 
papilla. Pectoral fin reaching to second anal fin 
ray when laid back. 
Color in alcohol. Head and body light brown, 
back with some lighter blotches. Belly white, 
thorax brownish. Eye light gray. Pectoral fin 
base with a large dark blotch. A row of dark 
blotches in groups along body side. Operculum 
with some dark spots, head with indistinct 
brownish blotches and lines. First dorsal fin 
light, with a black blotch on third membrane, a 
FRICKE: A'AMA't/^-GROUP OF GENUS CALLIONYMUS 
359 
basal branch of which reaches nearly to second 
spine. Second dorsal fin colorless, with white 
lines in characteristic arrangement (see Fig. M). 
Anal fin colorless, with few yellow pigment on 
the membranes between the five posterior rays. 
Upper and median parts of caudal fin with dark 
spots and blotches; lower part with a broad 
curved dark band. Distal part of pelvic fin dark; 
pectoral fin colorless. 
Distribution. — Kai Islands (west of New 
Guinea), at three different localities (Fig. 1); 
180-290 m, muddy bottom. 
Discussion. — C. kaianus differs from C. 
moretonensis of northern Australia, the species 
geographically nearest, by its shorter main tip 
of preopercular spine, and by various color 
markings (e.g., pale anal fin without a black dis- 
tal margin); it differs from C. whiteheadi by the 
presence of filaments in the first dorsal and cau- 
dal fins, the barbed largest point on dorsal side 
of preopercular spine, and various color mark- 
ings. 
Specimens referred to C. kaianus from the 
Gulf of Thailand seem to belong to another 
species. 
Callionymus moretonensis Johnson, 1971 
(Figure 7) 
Callionymus calauropoinus: (nee Richardson, 1844) Peters, 
1876:841 (New Ireland); Jordan and Seai e 1905:415 (after 
Peters): Fowler 1928:422 (after Peters): Munro 1958:253 
(after Peters). 
Callionymus kaianus moretonensis Johnson, 1971 : 108-J 13, 
figs. 1-2 (s Queensland): 1973:217-230 (biology). 
Material Examined.— Hoiotype: AMS 115608-001, 1 
spec, 158.3 mm SL, C. R. Johnson, 1 Aug. 1969, e of Cape 
Moreton, Queensland, 68-72 fms (124-132 m). Paratypes: 
CAS 24764, 1 spec, 131.2 mm SL; CAS 24765, 1 spec, 134.0 
mm SL; CAS 24766, I spec, 141.7 mm SL; CAS 24767. 1 
spec, 164.9 mm SL: all with same data as hoiotype. 
Other specimens: BMNH 1892.1.14.26-27, 2 spec, 52.4- 
58.2 mm SL, Mr. Walker, Holothuria Banks (nw Australia). 
ZMB 9399. 1 c^, 1 juv., 35.0-81.9 mm SL, R/V Gazei le, 
"shortly before the year 1876," New Ireland. NMB 37074. 1 
spec, 69.4 mm SL, P. Fourmanoir, 1979, Havannah, s New 
Caledonia, 150 m. 
Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the kaianus- 
group with a small branchial opening; short head 
(3.4-4.7 in SL); preopercular spine with a small 
antrorse and two large curved points on its dor- 
sal side and a long, slender main tip; second 
dorsal fin with a nearly straight distal margin; 
caudal fin with two short median filaments; first 
dorsal fin with a relatively long, filamentous first 
spine; anal fin with a dark distal margin; and 
second dorsal fin with rows of white blotches 
and a dark distal margin. 
Description. — Counts and measurements 
(see also Table 2): D, IV; D.^ viii,l; A vii,l-viii.l; 
P, ii, 18-20; P, 1,5; C i-ii,3-4, (0-)i-ii,2-3,ii-iii. 
Body elongate and depressed. Head de- 
pressed, about 3.4-4.7 in SL. Eye large, 2.0-2.4 
in head. Pupil relatively small, 2.9-3.0 in eye. 
Branchial opening of normal size, about 2-3 
times in pupil. Occipital region with two low 
bony protuberances. Preopercular spine about 
1.1-1.2 in eye diameter, with a long slightly up- 
curved main tip, a small antrorse and two large 
curved points at its dorsal side, and a large an- 
trorse spine at its base (formula: 1 1; see 
Fig. 7C, D). Lateral line reaching from area be- 
hind eye to end of third branched caudal fin ray 
(counted from above); the line of the opposite 
side is interconnected by a transverse branch 
across the occipital region and one across the 
dorsal side of the caudal peduncle. Caudal pe- 
duncle length 5.8-6.5 in SL, minimal caudal pe- 
duncle depth 23.0-30.0 in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin relatively long 
and filamentous (in adults). Distal margin of sec- 
ond dorsal fin straight. Anal fin beginning on a 
vertical through second ray of second dorsal fin. 
Distal margin of caudal fin convex in small spec- 
imens (somewhat pointed in adults), with two 
short median filaments. Distal margin of pelvic 
fin convex; longest pelvic fin ray reaching nearly 
to midbase of first membrane of anal fin. Pec- 
toral fin reaching to fourth ray of second dorsal 
fin. 
Color in alcohol. Head and body light brown, 
ventral side of body and belly whitish. Thorax 
white. Back with white spots bordered by semi- 
circular black lines. Eye grayish. A row of ir- 
regular brownish spots along sides of body. 
Head with small white spots. Some dark spots 
at upper part of pectoral fin base. First dorsal 
fin light brown, with a large black blotch on third 
membrane, a basal branch of which reaches to 
second spine, and some smaller white blotches 
surrounding it. Second dorsal fin with two or 
three rows of white spots and a darkish distal 
margin. Anal fin colorless, with a black distal 
border. Pelvic fin with small dark spots on distal 
parts of fourth and fifth rays. Pectoral fin col- 
orless or with three vertical rows of darkish 
spots. Caudal fin whitish, with some dark spots 
forming a broad curved band in the upper part, 
a broad curved black band in the lower part. 
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 42, No. 14 
Distribution. — Northern half of Australia 
(Holothuria Banks to southern Queensland), 
New Caledonia, and New Ireland (see Fig. 1); 
101-150 m, mud bottom. 
Discussion. — The differences between C. 
kaianus and C. inoretonensis are discussed in 
the description of the former species. Callio- 
nymus moretonensis differs from C. whitehendi 
by the presence of filaments in first dorsal and 
caudal fins, by the shape of the main tip of the 
preopercular spine, and by color markings. 
The record of Synchiropus calauropomus 
(Richardson, 1844) from New Ireland (Peters 
1876) is based on two specimens of CaUionymiis 
inoretonensis. Synchiropus calauropomus does 
not occur in that area. 
Johnson (1971) originally described C. more- 
tonensis as a subspecies of C. kaianus, but the 
differences are sufficient to regard C. moreton- 
ensis as a distinct species. 
Callionymus whiteheadi new species 
(Figure 8) 
'ICalliouxmus kaianus: (non Giinther, 1880) Weber 1913: 
(Madura Sea, 7°2.6'S, 115°23.6'E, 100 m). 
Material Examined.— Holotype: BMNH 1980.6.20.1, 
112.3 mm SL, P. J. P. Whitehead, 14 July 1979, off Bali 
(8°50'S, 114°14'E), 110-220 m. Paratype: BMNH 1980.11.25.2, 
1 spec, 105.5 mm SL, P. J. P. Whitehead, summer 1979, se 
coast of Java (near type-locality). 
Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the kaianns- 
group with a small branchial opening; short head 
(3.9-4.2 in SL); preopercular spine with a small 
antrorse and one or two large curved points, and 
a short main tip; second dorsal fin with a nearly 
straight distal margin; caudal fin with a convex 
distal margin, but without filaments; first dorsal 
fin without a filament and with a basal black 
blotch on third membrane; light brown cheeks 
with few dark spots; anal fin with a black distal 
margin; second dorsal fin with a basal row of 
dark spots; and sides of body with a row of dis- 
tinct black blotches. 
Description. — Counts and measurements 
(see also Table 1): D, IV; D, viii,l; A viii,l; P, 
i-ii,15-17,ii; P^ 1,5; C ii,3,i-ii,2-3,iii. 
Body elongate and depressed. Head de- 
pressed, 3.9-4.2 in SL. Eye large, 2.2-2.3 in 
head. Pupil relatively small, about 3.2 in eye. 
Branchial opening of normal size, about 3 times 
in pupil. Occipital region with two low bony pro- 
tuberances. Preopercular spine 1.7-1.9 in eye 
diameter, with a short, slightly upcurved main 
tip, a small antrorse and one or two large curved 
points at its dorsal side, and a large antrorse 
''-3 
spine at its base (formula: 1— ^^ 1; see Fig. 
8^). Lateral line reaching from area behind eye 
to third branched caudal fin ray (counted from 
above); the line of the opposite side is intercon- 
nected by a transverse branch across the occip- 
ital region and another across the dorsal side of 
caudal peduncle. Caudal peduncle length 5.5- 
6.1 in SL, minimal caudal peduncle depth 25.5- 
26.3 in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin somewhat longer 
than first ray of second dorsal fin, but not fila- 
mentous. Distal margin of second dorsal fin 
nearly straight. Anal fin beginning on the vertical 
through second ray of second dorsal fin. Distal 
margin of caudal fin convex; no median fila- 
ments. Distal margin of pelvic fin convex; long- 
est pelvic ray only reaching to anal papilla when 
laid back. Pectoral fin reaching to midbase of 
second membrane of second dorsal fin when laid 
back. 
Color in alcohol. Head and body dark olive- 
green; lower surface of body white. Back mar- 
bled with brown. Thorax and belly white. A dark 
area at upper part of pectoral fin base. Some 
large whitish spots bordered by black on oper- 
culum. Head with dark brown spots and lines. 
Eye dorsally black, ventrally dark blue. A row 
of irregular black blotches along sides of body. 
First dorsal fin olive-green; first spine marbled 
alternating black and white; a large black blotch 
basally on third membrane, a basal branch of 
which reaches to second spine. Second dorsal 
fin with two rows of indistinct darkish blotches 
and a basal row of distinct blackish blotches. 
Anal fin white, with a broad distal black margin. 
Caudal fin rays in upper part of caudal fin with 
black blotches; lower part of caudal fin blackish 
distally. Distal two-thirds of pelvic fin darkish; 
upper half of pectoral fin with four vertical rows 
of black spots. 
Distribution. — Bali and southeastern Java, 
possibly also Madura Sea (see Fig. 2); 110-220 
m, mud bottom. 
Discussion. — The differences between C. 
whiteheadi, C. kaianus, and C. moretonensis 
have been discussed in the descriptions of the 
last two species. C. whiteheadi differs from C. 
rei^ani by the shape of the preopercular spine 
and by various color markings (e.g., black bor- 
der of anal fin; shape and position of black 
blotch in first dorsal fin; color patterns of second 
FRICKE: A'AMA't/5-GROUP OF GENUS CALLIONYMVS 
361 
10mm 
B 
2mm 
Figure 8. Callionymus whiteheadi, holotype, BMNH 1980.6.20.1. 112.3 mm SL, off Bali: (A) lateral view; (B) left pre- 
opercular spine. 
dorsal and caudal fins; body color pattern, etc.). 
It differs from C. i>uentheri in lacking caudal fin 
filaments, in the different shape of the preoper- 
cular spine, and in various color markings. 
Etymology. — This new species is named af- 
ter Dr. Peter J. P. Whitehead, British Museum 
(Natural History), who collected the type-spec- 
imens and allowed me to examine them. 
Callionymus regani Nakabo, 1979 
(Figure 9) 
Callionymus kaianus: (non Giinther, 1880) Regan 1908:248 
(Saya de Maiha Bank, 123 fms [225 m]); Smith 1963 
(part):553 (after Regan). 
Callionymus regani Nakabo, 1979:231-234, fig. 1, table 1 
(Saya de MaIha Bank). 
Material Examined.— BMNH 1908.3.23.263, 1 6. 101.3 
mm SL, Gardiner-Expedition, Saya de MaIha Bank (western- 
central Indian Ocean), "over 123 fms" (225 m). 
Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the kaianus- 
group with a small branchial opening; short head 
(about 4.1 in SL); preopercular spine with a 
small antrorse and two large curved points at 
dorsal side, and a short main tip; second dorsal 
fin with a nearly straight distal margin; caudal 
fin with a convex distal margin but without fil- 
aments; first dorsal fin without a filament and 
with a distal black blotch on third membrane 
surrounded by white lines; dark brown cheeks 
with characteristic light blotches; colorless anal 
fin without a distal black margin; second dorsal 
fin with rows of white spots and lines; and sides 
of body with few large indistinct brownish 
blotches. 
Description. — Counts and proportions (see 
Table 1): D, IV; D. viii,l; A viii,l; P, i-iii,17- 
19,0-i; P, 1,5; C 0-ii,3,i-ii,2-3,ii-iii. 
Body elongate and depressed. Head de- 
pressed, 4.1 in SL. Eye large, about 2.7 in head. 
Pupil relatively small, 3.4 in eye diameter. Bran- 
chial opening of normal size, about 3 in pupil. 
Occipital region with two low bony protuber- 
ances. Preopercular spine 1.4 in eye diameter, 
with a short, slightly upcurved main tip, a small 
antrorse and two larger curved points at its dor- 
sal side, and a large antrorse spine at its base 
3 
(formula; 1- 
■1; see Fig. 9B). Lateral line 
reaching from area behind eye to end of third 
branched caudal fin ray (seen from above); the 
line of the opposite side is interconnected by a 
transverse branch across the occipital region 
and another across the caudal peduncle. Caudal 
362 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 42, No. 14 
10mm 
^^ 
B 
2 mm 
Figure 9. Cullionymus regani. BMNH 1908.2.23,263, male, 101.3 mm SL, Saya de Maiha Bank: {A) lateral view; (B) left 
preopercular spine. 
peduncle length 6.25 in SL; minimal depth of 
caudal peduncle 22.5 in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin somewhat longer 
than first ray of second dorsal fin, but not fila- 
mentous. Distal margin of second dorsal fin 
nearly straight. Anal fin beginning on vertical 
through second ray of second dorsal fin. Distal 
margin of caudal fin nearly convex; no median 
filaments. Distal margin of pelvic fin convex; 
longest pelvic fin ray reaching to base of first 
anal fin ray when laid back. Pectoral fin reaching 
to midbase of third membrane of second dorsal 
fin when laid back. 
Color in alcohol. Head and body brown. Belly 
white, thorax light brown. Three to four large 
indistinct darkish areas along sides of body. 
Head brown; males with many light blotches, 
females with few light blotches. Occipital region 
with dark spots. Eye posteriorly gray, anteriorly 
yellowish. A large dark brown blotch at pectoral 
fin base. First dorsal fin pale; about four hori- 
zontal dark lines on first and second membranes. 
A black blotch distally on third membrane, oc- 
casionally reaching to posterior part of second 
membrane; distal edge of third membrane also 
black. Remaining parts of third and fourth mem- 
branes covered with curved white lines. Second 
dorsal fin mostly colorless, with rows of white 
blotches and/or lines. Anal fin pale; distal margin 
yellowish. Caudal fin pale, occasionally with 
two darkish blotches at upper edge; lower part 
sometimes dusky. Distal parts of fourth and fifth 
rays of pelvic fin darkish; pectoral fin colorless. 
