Notes on zoogeography, convergent evolution and taxonomy of fleas (Siphonaptera), based on collections from Gunong Benom and elsewhere in South-East Asia. II. Convergent evolution

ERRATUM 967 Page 354, third line from end of second paragraph : for 'areas) or are mane-fleas. The archurieopsyUines include . . . ' read 'areas) or are murine-fleas. The archaeopsyUines include . . . '. )LUTION AND TAXONOMY OF FLEAS (SIPHON AFlERAj, BASED ON COLLECTIONS FROM GUNONG BENOM AND ELSEWHERE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA. II. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION By ROBERT TRAUB CONTENTS I. Introduction . II. Background . III. Data and observations . A. The pronotal comb B. The pleural arch IV. Discussion A. The function of the pronotal comb 1. General Comments . 2. Special Kinds of Combs on Fur-Fleas 3. The Pronotal Comb of Fleas of Non-Arboreal Nests B. Nest-fleas in general . 1. Introduction . 2. Hystrichopsyllid Nest-Fleas 3. Pygiopsyllid Nest-Fleas 4. Ceratophyllid Nest-Fleas . 5. Leptopsyllid Nest-Fleas . 6. Pulicid Nest-Fleas . 7. Chimaeropsyllid Nest-Fleas 8. Rhopalopsyllid Nest-Fleas 9. Differences in Degree of the Nest-Flea Habitus C. The pleural arch of the metathorax . 1. Review of Taxa Lacking a Pleural Arch 2. The Adaptive Value of the Loss of the Pleural Arch 3. Hyperdevelopment of Combs in Bird-Fleas, Bat-Fleas, etc.. Lacking the Pleural A rch 4. Hyperdevelopment of the Pronotal Comb of Flying-Squirrel Fleas, etc. 5. Convergence in Vestiture in Unrelated Fleas 6. Morphological Changes in the Thorax Associated with Lessened Jumping Ability in Fleas D. The degree of development of the eye in various fleas 1 . Comparative Size of the Eye 2. Vision in Fleas ..... 3. The Types of Thorax in Fleas with Reduced Eyes E. The evolution of the characteristic pronotal comb ascribed to MOST nest-fleas ........ F. Distribution of the nest-flea phenomenon in siphonaptera . G. The association between the mode of egg-laying and the nest-flea habit ........... Page 311 312 313 313 317 318 318 318 318 321 322 322 324 325 326 327 328 328 329 329 333 333 334 338 339 341 344 346 346 348 350 351 333 358