Distribution. — Saya de MaIha Bank, west- 
ern-central Indian Ocean (see Fig. 2); 126- 
225 m. 
Discussion. — The differences from Callio- 
nymiis whiteheadi were discussed in the descrip- 
tion of that species. Callionymus regani differs 
from C. ufricanu.s by the absence of caudal fin 
filaments and by a completely different color 
pattern; it differs from C. kotthausi in its shorter 
main tip of preopercular spine, shorter first spine 
of first dorsal fin, shorter caudal fin (especially 
FRICKE: A/^MNt/S-GROUP OF GENUS CALLIONYMUS 
363 
10 mm 
2 mm 
2 mm 
D 
10 mm 
Figure 10. 0,///o„vm,/,v kotthausi. ZIM 5535. holotype. 114.8 mm SL, off Cochin (India): {A) lateral view: (B) left pre- 
opercular spine; (C) right preopercular spine. ZIM 5536. paratype, specimen I. male. 81.2 mm SL. Cochin: (D) first and 
second dorsal fins. 
in males), and various color markings (e.g., col- 
or patterns of first and second dorsal fins, and 
anal fin, head, and sides of body). 
Callionymus kotthausi new name 
(Figure 10) 
Ccillioiwmus kuianiis: (non Gunther, 1880) AicocK 1899:74 
(Malabar Coast, India. 102 fms [187 m]). 
Diploi'i-amnuis indiciis Kotthaus, 1977:40-41, figs. 423^, 
424/), 425 ( wsw of Cochin, India). 
Material Examined.— Holotype: ZIM 5535. S. 114.8 mm 
SL. A. Kotthaus. R/V Meteor. 10 Feb. 1965, about 40 km 
wsw of Cochin. India (09°40'N. 75°38.8'E to 09°45.3'N. 
75°38.5'E). 211-138 m. Paratypes: ZIM 5536. 2 6.9 9. 71.3- 
87.0 mm SL; same data as holotype. 
Diagnosis. — A CalUonymus of the kaianus- 
group with a small branchial opening; short head 
(3.8-4.1 in SL); preopercular spine with a small 
antrorse and one or two large curved points, and 
a long main tip; second dorsal fin with a nearly 
straight distal margin; caudal fin without fila- 
ments; anal fin with a broad dark margin; sides 
of body with a row of small distinct black blotch- 
es; and colorless lower part of caudal fin. 
Description. — Counts and measurements 
364 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 42. No. 14 
(see also Table 1): D, IV; D2 viii,l; A viii,l; P, 
i-ii,17,ii; P^ 1,5; C ii,3,i,3,iii- 
Body elongate, depressed. Head depressed, 
3.8-4.1 in SL. Eye large, about 2.4 in head. Pu- 
pil about 2.8 in eye. Branchial opening of normal 
size, about 2-3 times in pupil. Occipital region 
with a low bony protuberance. Preopercular 
spine about 1.4 in eye diameter, with a long up- 
curved main tip, a small antrorse and one or two 
large curved points on its dorsal side, and a large 
antrorse spine at its base (formula 1^ 1 ; see 
Fig. 105, C). Lateral line reaching from area be- 
hind eye to end of median unbranched caudal 
fin ray, with a long branch at its ventral side in 
postorbital region; the line of the opposite side 
is interconnected by a transverse branch across 
the occipital region and another across the cau- 
dal peduncle. Caudal peduncle length about 6.5 
in SL; minimal caudal peduncle depth about 24.0 
in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin long (longer than 
first ray of second dorsal fin), but not filamen- 
tous. Distal margin of second dorsal fin nearly 
straight. Anal fin beginning on the vertical 
through third ray of second dorsal fin. Distal 
margin of caudal fin convex or slightly pointed, 
without filaments. Distal margin of pelvic fin 
convex; longest pelvic fin ray reaching only to 
anal papilla when laid back. Pectoral fin reaching 
to middle of third membrane of second dorsal 
fin when laid back. 
Color in alcohol. Head and dorsal side of body 
yellowish brown; back with some dark-edged 
whitish blotches. Sides of body with a row of 
dark spots. Thorax, belly, and lower parts of 
body yellowish white. Eye dark gray. Opercu- 
lum with dark spots. First dorsal fin brownish; 
males with one or two black blotches surround- 
ed by white on second and third membranes; 
females with an elongate ocellated basal black 
blotch on first to third membranes. Second dor- 
sal fin transparent, distally darkish, with two 
rows of elongate dark spots. Distal margin of 
anal fin black, tips of rays white. Caudal fin 
mostly colorless, with 3-4 vertical rows of light 
brown spots in its upper part. Distal half of 
fourth and fifth pelvic fin rays dark; pelvic fin 
basally with irregular darkish spots. 
DisrRiBunoN. — Southwest coast of India 
(see Fig. 2); 138-211 m. 
Discussion. — Kotthaus (1977) assigned Dip- 
loiiramiuus Indicus to the genus Diploi^raitiDin.s 
using Smith's (1963:549) key: "A skinny keel 
along lower flank from tip of pelvic to caudal 
base," in combination with "an antrorse spine 
at base of preopercular spine." The latter feature 
is also valid for species of the genus Calliony- 
miis, but the specimens of '^Diplograiumiis in- 
dicus' ' have neither a skinny keel along lower 
flank of body, as in species of Diplogrammus, 
nor any other diagnostic feature of Diplogram- 
mus (e.g., a free flap of skin at the operculum, 
a lateral line with many branches). Kotthaus's 
species belongs in the genus Callionymus, and 
it posseses all features of the koianus-group of 
the subgenus Callionymus. The binomen Cal- 
lionymus indicus (Kotthaus, 1977), however, 
becomes a secondary homonym of Callionymus 
indicus Linnaeus, 1758 (a Platycephalidae now 
well known as Platycephalus indicus) and must 
be replaced. 
Etymology. — The species is named after Dr. 
A. Kotthaus, who first described the species. In 
accordance with Dr. Kotthaus, who is presently 
unable to create a new name for the species be- 
cause of his health, I propose the new name 
Callionymus kotthausi to replace Callionymus 
indicus (Kotthaus, 1977). 
Callionymus africanus (Kotthaus, 1977) 
(Figure 1 1) 
Callionymus kaicinus: (non Giinther 1880) Norman 1939:73 
(Zanzibar area); Smith 1963 (part);553 (after Norman). 
Diploi>rammus africanus Kotthaus, 1977(part):38-40, figs. 
421, 422, 423«. 424<i (ne of Mombasa). 
Material Examined. — Holotype: ZIM 5533, ?, 102.3 
mm SL, A. Kotthaus, R/V Meteor, 14 Jan. 1965, about 180 
naut. miles ne of Mombasa (On8'S, 41°56'E to 01°19.8'S, 
4r53'E). Paratypes: ZIM 5534, 11 6. 19 9, same data as 
holotype. 
Other specimens: BMNH 1939.5.24.1422, 1 d, 75.5 mm 
SL, John Murray Exped., 12 Jan. 1934, near Zanzibar 
(5°38'54"S, 39°15'42"E to 5°40'18"S, 39°17'36"E): green mud 
bottom; bottom temperature 15.52°C; bottom salinity 35.21%r. 
Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the kaianus- 
group with a small branchial opening; short head 
(about 4.0 in SL); preopercular spine with a 
small antrorse and two larger curved points at 
dorsal side, and a relatively short main tip; near- 
ly straight distal margin of second dorsal fin; two 
short median caudal fin filaments; first dorsal fin 
without a filament and with a normal (not in- 
cised) second membrane; anal fin with a narrow 
black distal margin; no vertically elongated dark 
blotches in median part of caudal fin; back with 
FRICKE: KAIANUS-GROVP OF GENUS CALLIONYMUS 
365 
10 mm 
B 
2mm 
Figure 11. Cullionxmiis africanus. BMNH 1939.5.24.1422, male, 75.5 mm SL, Zanzibar: {A) lateral view; (B) left pre- 
opercular spine. 
dark-bordered light spots; and pectoral fin base 
with two transverse dark streaks. 
Description. — Counts and proportions (see 
also Table 1): D, IV; D., viii,l; A viii,l; P, i- 
ii, 16-20, i-ii; P. 1,5; C ii,3,ii,2,iii. 
Body elongate and depressed. Head de- 
pressed, 3.9-4.1 in SL. Eye large, 2.0-2.2 in 
head. Pupil relatively small, about 3.7 in eye 
diameter. Branchial opening of normal size, 
about 3 in pupil. Occipital region with two low 
bony protuberances. Preopercular spine 1.8 in 
eye diameter, with a short, slightly upcurved 
main tip, a small antrorse and two large curved 
points on its dorsal side, and a large antrorse 
spine at its base (formula: 1 1; see Fig. 
ILB). Lateral line reaching from area behind eye 
to end of third branched caudal fin ray (counted 
from above); the line of the opposite side is in- 
terconnected by a transverse branch across oc- 
cipital region and another across dorsal side of 
caudal peduncle. Lateral line with a long branch 
at its ventral side behind eye. Caudal peduncle 
length 6.0-6. 1 in SL, minimal caudal peduncle 
depth 19.9-21.3 in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin somewhat longer 
than first ray of second dorsal fin, but not fila- 
mentous. Distal margin of second dorsal fin 
nearly straight. Anal fin beginning on the vertical 
through second ray of second dorsal fin. Distal 
margin of caudal fin convex; males with two rel- 
atively short median filaments, females without 
filaments. Distal margin of pelvic fin convex; 
longest pelvic fin ray reaching to base of first 
anal fin ray when laid back. Pectoral fin reaching 
to fourth ray of second dorsal fin when laid back. 
Color in alcohol. Head and body brown; ven- 
tral side of body lighter, belly and thorax white 
A row of paired dark brown blotches on side of 
body. Back with light spots bordered with dark 
brown. Pectoral fin base with two transverse 
dark lines. Eye dark blue, dorsally with dark 
brown blotches. First dorsal fin brown; a large 
white-edged black blotch basally on third mem- 
brane, a basal and a distal branch of which 
reaches to second spine; occasionally, also with 
a small distal black blotch on third membrane. 
Second dorsal fin with three rows of white and 
two rows of darkish spots; these rows alternate- 
ly arranged. Anal fin pale, with a narrow black 
distal margin. Lower part of caudal fin with a 
broad curved dark bar, upper part scattered with 
dusky spots. Distal parts of fourth and fifth pel- 
vic fin rays dark; upper part of pectoral fin with 
three vertical rows of dark spots. 
Sexual Dimorphism.— As described by 
Kotthaus (1977:40). 
Distribution. — Known from Zanzibar and 
southern Somalia (see Fig. 1), possibly distrib- 
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 42. No. 14 
uted along entire east African coast; 212 m, mud 
bottom. 
Discussion. — The differences from Callio- 
nymns regani are discussed in the description of 
that species. The two paratypes described by 
Kotthaus (1977:39) from the southern Red Sea 
are small specimens of CaUionyinus hentiiviai. 
Callionymus bentuviai new species 
(Figure 12) 
Diploi^rammus africaiuis Kotthaus, 1977 (part):39 (s Red 
Sea). 
Materia! Examined. — Holotvpe: HUJF 9935. 87.8 mm 
SL, A. Ben-Tuvia, 1957, Eritrea (Ethiopia: s Red Sea). Para- 
types: HUJF 8068, 2 spec, 79.7-85.2 mm SL, same data as 
holotvpe: ZIM 5532, 2 spec, 34.2-46.9 mm SL, A. Kotthaus, 
R/V Meteor, 6 Dec 1964, s Red Sea, 70-75 m. 
Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the kaianus- 
group with a small branchial opening; short head 
(3.6-4.0 in SL); preopercular spine with a small 
antrorse and two larger curved points at its dor- 
sal side, and a relatively long main tip; second 
dorsal fin with a nearly straight distal margin; 
two very long median caudal fin filaments; first 
dorsal fin without a filament and with a deeply 
incised second membrane; and second dorsal fin 
with vertical dark streaks. 
Description. — Counts and proportions (see 
also Table 1): D, IV; D, viii,l; A viii,l; P, i- 
ii, 15-17, i-ii; P, 1,5; C ii,2-4,i-ii,2-3,ii-iii. 
Body elongate and depressed. Head de- 
pressed, 3.6-4.0 in SL. Eye large, 2.15-2.85 in 
head. Pupil relatively small, about 2.7 in eye. 
Branchial opening of normal size, about 1.5 in 
pupil. Occipital region with two low bony pro- 
tuberances. Preopercular spine 1.2-1.6 in eye 
diameter, with a long slightly upcurved main tip, 
a small antrorse and two larger curved points on 
its dorsal side, and a large antrorse spine at its 
base (formula: 1 1; see Fig. 12C.D). Lat- 
eral line reaching from area behind eye to end 
of third branched caudal fin ray (counted from 
above); the line of the opposite side is intercon- 
nected by a transverse branch across occipital 
region and another across caudal peduncle. Cau- 
dal peduncle length 4.9-5.8 in SL, minimal cau- 
dal peduncle depth 23.1-24.9 in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin longer than first 
ray of second dorsal fin, but not filamentous. 
Second membrane of first dorsal fin deeply in- 
cised (not in young specimens). Distal margin of 
second dorsal fin nearly straight. Anal fin begin- 
ning on the vertical through midbase of second 
membrane of second dorsal fin. Distal margin of 
caudal fin convex, with two very long median 
filaments. Distal margin of pelvic fin mostly con- 
vex; longest ray reaching to middle of second 
membrane of anal fin when laid back. Pectoral 
fin reaching to fourth ray of second dorsal fin 
when laid back. 
Color in alcohol. Head and body dark brown; 
ventral side of body dark brown, belly whitish. 
Back nearly monochromatic, with very few 
small dark spots. A row of small pale blotches 
along side of body, occasionally also a row of 
two groups of three dark spots each. Many black 
spots on operculum and at pectoral fin base. 
First dorsal fin light brown, with two 
darkish transverse lines distally between first 
and third spines. A large, elongate, curved black 
blotch basally from first to fourth spine, mainly 
on third membrane. Another black blotch dis- 
tally on third membrane. Second dorsal fin pale, 
with nine vertical dark streaks. Anal fin dark 
brown, with a black distal margin. Caudal fin 
pale; dorsal part with a narrow curved dark line, 
ventral part with a broad curved dark bar. Pelvic 
fin pale; upper one-third with three vertical rows 
of dark spots. 
Distribution. — Known only from the south- 
em Red Sea (see Fig. 2); 70-75 m. 
Discussion. — Callionymus bentuviai differs 
from all other species of the kaianus -group in 
its deeply incised second membrane of the first 
dorsal fin, the absence of a dorsal fin filament in 
combination with two very long median caudal 
fin filaments, and an unusual color pattern (e.g., 
in the dorsal fins). 
Etymology. — This species is named for Pro- 
fessor Adam Ben-Tuvia (Hebrew University of 
Jerusalem), who collected the holotype and sent 
it to me for examination. 
Callionymus ochiaii new species 
(Figure 13) 
Callionymus kaiiinu.s: (non Giinther, 1880) Ochiai, Araga. 
\Nn Nakajima 1955:111-113, figs. 8-10. table 6 (various s 
Japan localities); Matsubara 1955:713 (after Ochiai, Ara- 
ga, and Nakajima): Kamohara 1964:90 (Kochi Pref. to 
Kagoshima: deep-sea bottom, very rare): Masuda, Araga, 
\Nn YosHiNO 1975:261, pi. 84/) (Kumano Bay south). 
Materiai Examinhh.— Holotype: F.'\KU 23261, 6. 95.0 
mm SL, 1-3 Sep. 1954, Shihushi, Kagoshima Pref., Japan. 
Paratypes: FAKU 23257-23260 and FAKU 23275, 2 d, 3 9, 
77.8-116.8 mm SL, same data as holotype. 
Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the kaianus- 
group with a small branchial opening; short head 
FRICKE: AC/iM/V (75 -GROUP OF GENUS CALLIONYMUS 
367 
10 mm 
C 2 mm U 
Figure 12. Callion.nws henWviai. HUJF 9935. holotype. 87.8 mm SI.. Eritrea: (.4) lateral view; (B) dorsal view. (O left 
preopercular spine: (D) right preopercular spine. 
(3.5_4.4 in SL); preopercular spine with a small 
antrorse and two larger curved points at its dor- 
sal side, and a relatively long main tip; nearly 
straight distal margin of second dorsal fin; one 
or two short median caudal fin filaments; first 
dorsal fin with a long filament (males) or a fila- 
ment of median size (females); anal fin without 
a distal dark margin; and long, slender main tip 
of preopercular spine, which is longer than the 
longest point on its dorsal edge. 
Description. — Counts and proportions (see 
also Table 2): D, IV; D., viii,l; A viii,l; P, ii,16- 
18,i; P, 1,5; C ii,3(-4),i,(2-)3,iii. 
Body elongate and depressed. Head de- 
pressed, 3.5-4.4 in SL. Eye large, 2.3-3.0 in 
head. Pupil relatively small, about 3.65 in eye 
diameter. Branchial opening of normal size, 
about 2.5 in pupil. Occipital region with two low 
bony ridges. Preopercular spine 1.3-1.8 in eye 
diameter, with a long, slightly upcurved main 
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10 mm 
Figure 13. Callionyiuus ochiaii. holotype, FAKU 2.3261, male, 95.0 mm SL, Shibushi (Japan): (A) lateral view; (B) left 
preopercular spine. Paratype, FAKU 23258, female, 116.8 mm SL, Shibushi (Japan): (C) first dorsal fin. 
tip, a small antrorse and two larger curved 
points at its dorsal side, and a large antrorse 
3 
spine at its base (formula: 1 1; see Fig. 
135). Lateral line reaching from area behind eye 
(from where a branch runs down to base of pre- 
opercular spine) to end of third branched caudal 
fin ray (counted from above); the line of the op- 
posite side is interconnected by a transverse 
branch across occipital region and another 
across dorsal part of caudal peduncle. Caudal 
peduncle length 5.3-6.1 in SL; minimal caudal 
peduncle depth 24.3-27.8 in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin filamentous (fil- 
ament in females relatively short). Second mem- 
brane of first dorsal fin not incised. Distal margin 
of second dorsal fin nearly straight. Anal fin be- 
ginning on a vertical through midbase of second 
membrane of second dorsal fin. Distal margin of 
caudal fin irregular, with two short median fila- 
ments. Distal margin of pelvic fin convex; long- 
est pelvic fin ray reaching to midbase of first 
anal fin membrane. Pectoral fin reaching to 
fourth ray of second dorsal fin when laid back. 
Color in alcohol. Body brownish yellow 
above, whitish below. Back with minute black- 
ish spots, forming rings and blotches. A row of 
dark brown blotches along sides of body. Pec- 
toral fin base with a dark area. Head with some 
irregular dark spots and blotches. First dorsal 
fin gray, with a black blotch basally or centrally 
on third membrane, a basal branch of which oc- 
casionally reaches to second spine. Second dor- 
sal fin gray, with large irregular dark blotches 
and submarginal dark bands. Caudal fin pale ex- 
FRICKE: K Al AN US -GRO\JP OF GENUS CALLIONYMUS 
369 
cept for the darker lower part where the fin is 
scattered with several pale pearl-white round 
spots. Anal fin dusky, sometimes indefinitely but 
broadly edged with brown (but not with black). 
Pectoral fin uniformly pale; pelvic fin pale, outer 
posterior margin more or less dark. 
Distribution. — Southern Japan (see Fig. 1); 
about 100 m, sand and mud bottoms. 
Discussion. — From the most similar species, 
C. inoretonensis, C. ochiaii differs in having a 
somewhat shorter main tip of preopercular 
spine, an irregular distal margin of caudal fin, 
and several different color markings (especially 
the absence of a distal black band in the anal fin; 
the color patterns of the caudal and second dor- 
sal fins and of the pectoral fin base; the body 
color pattern, etc.). Callionymus ochiaii differs 
from C. kaianus in the shape of the largest point 
on the dorsal side of the preopercular spine, in 
the length of the filament in the first dorsal fin, 
and in various color markings. 
The first dorsal fin filament of the male spec- 
imen figured in Ochiai, Araga, and Nakajima 
(1955:fig. 8) is very short. Because the specimen 
(91.0 mm SL) is nearly as long as the holotype 
(95.0 mm SL), the filament might have been bro- 
ken in that specimen. 
Etymology. — This new species is named for 
Dr. Akira Ochiai, who first described the species 
under the name Callionymus kaianus. 
Callionymus formosanus new species 
(Figure 14) 
ICaUionymus kaianus: (non Giinther, 1880) Chu 1957:22 (Pes- 
cadores Islands). 
Materiai Examined.— Holotype: CAS 46972, 6, 104.0 
mmSL, F. B. Steiner, Apr. 1971, Formosa Sir. (25°N. 120°E), 
approximately 90 m. 
Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the kaianus- 
group with a small branchial opening; short head 
(about 4.5 in SL); preopercular spine with a 
small antrorse and two larger curved points at 
dorsal side; relatively high second dorsal and 
anal fins with convex distal margins; filamentous 
first spine of first dorsal fin; large black blotch 
nearly on entire third membrane of first dorsal 
fin; anal fin with a distal black streak on each 
membrane; distal two-thirds of anal fin brown; 
and white anal fin ray tips. 
Description. — Counts and proportions of the 
holotype (see also Table 2): D, IV; D^ viii,l; A 
viii,l; P, ii, 16-17, ii; P, L5; C ii,3,ii,2,iii. 
Body elongate and depressed. Head de- 
pressed, about 4.5 in SL. Eye large, about 2.3 
in head. Pupil relatively small, about 3.4 in eye 
diameter. Branchial opening of normal size, 
about 2.5 in pupil. Occipital region with two low 
bony ridges. Preopercular spine about 1.7 in eye 
diameter, with a slightly upcurved main tip of 
medium size, a small antrorse and two larger 
curved points at its dorsal side, and a large an- 
trorse spine at its base (formula: 1 1; see 
Fig. \AB). Lateral line reaching from area behind 
eye (from where a long branch runs downwards) 
to middle of upper median unbranched caudal 
fin ray; the line of the opposite side is intercon- 
nected by a transverse branch across occipital 
region and another across dorsal side of caudal 
peduncle. Caudal peduncle length 4.9 in SL, 
minimal caudal peduncle depth 13.0 in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin filamentous. Sec- 
ond dorsal fin relatively high, distal margin con- 
vex. Anal fin beginning on a vertical through 
midbase of first membrane of second dorsal fin. 
Distal margin of caudal fin convex, with one rel- 
atively long filament. Distal margin of pelvic fin 
convex; longest pelvic fin ray reaching to mid- 
base of first membrane of anal fin. Pectoral fin 
reaching to third ray of second dorsal fin when 
laid back. 
Color in alcohol. Body dark brown, belly 
whitish. Side of body with a row of irregular 
blackish blotches. Head dark brown, with some 
lighter spots. A vertical dark streak under the 
eye. A dark blotch at pectoral fin base. Back 
and sides of body with whitish dark-edged 
blotches. First dorsal fin pale, with a large dark 
blotch on third membrane and three white 
blotches on first and second membranes. Second 
membrane with a distal black margin. Second 
dorsal fin pale, with a vertical white streak on 
each fin ray. Distal margin of first three rays of 
second dorsal fin black. Anal fin pale, distal two- 
thirds brownish, with a distal black streak on 
each membrane; tips of fin rays white. Caudal 
fin pale, with a vertical row of dark spots; lower 
margin and lower distal margin dark. Pelvic fin 
with irregular darkish spots and a dark distal 
margin of third, fourth, and fifth rays. Upper 
part of pectoral fin with three vertical rows of 
dark spots. 
Distribution. — Known only from Formosa 
Strait (see Fig. 2): about 90 m. 
Discussion. — This interesting new species 
belongs to the subgroup of species with a high 
second dorsal fin in the kaianus -groxx^. It seems 
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2 mm 
Fi(.URE 14. Ciillionymiis fonnosaiiiis, holotype, CAS 46972, male, 104.0 mm SL, Formosa Strait; (A) lateral view; (B) left 
preopercuiar spine. 
to be a primitive member of that subgroup be- 
cause the second dorsal fin is still relatively low. 
The specimen recorded as Callionymus 
kaianus by Chu (1957) from Pescadores Islands 
(southern part of Formosa Strait) is probably 
this species. 
Etymology. — This new species is named af- 
ter its type-locality (Formosa Strait). 
Callionymus guentheri new species 
(Figures 15-17) 
Cdllionxntiis curviconiis: (non Valenciennes, 18.^7) Gunther 
1880: 5.^ (Philippines. 82 fms [150 m)); Herre 195.^:777 (af- 
ter Gunther). 
Materia! Examined.— Holotype: BMNH 1879.5.14.567, 
9, 87.3 mm SL, Chai i enger Exped.. 26 Oct. 1874, w of 
Zamhoanga, Philippine Is. (7°0.3'N, l2r48'E; entrance from 
Suiu Sea into Basilan Str., about 7 miles w of Mindanao I., 
and to the nw of Caldera Pt.), 82 fms (150 m). Paratypes (all 
from the Philippines collected by J. E. Norton, 1966): CAS 
46966, 4 spec, 3 Nov., Sandoval Pt., Catanauan, Quezon, 70- 
78 fms (128-143 m): CAS 32897, 11 spec. (7 d, 4 9), 51.2- 
128.0 mm SL, 27 June, Lemery Town, Balayan Bay, Batan- 
gas, Luzon, 90-85 fms (165-1.55 m); CAS 33879, 1 9, 112.8 
mm SL, 15 Dec, n of San Andres 1., Marinduque, 151-158 
fms (276-289 m); CAS .34286, 3 6, 100.0-108.3 mm SL. 14 
Dec, NW of San Andres L, Marinduque, 137-139 fms (250- 
254 m): CAS 34197, 1 d, 8 9, 90.2-129.3 mm SL, 24 Nov., 
Siburio Pt., Ragay Gulf, Camarines Sur Prov., 319-324 fms 
(583-593 m); CAS 32905, 4 d, 3 9, 69.3-117.2 mm SL, 15 
Nov., Buri Pt., Ragay Gulf, Camarines Sur Prov., 304-309 
fms (556-566 m); CAS 34426, 1 9 , 84. 1 mm SL, 4 July, s of 
Bauan Town, Batangas Bay, Batangas Prov., 90-88 fms (165- 
161 m); CAS 34278, 4 9, 89.9-124.5 mm SL, 11 Dec, n of 
Melchor L, Marinduque, 120-126 fms (219-231 m); CAS 
33864, 3 9,90.0-127.3 mm SL, 23 Nov., Caurusan Pt., Ragay 
Gulf, Camarines Sur Prov., 302-308 fms (552-564 m); CAS 
32916, 5 9, 91.0-118.2 mm SL, 11 Nov., Pusgo Pt., Ragay 
Gulf, Quezon, Luzon L, 60-67 fms (110-123 m); CAS 33703, 
1 9 , 122.0 mm SL, 25 June, s of Barrio Nomong Casto, Ba- 
layan Bay, 105-100 fms (183-192 m): CAS 34401, 1 9, 117.7 
mm SL, 24 June, se of Calaca Town, Balayan Bay, 65-55 fms 
( 1 19-100 m): CAS 32997, 1 9 , 107.5 mm SL, 15 June, Batan- 
gas, Balayan Bay. s of Barrio Sinisian, 95-99 fms (174-181 
m); CAS 34190, 1 6 (113.2 mm SL), 1 9 (99.7 mm SL), 6 
Nov., sEof Alibijaban I., Ragay Gulf, 81-88 fms (148-161 m); 
CAS 34272, I S. 108.0 mm SL. 14 Nov., Nagas Pt., Ragay 
Gulf, 297-299 fms (543-547 m); CAS 34154, 7 9, 91.1-129.2 
mm SL, 3 Sep., n of San Andres Pt., Marinduque, 108-112 
fms ( 197-205 m): CAS 32668, 2 9 . 94.5-102.0 mm SL, 26 July, 
SE of Talaga, Batangas Bay, 138-131 fms (253-240 m): CAS 
32801, 1 6, 91.9 mm SL, 25 Aug., ne of Salomague L, Mar- 
induque, 142-150 fms (260-275 m): CAS .34205. I 9, 127.0 
mm SL, 10 Dec, nw of Baltazar L, Marinduque, 142-150 fms 
(260-275 m); CAS 34468, 1 9 , 102.8 mm SL, 27 July, Lemery 
FRICKE: A:/\M/V[/5-GR0UP OF GENUS CALLIONYMUS 
371 
10mm 
B 
2 mm 
Figure 15. Callionxmus i^uentheri. holotype, BMNH 1879.5.14.567, female, 87.3 mm SL, off Zamboanga, Philippines: (A) 
lateral view; (B) left preopercular spine. 
Town, Balayan Bay, 85-90 fms (155-164 m); CAS 34074, 1 
9, 123.2 mm SL, n of Sayao Bay, Marinduque, 61-70 fms 
(111-128 m): CAS 33067, 1 ?. 125.2 mm SL, 18 July, s of 
Barrio Salong, Luzon L, 120-114 fms (220-208 m). 
Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the kaianus- 
group with a small branchial opening; short head 
(3.9-4.2 in SL): preopercular spine with a small 
antrorse and two larger curved points on dorsal 
side; very high second dorsal fin with a convex 
distal margin (males) or a relatively low second 
dorsal fin with a nearly straight distal margin 
(females); first dorsal fin without a filament (or 
with a very short one in smaller specimens); long 
and slender main tip of preopercular spine; anal 
fin with a black distal half and white fin ray tips; 
regular distal margin of caudal fin, with filaments 
only in small specimens (caudal fin elongate in 
aduhs); and relatively large central black blotch 
on third membrane of first dorsal fin. 
Description. — Counts and proportions of the 
holotype (female) (see also Table 2): D, IV; D2 
viii,l; A viii,l; P, i-ii,17-19,i-ii; P. 1,5; C ii,2- 
3,i-ii,2-4,iii. 
Body elongate and depressed. Head de- 
pressed, 3.9-4.2 in SL. Eye large, 2.3-2.6 in 
head. Pupil of normal size, 2.7-3.5 in eye di- 
ameter. Branchial opening of normal size, about 
2.0 in pupil. Occipital region with two low bony 
ridges. Preopercular spine 1.5-1.7 in eye diam- 
eter, with a slightly upcurved main tip which is 
relatively long or of medium size, a small an- 
trorse and two larger curved points on its dorsal 
side, and a large antrorse spine at its base (for- 
mula: 1 — ^ — 1; see Fig. \5B, Fig. 165). The 
two large spines on the dorsal side of the pre- 
opercular spine of the holotype possess small 
basal hooks (see Fig. \5B). Lateral line usually 
reaching from area behind eye to end of third 
branched caudal fin ray (counted from above): 
because of the different caudal fin formula of the 
holotype (C ii,2,i,4,iii instead of C ii,3,ii,2,iii), 
the lateral line reaches to middle of median un- 
branched caudal fin ray in that specimen. The 
lateral line of the opposite side is interconnected 
by a transverse branch across occipital region 
and another across dorsal side of caudal pedun- 
cle. Caudal peduncle length 5.1-6.0 in SL, min- 
imal caudal peduncle depth 23.0-26.0 in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin somewhat longer 
than first ray of second dorsal fin but not fila- 
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 42, No. 14 
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10 mm 
2 mm 
Figure 16. CaUionymu.\ i^uenthen. paratype, CAS 32897 (^pecimen 1), male, 128.0 mm SL, Balayan Bay, Philippines: (A) 
lateral view; (B) left preopercular spine. 
mentous (only occasionally in small specimens 
a very short filament). Second dorsal fin in males 
relatively high, with a convex distal margin, in 
females lower, with a nearly straight distal mar- 
gin. Anal fin beginning on the vertical through 
base of second ray of second dorsal fin. Distal 
margin of caudal fin in small specimens convex, 
with one or two long filaments; in larger speci- 
mens all median caudal fin rays elongate (the 
two median rays longest), but not filamentous; 
even the longest rays are connected by mem- 
branes. Distal margin of pelvic fin convex; long- 
est pelvic fin ray reaching to midbase of first or 
second membrane of anal fin. Pectoral fin reach- 
ing to fourth or fifth ray of second dorsal fin 
when laid back. 
Color in alcohol. Head and body brown. One 
or two rows of large, irregular dark blotches 
along side of body. A large dark area on pectoral 
fin base. Back with dark brown semicircular lines 
in groups which are bordered by white on one 
side. Eye dark gray. Belly and thorax white; 
lower side of body brown. Head with few irreg- 
ular darkish spots. First dorsal fin light brown, 
with five brownish cross-lines in the anterior 
part; a dark blotch on third membrane distally 
or centrally. Second dorsal fin pale, females with 
a basal and a median row of dark spots and some 
curved white lines (see Fig. 15/1); males with 
vertical darkish streaks (see Fig. 16/1 ). Distal 
half of anal fin black; tips of fin rays white. Cau- 
dal fin in females with a broad dark band in the 
lower and lower distal parts and two median 
short transverse dark bands; in the upper part 
some irregular dark spots. Males have the same 
caudal fin color pattern, but less intense. Pec- 
toral fin dorsally with two rows of dark spots. 
Distal three-fourths of pelvic fin darkish, with 
irregular dark brown spots and blotches. 
Distribution. — Known from various locali- 
ties in the Philippine Islands (southern coast of 
Luzon to northern coast of Mindanao; see Fig. 
2); 100-593 m, on mud bottoms. 
Discussion. — The differences between C. 
i^ucntheri, C. whiteheadi, and C. kaianus have 
been discussed in the descriptions of the last two 
species. Callionynius i^ncntlwri differs from C. 
rci^ani in the caudal fin shape, the high second 
FRICKE: KAIAN US-GROVP OF GENUS CALLIONYMUS 
373 
10 mm 
Figure 17. Callionxmu.s i^iwnfheri. paratypes, CAS 32897, Balayan Bay, Philippines. Female (specimen 2), 108.8 mm SL: 
(A) first and second dorsal fins: (fi) caudal fin. Male (specimen 4), 77.6 mm SL: (O first and second dorsal fins; (D) caudal fin. 
Male (specimen 10), 85.3 mm SL: (£) first and second dorsal fins: (F) caudal fin. 
dorsal fin (in males), and various color markings: 
from C. ochiaii in the caudal fin shape, the lack 
of a dorsal fin filament (in males), the high sec- 
ond dorsal fin (in males), and several color 
markings. 
In the extensive collections of J. E. Norton 
(paratypes of C. i^nentheri), a great depth range 
can be found (100-593 m); 593 m is the greatest 
depth recorded for any species of the kaianus- 
group. Because few specimens are known of 
most species of that group, it is possible that in 
the future, specimens of other species will be 
recorded from comparable depths. 
Etymology. — This new species is named af- 
ter Dr. Albert Giinther, who, in 1880, reported 
the first specimen under the name Calliouymus 
curvicornis. 
Callionymus altipinnis new species 
(Figure 18) 
Callionymus kauinus: (non Giinther, 1880) Chu et al. 
1962:723-724, fig. 585 (South China Sea): Besednov 
1968:63 (Gulf of Tonkin). 
CalUonymus htii;uenini: (non Bleeker. 1858) Shen 1964:202- 
203, fig. 2 (Hong Kong). 
MxTERrM Examined.— Holotype: MSLOOOl, J, 123.8mm 
SL, S.-C. Shen. Hong Kong Fish Market. Paratypes: CAS 
46967, 10 spec. 104.1-144.5 mm SL,. R. L. Bolin, 23 July 
1958, South China Sea, e of Hainan (20°32'N, 1 12°45'30"E): 
CAS 46968, 1 spec, 135.9 mm SL, R. L. Bolin, 21 July 1958, 
off Tungku Pt., Hainan (19°3LN, 1 1 1°24'.30"E): CAS 46969, 
1 spec, 124.8 mm SL, R. L. Bolin, 23 July 1958, South China 
Sea, e of Hainan (20°32'N, 112°5rE). 
Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the kaianus- 
group with a small branchial opening; short head 
(about 4.2 in SL): preopercular spine with a rel- 
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2 mm 
Figure 18. Ciillii>n\iiiii\ dUipinnis. holotype, MSL 0001, male, 123.8 mm SL, Hong Kong: (.4) lateral view; (B) left pre- 
opercular spine. 
atively short main tip; small antrorse and one 
(rarely two) larger curved points at dorsal side; 
very high second dorsal and anal fins with con- 
vex distal margins; filamentous first spine of first 
dorsal fin; small distal black blotch on third 
membrane of first dorsal fin; anal fin with a black 
distal margin (including tips of fin rays), but 
without a distal black streak on each membrane 
surrounded by dark brown; and one or two cau- 
dal fin filaments of medium size. 
Descripiion. — Counts and proportions of the 
holotype (see also Table 2): D, IV; D^ viii,l; A 
viii,l; P, i,14-15,ii; P, 1,5; C i,3,ii,3,ii. 
Body elongate and depressed. Head de- 
pressed, about 4.2 in SL. Eye large, about 2.5 
in head. Pupil of normal size, about 3.8 in eye. 
Branchial opening about 3 in pupil. Occipital re- 
gion with two low bony ridges. Preopercular 
spine about 1.7 in eye diameter, with a relatively 
short, slightly upcurved main tip, a small an- 
trorse and one (rarely two) larger points on its 
dorsal side, and a large antrorse spine at its base 
(formula: 1- 
2(-3) 
1; see Fig. 18Z?). Lateral line 
reaching from area behind eye to middle of up- 
per median unbranched caudal fin ray; the line 
of the opposite side is interconnected by a trans- 
verse branch across occipital region and another 
across dorsal side of caudal peduncle. Caudal 
peduncle length about 5.0 in SL; minimal caudal 
peduncle depth about 25.0 in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin filamentous. Sec- 
ond dorsal fin very high, distal margin convex. 
Anal fin begins on vertical through middle of 
second membrane of second dorsal fin. Distal 
margin of pelvic fin convex; longest pelvic fin 
ray reaching nearly to base of first anal fin ray. 
Pectoral fin reaching to middle of third mem- 
brane of second dorsal fin when laid back. Distal 
margin of caudal fin somewhat pointed, with one 
or two filaments. 
Color in alcohol. Head, body, and fins pale 
except for a distal black blotch on third mem- 
brane of first dorsal fin, a row of dark blotches 
along side of body, eyes grayish, a black distal 
FRICKE: Af/tM/Vf/S-GROUP OF GENUS CALLIONYMUS 
375 
margin of anal fin, and a darkish area on pectoral 
fin base. 
Distribution. — Known only from the South 
China Sea off China, from Hong Kong (type- 
locality) to the Gulf of Tonkin; island of Hainan 
(see Fig. 2). The exact collecting depth of spec- 
imens of C. altipinnis is not known, but the 
species should occur at about the same depth as 
other species of the kaianus-gvoup. 
Discussion. — Callionymus altipinnis differs 
from C sokonumeri in the filamentous first 
spine of the first dorsal fin, the shorter caudal 
fin filaments, and various color markings. 
The record of C. huguenini Bleeker (by Shen 
1964) from Hong Kong is based on a misidenti- 
fied specimen of C. altipinnis (the specimen is 
now the holotype of C. altipinnis). 
Etymology. — From the Latin altus, high, 
and pinna, fin, in reference to the unusually high 
second dorsal, anal, and first dorsal fins. 
Callionymus sokonumeri Kamohara, 1936 
CaUionyimis sokomnueri Kamohara, 193fS;448. fig. 2 (Mi- 
mase Market): 1952:90, fig. 87 (Prov. Tosa): 1955:63, fig.: 
Matsubara 1955:713 (after Kamohara): Ochiai, Araga, 
AND Nakajima 1955:109-110, figs. 6-7, table 5 (Mimase 
and Owase): Kamohara 1964:90 (Kochi Pref.). 
Diagnosis. — A Callionymus of the kaianus- 
group with a small branchial opening; short head 
(3.6-4.4 in SL); preopercular spine with a small 
antrorse and two larger curved points at dorsal 
side, and a short main tip; high second dorsal 
fin with a convex distal margin; no filament in 
first dorsal fin; anal fin with a distal black streak 
on each membrane; distal two-thirds of mem- 
branes of anal fin brown, including tips of fin 
rays; an irregular distal margin of caudal fin; and 
a very small black blotch on third membrane of 
first dorsal fin, extremely distal in position. 
Description. — Counts and proportions (see 
also Table 2): D, IV; D. viii,l; A viii,l; P, 18- 
20; P2 1,5; C 10. 
Body elongate and depressed. Head de- 
pressed, 3.6-4.4 in SL. Eye large, 2.1-2.9 in 
head. Pupil about 3.1 in eye diameter. Branchial 
opening about 3 in pupil. Preopercular spine 
with a short main tip, a small antrorse and two 
larger curved points at its dorsal side, and a large 
antrorse spine at its base (formula: 1 1). 
Lateral line reaching from area behind eye to 
end of one of the median caudal fin rays (?); the 
line of the opposite side interconnected by a 
transverse branch across occipital region and 
another across dorsal side of caudal peduncle. 
Caudal peduncle length about 4.8 in SL, minimal 
caudal peduncle depth 23.0 in SL. 
First spine of first dorsal fin lower than first 
ray of second dorsal fin, not filamentous. Second 
dorsal fin very high, with a convex distal margin. 
Anal fin begins on vertical through second ray 
of second dorsal fin. Distal shape of caudal fin 
irregular; two median caudal fin rays elongate, 
occasionally filamentous. Distal margin of pelvic 
fin convex; longest pelvic fin ray reaching to 
midbase of first membrane of anal fin when laid 
back. Pectoral fin reaching to fourth ray of sec- 
ond dorsal fin when laid back. 
Color in alcohol. Body olive-yellow above, 
whitish below. Back with both blackish spots 
and blotches, the former forming darkish rings. 
A row of several dark brown blotches along side 
of body. Pectoral fin base with a brown area. 
First dorsal fin gray, with three oblique dark 
bars; a black blotch distally on third membrane. 
Second dorsal fin gray, with several vertical 
dark streaks on membranes. Distal part of anal 
fin blackish, occasionally with a transverse 
streak distally on each membrane except the 
first. Caudal fin gray, mottled with blackish 
spots and small whitish blotches. Pectoral fin 
pale, the dorsal part mottled with dark spots. 
Pelvic fin gray, distal parts of fourth and fifth 
rays dark. 
Distribution. — Known only from central 
Honshu, Japan (Pacific coast; see Fig. 2); col- 
lection depths not known. 
Discussion. — I unfortunately had no material 
of this species. The present description is com- 
piled from Kamohara (1936) and Ochiai, Araga, 
and Nakajima (1955). 
The differences between C. sokonumeri and 
C. altipinnis are discussed in the description of 
the latter species. Callionymus sokonumeri dif- 
fers from C. ochiaii in its higher second dorsal 
and anal fins, the shape of the caudal fin, a short- 
er main tip of the preopercular spine, and var- 
ious color markings. 
Callionymus sp. 
Cdl/ionviiius kakuuis: (non Giinther, 1880) Wonciratana 
1968:58 (Gulf of Thailand). 
Discussion. — I did not examine material of 
the kaianus-group from the Gulf of Thailand. 
Wongratana's (1968) paper records Callionymus 
kaianus, but gives no descriptions or figures. 
376 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 42. No. 14 
Callionymus kaianiis should not occur in the 
Gulf of Thailand. I have been unable to deter- 
mine if the specimens from that area belong to 
any of the known species of the Aa/V/////.s -group, 
or if they represent yet another species. 
Acknowledgments 
For discussion of problems, loan of speci- 
mens, information, or permission to examine 
specimens in their collections, I thank the fol- 
lowing persons: H.-J. Paepke (ZMB. East Ber- 
lin); P. J. P. Whitehead, A. Wheeler, and O. 
Crimmen (BMNH, London); A. Ben-Tuvia and 
D. Golani (HUJF, Jerusalem); K.-C. Au (MSL, 
Hong Kong); H. K. Larson (AMS, Sydney); J. 
P. Gosse (IRSN, Brussels); W. N. Eschmeyer, 
L. J. Dempster, T. Iwamoto, T. R. Roberts, P. 
M. Sonoda, M. Hearne, and G. Raabe (CAS, 
San Francisco), T. Iwai and T. Nakabo (FAKU, 
Kyoto), A. Kotthaus (Eppstein, W. Germany), 
H. Wilkens and R. Dohse (ZIM, Hamburg). W. 
N. Eschmeyer and T. Iwamoto (CAS, San Fran- 
cisco) also reviewed the manuscript. 
I am greatly obliged to P. Fourmanoir (OR- 
STOM, Noumea) for the gift of a specimen of 
CaUionyinus inoretonensis and a further callion- 
ymid fish specimen. I am also grateful to D. J. 
Stewart (FMNH, Chicago) who examined a 
specimen of CaUionyinus carehares from his 
collection for me. I thank O. von Frisch (NMB, 
Braunschweig) for accepting specimens loaned 
to me. A financial contribution for expenses dur- 
ing my visit to the California Academy of Sci- 
ences was provided by that organization. 
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